Together with deep ecology and bio-regionalism, eco-feminism is considered one of the strands of the ecology movement with the most prominent spiritual elements. Closely connected with feminist or women-centered varieties of Neopaganism, eco-feminism takes women’s alleged proximity to nature and its cycles as its logical basis. The hope is that a spiritual approach of cooperation between (wo)man and nature will replace dominance and exploitation. Traditionally, alternative religions and spiritual movements, especially theosophy (which inspired many strands of Neopaganism), have provided opportunities for women to rise into influential positions. The opposite is the case for Germanic Faith in the early 20th century, as well as for contemporary Asatru. Whereas the former shared the outspoken masculinism of the völkisch movement and centered on warrior heroism, the latter, especially the North American Asatru revival in the 1970s, was initially borne out of an enthusiasm for the figure of the Viking, the male warrior, adventurer, and conqueror, and his war-gods Thor, Odin, and Tyr. Imagery of male physical power and violence still forms the external perception of Asatru and is reflected in the gender ratio of most groups, most commonly 60–70% men.1 Nevertheless, women have been active in Germanic Neopaganism all along. By forging links to other, more women-centered varieties of earth and goddess spirituality and Neopaganism, such as Wicca, which puts an emphasis on female deities and priestesses, they have contributed to popular images of Asatru and its gods and goddesses. As we have seen in the previous chapter, disillusionment with a destructive attitude toward the natural environment and human nature alike is a strong motivation to turn away from mainstream Christianity and search for alternative religious models. Women, femininity, corporeality, and sexuality have traditionally been equated with nature. Thus, another strong motive for the alienation from established religion is the desire to revalue these factors and search for arenas of equality, permission, and experimentation with regard to gender and sexuality in alternative spiritual movements. This search has been one of the driving forces in modern Western occultism and Neopaganism. Like ecologism, the related movements – feminism, libertarianism, and the queer movement – have a reputation for belonging to the political left. And just
{"title":"Gender and Sexuality","authors":"J. Zigon","doi":"10.4324/9781003086147-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003086147-8","url":null,"abstract":"Together with deep ecology and bio-regionalism, eco-feminism is considered one of the strands of the ecology movement with the most prominent spiritual elements. Closely connected with feminist or women-centered varieties of Neopaganism, eco-feminism takes women’s alleged proximity to nature and its cycles as its logical basis. The hope is that a spiritual approach of cooperation between (wo)man and nature will replace dominance and exploitation. Traditionally, alternative religions and spiritual movements, especially theosophy (which inspired many strands of Neopaganism), have provided opportunities for women to rise into influential positions. The opposite is the case for Germanic Faith in the early 20th century, as well as for contemporary Asatru. Whereas the former shared the outspoken masculinism of the völkisch movement and centered on warrior heroism, the latter, especially the North American Asatru revival in the 1970s, was initially borne out of an enthusiasm for the figure of the Viking, the male warrior, adventurer, and conqueror, and his war-gods Thor, Odin, and Tyr. Imagery of male physical power and violence still forms the external perception of Asatru and is reflected in the gender ratio of most groups, most commonly 60–70% men.1 Nevertheless, women have been active in Germanic Neopaganism all along. By forging links to other, more women-centered varieties of earth and goddess spirituality and Neopaganism, such as Wicca, which puts an emphasis on female deities and priestesses, they have contributed to popular images of Asatru and its gods and goddesses. As we have seen in the previous chapter, disillusionment with a destructive attitude toward the natural environment and human nature alike is a strong motivation to turn away from mainstream Christianity and search for alternative religious models. Women, femininity, corporeality, and sexuality have traditionally been equated with nature. Thus, another strong motive for the alienation from established religion is the desire to revalue these factors and search for arenas of equality, permission, and experimentation with regard to gender and sexuality in alternative spiritual movements. This search has been one of the driving forces in modern Western occultism and Neopaganism. Like ecologism, the related movements – feminism, libertarianism, and the queer movement – have a reputation for belonging to the political left. And just","PeriodicalId":22720,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Markets and Morality","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81599165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-03DOI: 10.4324/9781003086147-11
J. Zigon
{"title":"Language, Discourse, and Narrative","authors":"J. Zigon","doi":"10.4324/9781003086147-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003086147-11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22720,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Markets and Morality","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82040249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Religion","authors":"J. Zigon","doi":"10.4324/9781003086147-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003086147-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22720,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Markets and Morality","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86536506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Law","authors":"J. Zigon","doi":"10.4324/9781003086147-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003086147-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22720,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Markets and Morality","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75832306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-09DOI: 10.4324/9781315699868-154
Robert T. Miller
In American constitutional law, governmental actions that infringe fundamental rights must survive strict judicial scrutiny. That is, reviewing courts will require the government to prove that the infringing action serves a compelling governmental interest by narrowly tailored means. A contribution to a conference on “The Role of Religion in a Free Society” at the Classical Liberal Institute at New York University Law School, this brief paper begins from the observation that the Supreme Court, in applying strict scrutiny, has used the notion of a “compelling governmental interest” for decades but has nevertheless never offered a general definition of that phrase. Moreover, the Court often avoids deciding whether a proffered governmental interest is in fact compelling by deciding the case at hand on other grounds. This paper investigates what, in general, ought to count as a compelling governmental interest, particularly in the context of religious freedom cases arising under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act and the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act. The problem of what should count as a compelling governmental interest may seem intractable because the phrase tends to imply that government has many interests, some of which are of greater normative value than others. Thus, any account of which governmental interests are compelling would seem to presuppose a robust normative theory of government — that is, a whole political theory and maybe even a whole moral theory as well. Obviously, courts are not in a position to articulate such theories, and, even they were, any such theory would be highly controversial. This paper suggests that progress can be made by shifting our attention from the word “compelling” to the word “governmental.” The key contention is that, in pursuing various interests or ends, different institutions in society face different cost structures, with some having a significant advantage over others in relation to given ends. For an interest to count as a compelling governmental interest, the interest must be one such that no other institution in society has a significant advantage over government in pursuing that interest. If another institution has such an advantage, although it may be perfectly legitimate for government to pursue the interest alongside the other institution, government’s pursuit of the interest cannot reasonably be said to be compelling, for the interest is already being served (and more efficiently served) by other institutions in society. The converse, however, does not hold. That is, if government has a cost advantage over other institutions in society in pursuing a given end, that fact does not, without more, make that end a compelling governmental interest. In other words, government’s having a significant cost advantage in pursuing an end is a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition of that end’s being a compelling governmental interest. The paper briefly explores these ideas in r
{"title":"What is a Compelling Governmental Interest","authors":"Robert T. Miller","doi":"10.4324/9781315699868-154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315699868-154","url":null,"abstract":"In American constitutional law, governmental actions that infringe fundamental rights must survive strict judicial scrutiny. That is, reviewing courts will require the government to prove that the infringing action serves a compelling governmental interest by narrowly tailored means. A contribution to a conference on “The Role of Religion in a Free Society” at the Classical Liberal Institute at New York University Law School, this brief paper begins from the observation that the Supreme Court, in applying strict scrutiny, has used the notion of a “compelling governmental interest” for decades but has nevertheless never offered a general definition of that phrase. Moreover, the Court often avoids deciding whether a proffered governmental interest is in fact compelling by deciding the case at hand on other grounds. This paper investigates what, in general, ought to count as a compelling governmental interest, particularly in the context of religious freedom cases arising under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act and the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act. The problem of what should count as a compelling governmental interest may seem intractable because the phrase tends to imply that government has many interests, some of which are of greater normative value than others. Thus, any account of which governmental interests are compelling would seem to presuppose a robust normative theory of government — that is, a whole political theory and maybe even a whole moral theory as well. Obviously, courts are not in a position to articulate such theories, and, even they were, any such theory would be highly controversial. This paper suggests that progress can be made by shifting our attention from the word “compelling” to the word “governmental.” The key contention is that, in pursuing various interests or ends, different institutions in society face different cost structures, with some having a significant advantage over others in relation to given ends. For an interest to count as a compelling governmental interest, the interest must be one such that no other institution in society has a significant advantage over government in pursuing that interest. If another institution has such an advantage, although it may be perfectly legitimate for government to pursue the interest alongside the other institution, government’s pursuit of the interest cannot reasonably be said to be compelling, for the interest is already being served (and more efficiently served) by other institutions in society. The converse, however, does not hold. That is, if government has a cost advantage over other institutions in society in pursuing a given end, that fact does not, without more, make that end a compelling governmental interest. In other words, government’s having a significant cost advantage in pursuing an end is a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition of that end’s being a compelling governmental interest. The paper briefly explores these ideas in r","PeriodicalId":22720,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Markets and Morality","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91031318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-22DOI: 10.26565/2227-6521-2020-44-09
Cory Maloney
The article focuses on the analysis of big data phenomenon that by the expansion of information technology has become a challenge for sociology and social statistics. The history of «big data» term origins is presented, the factors of appearance and development of this phenomenon are determined. It is noted that in the sociological perspective big data have not only transformed the methods of obtaining primary sociological information, but also changed the very logic of the study. The author considers that with a help of big data sociology will be able to return to its calling – the creation of a large theory of society, which, in turn, the opportunity to analyze and interpret big data depends on. Emphasis is placed on Cathy O'Neil’s work «Big data. Weapons of Math Destruction…», which concludes that big data construct new forms of inequality in a contemporary world. It is stressed that through the focus of this idea the American researcher analyzes the impact of big data on various spheres of public life: on the educational system, emphasizing the role of university rankings (which definition is not always transparent) in commercialization of higher education, its turning into big business; on the law enforcement system, in particular in a country such as the United States, noting that the mathematical models developed for the country's police have discrimination grounds for poor and «colored» citizens; on the system of employment, credit system, etc. At the same time, she writes that because of big data privacy is disappearing in people's lives, they are increasingly adapting to models of mass behavior, being under the influence of consumer and political (what is especially alarming) marketing. The author of the publication notes that Cathy O'Neil, unfortunately, gives no answer to the question of how it is possible to counteract the manipulative effects of big data. She relies heavily on ethical regulators and recommends to data specialists create models with mandatory forward linkages.
{"title":"Mathematics as a Tool of Manipulation in Modern Society. Review of the book by Cathy O’Neil «Weapons of Math Destruction. How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy»","authors":"Cory Maloney","doi":"10.26565/2227-6521-2020-44-09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26565/2227-6521-2020-44-09","url":null,"abstract":"The article focuses on the analysis of big data phenomenon that by the expansion of information technology\u0000has become a challenge for sociology and social statistics. The history of «big data» term origins is presented,\u0000the factors of appearance and development of this phenomenon are determined. It is noted that in the\u0000sociological perspective big data have not only transformed the methods of obtaining primary sociological\u0000information, but also changed the very logic of the study. The author considers that with a help of big data\u0000sociology will be able to return to its calling – the creation of a large theory of society, which, in turn, the\u0000opportunity to analyze and interpret big data depends on. Emphasis is placed on Cathy O'Neil’s work «Big\u0000data. Weapons of Math Destruction…», which concludes that big data construct new forms of inequality in a\u0000contemporary world. It is stressed that through the focus of this idea the American researcher analyzes the\u0000impact of big data on various spheres of public life: on the educational system, emphasizing the role of\u0000university rankings (which definition is not always transparent) in commercialization of higher education, its\u0000turning into big business; on the law enforcement system, in particular in a country such as the United States,\u0000noting that the mathematical models developed for the country's police have discrimination grounds for poor\u0000and «colored» citizens; on the system of employment, credit system, etc. At the same time, she writes that\u0000because of big data privacy is disappearing in people's lives, they are increasingly adapting to models of mass\u0000behavior, being under the influence of consumer and political (what is especially alarming) marketing. The\u0000author of the publication notes that Cathy O'Neil, unfortunately, gives no answer to the question of how it is\u0000possible to counteract the manipulative effects of big data. She relies heavily on ethical regulators and\u0000recommends to data specialists create models with mandatory forward linkages.","PeriodicalId":22720,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Markets and Morality","volume":"103 1","pages":"194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91253709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Distant Markets, Distant Harms: Economic Complicity and Christian Ethics","authors":"Andrew J. Spencer","doi":"10.5860/choice.185107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.185107","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22720,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Markets and Morality","volume":"61 1","pages":"549"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74533239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Moral Background: An Inquiry into the History of Business Ethics","authors":"N. Capaldi","doi":"10.5860/choice.52-0351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.52-0351","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22720,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Markets and Morality","volume":"126 1","pages":"579"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87703826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Marketing and the Common Good: Essays from Notre Dame on Societal Impact","authors":"Wolfigang Grassl","doi":"10.5860/choice.186653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.186653","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22720,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Markets and Morality","volume":"76 1","pages":"186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75714115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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