{"title":"Pelliot tibétain 2222: a Dunhuang painting with a Khotanese inscription*","authors":"M. Maggi, A. Filigenzi","doi":"10.1484/J.JIAA.3.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.JIAA.3.9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":227814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130188332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1484/J.JIAAA.5.107589
J. Bemmann, Thomas O. Höllmann, B. Ahrens, T. Kaiser, S. Müller
{"title":"A Stone Quarry in the Hinterland of Karakorum, Mongolia, with Evidence of Chinese Stonemasons","authors":"J. Bemmann, Thomas O. Höllmann, B. Ahrens, T. Kaiser, S. Müller","doi":"10.1484/J.JIAAA.5.107589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.JIAAA.5.107589","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":227814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology","volume":"721 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122000468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1484/J.JIAAA.4.2017007
A. Betts, V. Yagodin, F. Grenet, Fiona. Kidd, Michele Minardi, Mélodie Bonnat, Stanislav Khashimov
{"title":"The Akchakhan-kala Wall Paintings: New Perspectives on Kingship and Religion in Ancient Chorasmia","authors":"A. Betts, V. Yagodin, F. Grenet, Fiona. Kidd, Michele Minardi, Mélodie Bonnat, Stanislav Khashimov","doi":"10.1484/J.JIAAA.4.2017007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.JIAAA.4.2017007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":227814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114988370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1484/J.JIAAA.4.2017003
S. A. Rakhmanov
{"title":"Wall Paintings from Tavka, Uzbekistan","authors":"S. A. Rakhmanov","doi":"10.1484/J.JIAAA.4.2017003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.JIAAA.4.2017003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":227814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130480053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Ceramics of the Merv Oasis: Recycling the City, Gabriele Puschnigg1 employs part of the data set recovered during the International Merv Project (IMP) excavations undertaken at the ancient “Silk-Road” city of Merv in southern Turkmenistan (between 1992 and 2000) as a test case for an advanced processing methodology aimed at defining the principal attributes of the Mid-Late Sasanian ceramic assemblage. As such, Puschnigg’s work has relevance that extends beyond the study of Sasanian ceramics or the isolated Merv oasis. The author was a key member of the team responsible for processing large quantities of ceramics recovered during each season of the excavation and has since become Assistant Director of continued investigations at the site, begun in 2001 as the Ancient Merv Project: a collaboration between University College London, and the Ministry of Culture of Turkmenistan.
{"title":"A Statistical vs. a Sensory Approach: Sasanian Ceramic Studies in the Light of Ceramics of the Merv Oasis","authors":"S. Priestman","doi":"10.1484/J.JIAA.3.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.JIAA.3.29","url":null,"abstract":"In Ceramics of the Merv Oasis: Recycling the City, Gabriele Puschnigg1 employs part of the data set recovered during the International Merv Project (IMP) excavations undertaken at the ancient “Silk-Road” city of Merv in southern Turkmenistan (between 1992 and 2000) as a test case for an advanced processing methodology aimed at defining the principal attributes of the Mid-Late Sasanian ceramic assemblage. As such, Puschnigg’s work has relevance that extends beyond the study of Sasanian ceramics or the isolated Merv oasis. The author was a key member of the team responsible for processing large quantities of ceramics recovered during each season of the excavation and has since become Assistant Director of continued investigations at the site, begun in 2001 as the Ancient Merv Project: a collaboration between University College London, and the Ministry of Culture of Turkmenistan.","PeriodicalId":227814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125740360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aurel Stein’s 1907 visit to the hidden cave library at the Thousand Buddha Caves near Dunhuang, and especially his acquisition of a large number of manuscripts there, came as exciting news to archaeologists and researchers worldwide. Paul Pelliot’s visit a few months later yielded an equally impressive collection of documents, which was soon to stir the interest of leading Chinese intellectuals. As a result of their efforts, the Chinese Ministry of Education issued a government directive to transport the remaining manuscripts to the capital in 1909, with this effectively putting an end to the sale of these to foreign explorers. However, the two members of the third Ōtani expedition were still able to acquire a significant number of documents in Dunhuang in 1911-1912. Japan was a relatively new participant in the exploration of Central Asia. It had recently demonstrated its economic and military strength by unexpectedly defeating the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 and emerged as a major player in East Asia. As was the case with European imperialistic powers, Japan’s colonial ambitions were accompanied by an increased interest in the Qing empire, especially its non-Han regions of Manchuria, Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Tibet. The archaeological exploration of North-West China, however, was conducted as a private enterprise rather than a government-sponsored project. The man behind these ambitious plans was Count Ōtani Kōzui (1876-1948), leader of the powerful Nishi Honganji Branch of the Jōdo shinshū sect, who sponsored a series of expeditions with the specific aim of exploring the Buddhist sites of the region. While staying in London in 1900-1902, the young Ōtani was fascinated by the discoveries of Buddhist remains in Western China by European explorers such as Sven Hedin and Aurel Stein. He believed that as a Buddhist priest thoroughly trained in the Chinese tradition he would be able to make a contribution to the exploration of the spread of Buddhism in this region. In 1902, when it was time for him to leave London, he decided to return home to Japan with a handful of followers by taking the overland route via Central Asia. Although his own participation in the journey was cut short by the death of his father, his men stayed behind to continue the exploration for a total of two years. In 1908, four years after the end of the first trip, Ōtani sent two young explorers to Mongolia and Xinjiang for a second round of exploration. The two men traversed the Gobi desert and entered Western China from the north. The team leader was the eighteen-year old Tachibana Zuichō (18901968) who on this trip discovered the famous fourth century Li Bo manuscript in the vicinity of Loulan, a find that shortly made his name known in academic circles in the West. The expedition ended in India from where Tachibana travelled with Ōtani to London. During the six months in Europe, Tachibana was elected a member of the Royal Geographical Society and was able t
{"title":"The Third Ōtani Expedition at Dunhuang: Acquisition of the Japanese Collection of Dunhuang Manuscripts","authors":"I. Galambos","doi":"10.1484/J.JIAA.3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.JIAA.3.3","url":null,"abstract":"Aurel Stein’s 1907 visit to the hidden cave library at the Thousand Buddha Caves near Dunhuang, and especially his acquisition of a large number of manuscripts there, came as exciting news to archaeologists and researchers worldwide. Paul Pelliot’s visit a few months later yielded an equally impressive collection of documents, which was soon to stir the interest of leading Chinese intellectuals. As a result of their efforts, the Chinese Ministry of Education issued a government directive to transport the remaining manuscripts to the capital in 1909, with this effectively putting an end to the sale of these to foreign explorers. However, the two members of the third Ōtani expedition were still able to acquire a significant number of documents in Dunhuang in 1911-1912. Japan was a relatively new participant in the exploration of Central Asia. It had recently demonstrated its economic and military strength by unexpectedly defeating the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 and emerged as a major player in East Asia. As was the case with European imperialistic powers, Japan’s colonial ambitions were accompanied by an increased interest in the Qing empire, especially its non-Han regions of Manchuria, Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Tibet. The archaeological exploration of North-West China, however, was conducted as a private enterprise rather than a government-sponsored project. The man behind these ambitious plans was Count Ōtani Kōzui (1876-1948), leader of the powerful Nishi Honganji Branch of the Jōdo shinshū sect, who sponsored a series of expeditions with the specific aim of exploring the Buddhist sites of the region. While staying in London in 1900-1902, the young Ōtani was fascinated by the discoveries of Buddhist remains in Western China by European explorers such as Sven Hedin and Aurel Stein. He believed that as a Buddhist priest thoroughly trained in the Chinese tradition he would be able to make a contribution to the exploration of the spread of Buddhism in this region. In 1902, when it was time for him to leave London, he decided to return home to Japan with a handful of followers by taking the overland route via Central Asia. Although his own participation in the journey was cut short by the death of his father, his men stayed behind to continue the exploration for a total of two years. In 1908, four years after the end of the first trip, Ōtani sent two young explorers to Mongolia and Xinjiang for a second round of exploration. The two men traversed the Gobi desert and entered Western China from the north. The team leader was the eighteen-year old Tachibana Zuichō (18901968) who on this trip discovered the famous fourth century Li Bo manuscript in the vicinity of Loulan, a find that shortly made his name known in academic circles in the West. The expedition ended in India from where Tachibana travelled with Ōtani to London. During the six months in Europe, Tachibana was elected a member of the Royal Geographical Society and was able t","PeriodicalId":227814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133937297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bisā- and Hālaa- in a New Chinese-Khotanese Bilingual Document","authors":"Qing Duan","doi":"10.1484/J.JIAA.3.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.JIAA.3.7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":227814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127997267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1484/J.JIAAA.1.103273
Satomi Hiyama
{"title":"A New Identification of the Murals in Kizil Cave 118: The Story of King Māndhātar","authors":"Satomi Hiyama","doi":"10.1484/J.JIAAA.1.103273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.JIAAA.1.103273","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":227814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133460493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1484/J.JIAAA.2.301925
B. Litvinsky
{"title":"Bronze Appliqués of Erotes from the Temple of the Oxus. The Question of their Dating in the Light of Connections between Rome and Central Asia","authors":"B. Litvinsky","doi":"10.1484/J.JIAAA.2.301925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.JIAAA.2.301925","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":227814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125209891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since 2005, the National Library of China has acquired in succession a group of 35 Chinese-Khotanese bilingual wooden tallies. These (Set I below) are all records of tax collection, dated in the 10th year of the Kaiyuan era of the Tang dynasty (618-907) = 722 CE. In 1998, Aziz Abdurashit of the Bureau of Cultural Relics of Khotan published the Chinese texts of four other bilingual tallies (Set II below),1 which were also noticed by Yutaka Yoshida.2 Aziz Abdurashit’s readings, however, contained many errors which we have endeavoured to correct using new photographs. These tallies are very similar to those in the National Library collection and date from 727, only five years later. We therefore thought it would be appropriate to publish them together. In addition to the Chinese and Khotanese inscriptions, the tallies all contain notches indicating the amount of grain delivered. Deep notches indicate the number of shuo or kūsas (a measure) while shallower ones indicate the number of dou (originally in the vernacular form ) or s am ga/kha. Every deep notch has a small ink dot, and every tenth is painted black, no doubt to facilitate counting. The use of tallies with such notches was common practice in pre-modern Asia, and similar tallies have also been discovered in the Bactrian language.3 However no such tallies have been found in China proper, at Dunhuang, or at Turfan after the eighth century, when paper was most widely used as means of recording. The use of tallies in Khotan may therefore have followed a Central Asian tradition. The information on the tallies is contained in the Chinese and Khotanese texts and in the system of notches. The Chinese text is written (vertically) from the top of one side of the tally (recto) and then continued on the opposite side (verso). Where there were already deep notches, the Chinese scribe avoided them. The Khotanese text was written (horizontally) where the Chinese ended and in some cases, when there was no room on the recto or verso, on the narrow side of the tally (to the right or left of the Chinese recto). Tally no. 14 was cut square and has four flat sides, with the texts written on adjacent sides. The notches were presumably carved first, then the Chinese text was added, and finally the Khotanese. On each tally, a hole was drilled, perhaps for attaching it to the containers in which the grain was delivered. There are still short strings in the holes of tallies 24, 35, and 36-39. The grain was delivered by local Khotanese, and, in the tallies of Set II, the deliverer bore the title chi ban (with variant chu ban ),4 Khot. chau pam .5 From the tallies and other documents, it appears that one of the major responsibilities of a chi ban was to collect tax from local villagers, which he would then hand over to higher officials in the government of Khotan and in the Chinese army of Khotan Garrison.6 Local Chinese officials played key roles in the recording process. In both sets of tallies we have two kinds of o
2005年以来，中国国家图书馆先后购入35台汉、于阗双语木制计数机。这些(下面第一组)都是关于税收的记录，时间是唐朝开元十年(618-907)=公元722年。1998年，于阗文物局的Aziz Abdurashit发表了另外四个双语计数的中文文本(下文第二组)，1吉田裕aka也注意到了。2 Aziz Abdurashit的读数中有许多错误，我们已经用新的照片努力加以纠正。这些数据与国家图书馆收藏的数据非常相似，可以追溯到727年，仅仅晚了五年。因此，我们认为将它们一起发表是合适的。除了中文和于阗文的铭文外，这些计数表上都有指示运送粮食数量的缺口。深的刻痕表示“说”或“kūsas”(一种度量)的数量，而浅的刻痕表示“斗”(最初是白话形式)或“s am ga/kha”的数量。每一个深的缺口都有一个小墨点，每十分之一被涂成黑色，无疑是为了方便计数。在前现代的亚洲，使用带有这种缺口的计数法是很普遍的做法，在大夏语中也发现了类似的计数法然而，在8世纪之后，纸作为记录手段被广泛使用的中国，敦煌和吐鲁番都没有发现这样的记录。因此，于阗人对计数的使用可能遵循了中亚的传统。关于计数的信息包含在中文和于阗文的文本中，并在刻槽系统中。中文文字从计数的一边(正)的顶部(垂直)书写，然后在另一边(正)继续书写。在已经有深凹痕的地方，中国抄写员会避开它们。于阗文字是在中文结束的地方(水平)书写的，在某些情况下，当正方或反面没有空间时，就写在计数的狭窄一侧(在中文正方的右侧或左侧)。理货没有。14号被切割成正方形，有四个平边，在相邻的边上写着文字。这些刻痕可能是先雕刻的，然后加上中文文字，最后加上于阗文。每次清点时，都要钻一个洞，也许是为了把它连接到运送粮食的容器上。在24、35和36-39号记分牌的洞里仍然有短串。粮食由当地的于阗人运送，在Set II的记录中，运送者的头衔是chi ban(与chu ban的变体)，4 Khot。从统计和其他文件来看，志班的主要职责之一似乎是向当地村民收税，然后将其交给于阗政府和于阗驻军的高级官员。当地的中国官员在记录过程中发挥了关键作用。在这两组统计中，我们都有两种属于唐朝于阗驻军管理系统的官员。“官”(此处意为“官员”)是“潘管”(行政助理)的缩写，在于阗语中被证实为“phani-kvani”在唐朝的官僚体系中，潘官的地位高于典官。在这里:“书记员”)，尽管在中国文本中，在计数上，班管是在dian之后提到的。这是因为大部分的中文文本都是由一个人写的，大概是书记员，而行政助理是后来才签字授权的。在第一组中，显然有两名行政助理在不同的时间签了名。他们的笔迹很潦草，所以我们读他们的名字，特别是“张兵”中的“兵”和“湘徽”和“湘道会”中的“香”是初步的。于阗文本是由一个匿名抄写员或其他官员在中文之后写的，在某些情况下，他们不知道中文的内容，这表明中文和于阗文本之间存在差异。这些记录的一个重要方面是它们的相对古老，因为它们是于阗地区发现的最古老的中国文件之一另一个是中国官员在早期参与于阗的地方税收征收，这表明中国的影响力比之前认为的要大。
{"title":"Newly Discovered Chinese-Khotanese Bilingual Tallies","authors":"Xinjiang Rong, Xin Wen","doi":"10.1484/J.JIAA.3.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.JIAA.3.11","url":null,"abstract":"Since 2005, the National Library of China has acquired in succession a group of 35 Chinese-Khotanese bilingual wooden tallies. These (Set I below) are all records of tax collection, dated in the 10th year of the Kaiyuan era of the Tang dynasty (618-907) = 722 CE. In 1998, Aziz Abdurashit of the Bureau of Cultural Relics of Khotan published the Chinese texts of four other bilingual tallies (Set II below),1 which were also noticed by Yutaka Yoshida.2 Aziz Abdurashit’s readings, however, contained many errors which we have endeavoured to correct using new photographs. These tallies are very similar to those in the National Library collection and date from 727, only five years later. We therefore thought it would be appropriate to publish them together. In addition to the Chinese and Khotanese inscriptions, the tallies all contain notches indicating the amount of grain delivered. Deep notches indicate the number of shuo or kūsas (a measure) while shallower ones indicate the number of dou (originally in the vernacular form ) or s am ga/kha. Every deep notch has a small ink dot, and every tenth is painted black, no doubt to facilitate counting. The use of tallies with such notches was common practice in pre-modern Asia, and similar tallies have also been discovered in the Bactrian language.3 However no such tallies have been found in China proper, at Dunhuang, or at Turfan after the eighth century, when paper was most widely used as means of recording. The use of tallies in Khotan may therefore have followed a Central Asian tradition. The information on the tallies is contained in the Chinese and Khotanese texts and in the system of notches. The Chinese text is written (vertically) from the top of one side of the tally (recto) and then continued on the opposite side (verso). Where there were already deep notches, the Chinese scribe avoided them. The Khotanese text was written (horizontally) where the Chinese ended and in some cases, when there was no room on the recto or verso, on the narrow side of the tally (to the right or left of the Chinese recto). Tally no. 14 was cut square and has four flat sides, with the texts written on adjacent sides. The notches were presumably carved first, then the Chinese text was added, and finally the Khotanese. On each tally, a hole was drilled, perhaps for attaching it to the containers in which the grain was delivered. There are still short strings in the holes of tallies 24, 35, and 36-39. The grain was delivered by local Khotanese, and, in the tallies of Set II, the deliverer bore the title chi ban (with variant chu ban ),4 Khot. chau pam .5 From the tallies and other documents, it appears that one of the major responsibilities of a chi ban was to collect tax from local villagers, which he would then hand over to higher officials in the government of Khotan and in the Chinese army of Khotan Garrison.6 Local Chinese officials played key roles in the recording process. In both sets of tallies we have two kinds of o","PeriodicalId":227814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology","volume":"419 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123093271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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