We present a proven case of pulmonary inflammatory pseudotumor that illustrates the 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging features of this “great mimicker of malignancy” both at initial diagnosis and during early monitoring of corticosteroid therapy, which is advocated as the first-line treatment. Although the patient showed some symptomatic response to corticosteroid therapy, as well as a modest reduction in SUVmax, complete surgical resection was eventually needed in view of the relative nonresponse. 18F-FDG avidity in untreated cases of pulmonary inflammatory pseudotumor has been quite characteristic and may potentially be used to evaluate early response of this IgG4-related disease to nonsurgical treatment and to detect residual disease or recurrence after therapeutic intervention.
{"title":"18F-FDG PET/CT Imaging Features of IgG4-Related Pulmonary Inflammatory Pseudotumor at Initial Diagnosis and During Early Treatment Monitoring","authors":"S. Basu, K. Utpat, J. Joshi","doi":"10.2967/jnmt.115.168450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2967/jnmt.115.168450","url":null,"abstract":"We present a proven case of pulmonary inflammatory pseudotumor that illustrates the 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging features of this “great mimicker of malignancy” both at initial diagnosis and during early monitoring of corticosteroid therapy, which is advocated as the first-line treatment. Although the patient showed some symptomatic response to corticosteroid therapy, as well as a modest reduction in SUVmax, complete surgical resection was eventually needed in view of the relative nonresponse. 18F-FDG avidity in untreated cases of pulmonary inflammatory pseudotumor has been quite characteristic and may potentially be used to evaluate early response of this IgG4-related disease to nonsurgical treatment and to detect residual disease or recurrence after therapeutic intervention.","PeriodicalId":22799,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology","volume":"62 1","pages":"207 - 209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84926606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Primary hyperparathyroidism is predominantly caused by a single parathyroid adenoma. Knowledge of normal and ectopic locations of parathyroid glands is crucial to help guide surgeons who plan targeted unilateral parathyroidectomy to reduce surgical time and risk. We describe a female patient with clinical primary hyperparathyroidism who underwent a failed initial parathyroidectomy, with subsequent imaging localizing an ectopic parathyroid adenoma in the carotid sheath.
{"title":"Ectopic Parathyroid Adenoma in the Carotid Sheath","authors":"C. D. Sanders, J. Kirkland, Ely A. Wolin","doi":"10.2967/jnmt.115.170993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2967/jnmt.115.170993","url":null,"abstract":"Primary hyperparathyroidism is predominantly caused by a single parathyroid adenoma. Knowledge of normal and ectopic locations of parathyroid glands is crucial to help guide surgeons who plan targeted unilateral parathyroidectomy to reduce surgical time and risk. We describe a female patient with clinical primary hyperparathyroidism who underwent a failed initial parathyroidectomy, with subsequent imaging localizing an ectopic parathyroid adenoma in the carotid sheath.","PeriodicalId":22799,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology","volume":"17 1","pages":"201 - 202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89711475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this article is to provide the reader with a better understanding of radiation hormesis, the investigational research that supports or does not support the theory, and the relationship between the theory and current radiation safety guidelines and practices. The concept of radiation hormesis is known to nuclear medicine technologists, but understanding its complexities and the historical development of the theory may bring about a better understanding of radiation safety and regulations.
{"title":"Radiation Hormesis: Historical and Current Perspectives","authors":"Jonathan D Baldwin, Vesper V Grantham","doi":"10.2967/jnmt.115.166074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2967/jnmt.115.166074","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to provide the reader with a better understanding of radiation hormesis, the investigational research that supports or does not support the theory, and the relationship between the theory and current radiation safety guidelines and practices. The concept of radiation hormesis is known to nuclear medicine technologists, but understanding its complexities and the historical development of the theory may bring about a better understanding of radiation safety and regulations.","PeriodicalId":22799,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology","volume":"44 1","pages":"242 - 246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88595466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Levent A Guner, B. Çalişkan, Ilknur Isik, T. Aksoy, E. Vardareli, A. Parspur
Attenuation artifacts reduce our ability to evaluate perfusion of affected myocardial segments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of routine prone-position image evaluation within a stepwise visual interpretation of myocardial perfusion studies. Methods: We have included 279 consecutive patients who were referred for evaluation of myocardial ischemia. All patients underwent routine electrocardiogram-gated supine SPECT imaging and non–electrocardiogram-gated prone-position SPECT imaging. Three nuclear medicine physicians interpreted the images in the following order: polar maps, supine images, raw images, motion-frozen gated images, and prone images, using a scale of 0–4. Segments with perfusion abnormalities were noted. Results: All physicians reported lower proportions of equivocal evaluations after evaluating prone images (18.3% vs. 4.7%, 19% vs. 11.1%, and 12.2% vs. 6.1%, P < 0.0001, P = 0.0077, and P = 0.0125, respectively). At the prone stage, normalcy rates were 89%, 87%, and 91%. Two physicians had significantly increased normalcy rates at the prone stage (72%–89%, P = 0.039, and 66%–87%, P = 0.006). At the prone stage, a decision reversal to normal or probably normal was observed in 40% (29/72), 33% (17/51), and 43% (21/48). In men, apical, mid, and basal inferior walls and in women apical and mid parts of anterior walls were more likely to be attributed to attenuation. The 2 steps that increased normalcy rates for interpreters were the review of raw images and of prone images. Conclusion: Routine prone imaging increases interpretive certainty and interobserver agreement and changes the final evaluation in a substantial number of patients and significantly decreases the number of equivocal evaluations.
衰减伪影降低了我们评估受影响心肌节段灌注的能力。本研究的目的是评估常规俯卧位图像评估在心肌灌注研究的逐步视觉解释中的影响。方法:我们纳入279例连续转诊的心肌缺血评估患者。所有患者均接受常规心电图门控仰卧位SPECT成像和非心电图门控俯卧位SPECT成像。三名核医学医生按照以下顺序解释了这些图像:极坐标图、仰卧位图像、原始图像、运动冻结门控图像和俯卧位图像，使用0-4的等级。记录灌注异常的节段。结果:所有医生均报告在评估俯卧图像后模棱两可评价的比例较低(18.3% vs. 4.7%， 19% vs. 11.1%， 12.2% vs. 6.1%， P < 0.0001, P = 0.0077, P = 0.0125)。在俯卧期，正常率分别为89%、87%和91%。两名医生在俯卧期的正常率显著增高(72% ~ 89%，P = 0.039, 66% ~ 87%， P = 0.006)。在倾向阶段，40%(29/72)、33%(17/51)和43%(21/48)的人的决定逆转为正常或可能正常。在男性中，根尖、中壁和基底下壁以及女性前壁的根尖和中壁更有可能被归因于衰减。增加口译员正常率的两个步骤是对原始图像和倾向图像的审查。结论:常规俯卧位成像增加了解释的确定性和观察者间的一致性，改变了大量患者的最终评估，显著减少了模棱两可的评估。
{"title":"Evaluating the Role of Routine Prone Acquisition on Visual Evaluation of SPECT Images","authors":"Levent A Guner, B. Çalişkan, Ilknur Isik, T. Aksoy, E. Vardareli, A. Parspur","doi":"10.2967/jnmt.115.165936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2967/jnmt.115.165936","url":null,"abstract":"Attenuation artifacts reduce our ability to evaluate perfusion of affected myocardial segments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of routine prone-position image evaluation within a stepwise visual interpretation of myocardial perfusion studies. Methods: We have included 279 consecutive patients who were referred for evaluation of myocardial ischemia. All patients underwent routine electrocardiogram-gated supine SPECT imaging and non–electrocardiogram-gated prone-position SPECT imaging. Three nuclear medicine physicians interpreted the images in the following order: polar maps, supine images, raw images, motion-frozen gated images, and prone images, using a scale of 0–4. Segments with perfusion abnormalities were noted. Results: All physicians reported lower proportions of equivocal evaluations after evaluating prone images (18.3% vs. 4.7%, 19% vs. 11.1%, and 12.2% vs. 6.1%, P < 0.0001, P = 0.0077, and P = 0.0125, respectively). At the prone stage, normalcy rates were 89%, 87%, and 91%. Two physicians had significantly increased normalcy rates at the prone stage (72%–89%, P = 0.039, and 66%–87%, P = 0.006). At the prone stage, a decision reversal to normal or probably normal was observed in 40% (29/72), 33% (17/51), and 43% (21/48). In men, apical, mid, and basal inferior walls and in women apical and mid parts of anterior walls were more likely to be attributed to attenuation. The 2 steps that increased normalcy rates for interpreters were the review of raw images and of prone images. Conclusion: Routine prone imaging increases interpretive certainty and interobserver agreement and changes the final evaluation in a substantial number of patients and significantly decreases the number of equivocal evaluations.","PeriodicalId":22799,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology","volume":"30 1","pages":"282 - 288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81570802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paraag R. Bhatt, W. Klingensmith, Brian M. Bagrosky, J. Walter, K. Mcfann, R. McIntyre, C. Raeburn, P. Koo
The objective of this study was to determine the relative utility of 3 state-of-the-art parathyroid imaging protocols: single-time-point simultaneous acquisition of 99mTc-sestamibi and 123I images with pinhole collimation in the anterior and bilateral anterior oblique projections, single-time-point simultaneous acquisition of 99mTc-sestamibi and 123I images with SPECT/CT, and the combination of the first and second protocols. Methods: Fifty-nine patients with surgical proof of parathyroid adenomas were evaluated retrospectively. All 3 protocols included perfectly coregistered subtraction images created by subtracting the 123I images from the 99mTc-sestamibi images, plus an anterior parallel-hole collimator image of the neck and upper chest. The pinhole protocol was performed first, followed by the SPECT/CT protocol. Three image sets were derived from each study in each patient according to the above protocols. Two experienced observers recorded the size, location, and degree of certainty of any identified lesion. Results: The 59 patients had 61 adenomas. For the 2 observers combined, the localization success rate was 88% for the pinhole protocol, 69% for the SPECT/CT protocol, and 81% for the combined protocol. The pinhole protocol detected more adenomas than the SPECT/CT protocol and missed fewer adenomas than either the SPECT/CT protocol or the combined pinhole and SPECT/CT protocol (P < 0.01). The 2 protocols that included SPECT/CT provided superior anatomic information relative to the location and size of the parathyroid adenomas. Conclusion: The pinhole protocol localized significantly more adenomas than the SPECT/CT protocol. However, the protocols that included SPECT/CT provided more anatomic information than pinhole imaging alone.
{"title":"Parathyroid Imaging with Simultaneous Acquisition of 99mTc-Sestamibi and 123I: The Relative Merits of Pinhole Collimation and SPECT/CT","authors":"Paraag R. Bhatt, W. Klingensmith, Brian M. Bagrosky, J. Walter, K. Mcfann, R. McIntyre, C. Raeburn, P. Koo","doi":"10.2967/jnmt.115.164939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2967/jnmt.115.164939","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to determine the relative utility of 3 state-of-the-art parathyroid imaging protocols: single-time-point simultaneous acquisition of 99mTc-sestamibi and 123I images with pinhole collimation in the anterior and bilateral anterior oblique projections, single-time-point simultaneous acquisition of 99mTc-sestamibi and 123I images with SPECT/CT, and the combination of the first and second protocols. Methods: Fifty-nine patients with surgical proof of parathyroid adenomas were evaluated retrospectively. All 3 protocols included perfectly coregistered subtraction images created by subtracting the 123I images from the 99mTc-sestamibi images, plus an anterior parallel-hole collimator image of the neck and upper chest. The pinhole protocol was performed first, followed by the SPECT/CT protocol. Three image sets were derived from each study in each patient according to the above protocols. Two experienced observers recorded the size, location, and degree of certainty of any identified lesion. Results: The 59 patients had 61 adenomas. For the 2 observers combined, the localization success rate was 88% for the pinhole protocol, 69% for the SPECT/CT protocol, and 81% for the combined protocol. The pinhole protocol detected more adenomas than the SPECT/CT protocol and missed fewer adenomas than either the SPECT/CT protocol or the combined pinhole and SPECT/CT protocol (P < 0.01). The 2 protocols that included SPECT/CT provided superior anatomic information relative to the location and size of the parathyroid adenomas. Conclusion: The pinhole protocol localized significantly more adenomas than the SPECT/CT protocol. However, the protocols that included SPECT/CT provided more anatomic information than pinhole imaging alone.","PeriodicalId":22799,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology","volume":"24 1","pages":"275 - 281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78078965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. Al-faham, S. Al-katib, I. Jaiyesimi, S. Bhavnagri
Inflammatory breast cancer is a rare and aggressive form of cancer characterized by dermal lymphatic invasion and tumor embolization resulting in erythema and edema. In many cases, by the time of diagnosis there is already distant metastasis. Mammography, sonography, CT, and MRI are usually performed for initial staging; however, PET/CT can also be used for initial staging as it offers additional diagnostic information.
{"title":"Evaluation of a Case of Inflammatory Breast Cancer with 18F-FDG PET/CT","authors":"Z. Al-faham, S. Al-katib, I. Jaiyesimi, S. Bhavnagri","doi":"10.2967/jnmt.114.148494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2967/jnmt.114.148494","url":null,"abstract":"Inflammatory breast cancer is a rare and aggressive form of cancer characterized by dermal lymphatic invasion and tumor embolization resulting in erythema and edema. In many cases, by the time of diagnosis there is already distant metastasis. Mammography, sonography, CT, and MRI are usually performed for initial staging; however, PET/CT can also be used for initial staging as it offers additional diagnostic information.","PeriodicalId":22799,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology","volume":"24 1","pages":"289 - 291"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75278720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quick-Reference Protocol Manual for Nuclear Medicine Technologists","authors":"J. Prekeges","doi":"10.2967/JNMT.114.143610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2967/JNMT.114.143610","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22799,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology","volume":"19 1","pages":"242 - 242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85465267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"PET and PET/CT Study Guide: A Review for Passing the PET Specialty Exam","authors":"K. Thomas","doi":"10.2967/jnmt.113.132183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2967/jnmt.113.132183","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22799,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology","volume":"28 1","pages":"311 - 311"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82556566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This soft-cover textbook on nuclear instrumentation was written for an audience of nuclear medicine technology students, medical imaging technologists, nuclear medicine physicians, radiologists, medical imaging residents, biomedical engineers, and any individual interested in gaining an understanding of the topic. According to the author, the purpose of this book is to address a significant deficit of available resources for those seeking a dedicated textbook on the subject matter. This textbook is in its second edition and is presented as 19 chapters and 6 supporting appendices. The chapters are divided into 4 distinct parts that help the reader understand small instruments, g-cameras, SPECT, and PET. The chapter on PET includes a discussion on CT and an introduction to MR imaging. The content of the book begins with introductions to gas-filled detectors, scintillation detectors, semiconductors, and factors relating to radiation measurement. The second part addresses the specifics of g-cameras, including image digitization and display, collimators, image characteristics, performance measures in planar imaging, and quality assurance and quality control of g-cameras. The third part covers the details of SPECT, including image characteristics, the effect of acquisition parameters on SPECT imaging, how to improve SPECT images, and quality control and artifacts in SPECT. The fourth part focuses on PET, including instrumentation, image characteristics, performance measures and quantification, and quality control and artifacts, and concludes with CT and MR imaging. The appendices include atomic structure and interactions of high-energy radiation, basic electronics and devices, film and film processing, computer fundamentals, collimator mathematics, and laboratory accreditation. The author writes in a clear and concise fashion and assumes the reader has little or no background on nuclear medicine instrumentation. The textbook has sample calculations, tables, charts, images, and diagrams throughout, which complement the text and enable the reader to have a more comprehensive understanding of the written material. I applaud the author for including information on semiconductors, CT, and MR imaging. Unfortunately, there are limitations on the CT and MR imaging content due to the book’s focus on nuclear medicine instrumentation. The CT and MR imaging sections are more or less an introduction to these imaging modalities. I would encourage readers seeking comprehensive information on CT and MR imaging to search for other dedicated instrumentation textbooks on these subjects. I would highly recommend this textbook for anyone who is interested in teaching or learning more about nuclear medicine instrumentation. It is a welcomed addition for any medical imaging library. Readers will find it interesting and worthwhile. I have used this book since the release of the first edition in 2011 for my course in nuclear medicine instrumentation. It has replaced 3 textbook
{"title":"Nuclear Medicine Instrumentation","authors":"William L. Hubble","doi":"10.2967/jnmt.113.120790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2967/jnmt.113.120790","url":null,"abstract":"This soft-cover textbook on nuclear instrumentation was written for an audience of nuclear medicine technology students, medical imaging technologists, nuclear medicine physicians, radiologists, medical imaging residents, biomedical engineers, and any individual interested in gaining an understanding of the topic. According to the author, the purpose of this book is to address a significant deficit of available resources for those seeking a dedicated textbook on the subject matter. This textbook is in its second edition and is presented as 19 chapters and 6 supporting appendices. The chapters are divided into 4 distinct parts that help the reader understand small instruments, g-cameras, SPECT, and PET. The chapter on PET includes a discussion on CT and an introduction to MR imaging. The content of the book begins with introductions to gas-filled detectors, scintillation detectors, semiconductors, and factors relating to radiation measurement. The second part addresses the specifics of g-cameras, including image digitization and display, collimators, image characteristics, performance measures in planar imaging, and quality assurance and quality control of g-cameras. The third part covers the details of SPECT, including image characteristics, the effect of acquisition parameters on SPECT imaging, how to improve SPECT images, and quality control and artifacts in SPECT. The fourth part focuses on PET, including instrumentation, image characteristics, performance measures and quantification, and quality control and artifacts, and concludes with CT and MR imaging. The appendices include atomic structure and interactions of high-energy radiation, basic electronics and devices, film and film processing, computer fundamentals, collimator mathematics, and laboratory accreditation. The author writes in a clear and concise fashion and assumes the reader has little or no background on nuclear medicine instrumentation. The textbook has sample calculations, tables, charts, images, and diagrams throughout, which complement the text and enable the reader to have a more comprehensive understanding of the written material. I applaud the author for including information on semiconductors, CT, and MR imaging. Unfortunately, there are limitations on the CT and MR imaging content due to the book’s focus on nuclear medicine instrumentation. The CT and MR imaging sections are more or less an introduction to these imaging modalities. I would encourage readers seeking comprehensive information on CT and MR imaging to search for other dedicated instrumentation textbooks on these subjects. I would highly recommend this textbook for anyone who is interested in teaching or learning more about nuclear medicine instrumentation. It is a welcomed addition for any medical imaging library. Readers will find it interesting and worthwhile. I have used this book since the release of the first edition in 2011 for my course in nuclear medicine instrumentation. It has replaced 3 textbook","PeriodicalId":22799,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology","volume":"877 1","pages":"119 - 119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84841647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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