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The aluminium response network in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne): II. Water fluxes and ion transport 多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)的铝响应网络。水通量和离子输运
Pub Date : 1999-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/02571862.1999.10634837
R. Bennet, A. Stewart
Aluminium toxicity was investigated by analyzing the mineral nutrition and water-use characteristics of hydroponically-grown plants differing in tolerance to Al when subjected to Al (0, 20, 40, 80 μM: pH 4.5) for 28 days. Both lines reacted to Al by increasing their water-use. The Al-tolerant plants were, however, able to control the Al-stimulated water fluxes and progressive increases in water-use (increasing Al) were limited to the Al-sensitive material. Although Al was not generally transported into the foliage, Al treatments nevertheless elicited changes in the composition of the leaves including apparently opposite effects on the Ca, K and P levels found in Al- tolerant and Al-sensitive plants. Analysis of these differences revealed that leaf Ca concentrations were positively related to water-use while leaf K was antagonistically linked to Ca and thus inversely related to the Al- stimulated changes in the plants' water-use. Differences in K nutrition centred around P transport and fluctuations in lea...
通过分析不同铝耐受性水培植物在铝(0、20、40、80 μM: pH 4.5)处理28 d后的矿质营养和水分利用特征,研究了铝的毒性。两条线路对人工智能的反应都是增加用水量。然而,耐铝植物能够控制铝刺激的水通量,并且水分利用的逐步增加(增加铝)仅限于铝敏感材料。虽然铝通常不会被输送到叶片中,但铝处理引起了叶片成分的变化,包括对钙、钾和磷水平的明显相反的影响,这在耐铝和铝敏感的植物中发现。对这些差异的分析表明,叶片Ca浓度与水分利用呈正相关,而叶片K浓度与Ca呈拮抗相关,因此与Al刺激下植物水分利用的变化呈负相关。以磷转运和土壤波动为中心的钾营养差异。
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引用次数: 9
Detecting nitrogen deficiency on irrigated cash crops using remote sensing methods 利用遥感方法检测灌溉经济作物缺氮
Pub Date : 1999-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/02571862.1999.10634847
P. Fouché
Early detection of nitrogen deficiency on annual agricultural crops can assist the management of N-fertilization to improve crop yields. Low altitude aerial photography is an inexpensive means to assess crop canopy radiation in the near infrared range. In this study, different Nitrogen experiments were laid out on cotton, tobacco and wheat. Nitrogen rates on the tobacco and cotton were 0.50, 100, 150 and 200 kg N ha1. On a wheat experiment the rates of N were 0.60, 120 and 180 kg N ha−1 with 4 times of application after planting. All these experiments were conducted in 1992 and 1996. Infrared aerial photographs and multi spectral videography were taken of the experiments at certain times using remotely piloted aircraft. These images were processed on a computer and classified into classes of high- and low-N categories using image processing software. A portable spectrometer operating in the 770 nm to 920 mn range was also used to assess N deficiency by measuring the reflected radiation of wheat canopies 7...
早期发现一年生作物缺氮,有助于氮肥管理,提高作物产量。低空航空摄影是一种在近红外范围内评估作物冠层辐射的廉价手段。本研究对棉花、烟草和小麦进行了不同的氮肥试验。烟草和棉花的施氮量分别为0.50、100、150和200 kg N / h。在小麦试验中,播后施氮4次,施氮量分别为0.60、120和180 kg N ha - 1。所有这些实验都是在1992年和1996年进行的。红外航拍照片和多光谱录像在某些时候使用遥控飞机的实验。这些图像在计算机上进行处理,并使用图像处理软件将其分为高n和低n类别。利用770 nm ~ 920 mn波段的便携式光谱仪,通过测量小麦冠层的反射辐射来评估缺氮状况。
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引用次数: 4
Influence of adjuvants on tetrapion efficacy for nassella tussock (Stipa trichotoma Nees) control and subsequent seedling establishment: a preliminary study 佐剂对毛针蛾(Stipa trichotoma Nees)防治和后续育苗效果影响的初步研究
Pub Date : 1999-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/02571862.1999.10634855
B. Viljoen
Nassella tussock (Stipa trichotoma Nees) is a perennial grass weed that seeds prolifically, resulting in build-up of a large soil seed bank. Due to it's vigorous growth it has the potential to spread rapidly in disturbed environments and overgrazed areas. Field trials were initiated in a dense nassella tussock infestation to assess the influence of various adjuvants (Citowett, Frigate and Reverseal 9) on the herbicide activity of tetrapion (sodium 2, 2, 3, 3-tetrafluoropropion) and to monitor subsequent seedling establishment. Reverseal 9 was the only adjuvant that significantly increased the efficacy of tetrapion at 0.44kg ai ha1, but this level of control achieved (75%) was not considered adequate for large-scale nassella tussock control operations. The next higher rate of tetrapion (0.88 kg ai ha1) was effective in achieving nearly total mortality (98%) with or without the addition of Reverseal 9. This rate also restricted establishment of nassella tussock seedlings for up to 23 months after initial ap...
毛针茅(Stipa trichotoma Nees)是一种多年生杂草,种子丰富,形成了一个巨大的土壤种子库。由于其旺盛的生长,它有可能在受干扰的环境和过度放牧的地区迅速蔓延。在密集的鼻塞丛中进行了田间试验,以评估各种佐剂(Citowett、Frigate和Reverseal 9)对四氟丙酸钠(2,2,3,3 -四氟丙酸钠)除草剂活性的影响,并监测随后的幼苗建立情况。Reverseal 9是唯一一种能显著提高0.44kg / ha1诱捕效果的佐剂,但这一控制水平(75%)被认为不足以用于大规模的鼻毛集束控制操作。在添加或不添加Reverseal 9的情况下,第二高的捕获率(0.88 kg / ha1)有效地实现了接近总死亡率(98%)。这一比率也限制了柞蚕幼苗的建立长达23个月。
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引用次数: 6
Inheritance of flavour in six tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) varieties 六个番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)品种风味的遗传
Pub Date : 1999-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/02571862.1999.10634994
Karen A. Lunt, C. Z. Roux, I. Blokpoel, M. Booyse
Flavour component differences between six tomato varieties and their F1, progenies were investigated. A diallel crossing system, excluding the reciprocal crosses was used. The F-1 and parent varieties were compared by carrying out a sensory evaluation and a chemical component analysis. Statistical analysis of these two data sets revealed significant differences among the F1 and parents for the chemical analysis variables, whereas the sensory variables showed considerably fewer significant differences. The number of correlations found between the chemical analysis and the sensory evaluation were relatively few. In the combining ability analysis, all the chemical analysis variables showed significant differences for general combining ability and specific combining ability. None of the sensory variables showed significant differences for specific combining ability and only one sensory variable, juiciness, showed highly significant differences for general combining ability. Both types of analyses, chemical an...
研究了6个番茄品种及其F1代的风味成分差异。采用双列杂交,不包括反向杂交。通过感官评价和化学成分分析对F-1和亲本品种进行了比较。对这两个数据集进行统计分析,结果表明F1和亲本在化学分析变量上存在显著差异,而在感官变量上差异较小。在化学分析和感官评价之间发现的相关性数量相对较少。在配合力分析中,各化学分析变量在一般配合力和特定配合力上均表现出显著差异。各感官变量在特定配合力上均无显著差异,只有多汁性一个感官变量在一般配合力上有极显著差异。两种类型的分析,化学和…
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引用次数: 3
The response of Lolium multiflorum (Lam.) to applied phosphorus and potassium on a cricket pitch clay 在板球场粘土上施用磷和钾对何首乌生长的影响
Pub Date : 1999-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/02571862.1999.10635000
N. Tainton, J. Klug, N. Miles, C. Morris
Lolium multiflorum cv. Barmultra was used to evaluate the P and K status of plants grown on a smectitic soil commonly used for the construction of cricket pitches in the coastal regions of South Africa. Bulli was treated with P and K and, following treatment, soil test levels for P ranged between 2 and 28.5 mg L-1 and for K between 109.5 and 480.5 mg L-1. The amount of P required per unit increase in soil P test value declined sharply as the P application rate increased but the relationship between K applied and soil K test was linear. Plant yield increased asymptotically with increasing soil P level, whereas the response to K was significantly quadratic although relatively small. There was a significant yield interaction between soil P and soil K, with response to K being more marked at high than at low P levels. Potassium addition had a much greater effect on nutrient levels in plant tissue than did P addition but both significantly affected not only the P and K levels in the herbage material, but also ...
何首乌Barmultra用于评估在南非沿海地区通常用于建造板球场的密散土上生长的植物的P和K状态。施用磷和钾,处理后耕牛土壤试验磷含量为2 ~ 28.5 mg L-1,钾含量为109.5 ~ 480.5 mg L-1。土壤磷素试验值的单位需要量随施磷量的增加而急剧下降,但施钾量与土壤磷素试验量之间呈线性关系。植株产量随土壤磷水平的增加而渐近增加,而对钾的响应虽然相对较小,但呈显著的二次响应。土壤磷与土壤钾之间存在显著的产量互作,且高磷水平对钾的响应比低磷水平更显著。添加钾对植物组织养分水平的影响远大于添加磷,但两者不仅显著影响了牧草中磷和钾的含量,而且显著影响了土壤中磷和钾的含量。
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引用次数: 3
Effect of moisture stress on sorghum yield and its components 水分胁迫对高粱产量及其组成成分的影响
Pub Date : 1999-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/02571862.1999.10635002
W. Wenzel
A sample of 48 sorghum varieties and inbred lines were planted in randomized block designs in two trials, one of which was irrigated. The effect of moisture stress on grain yield, tillering, seeds per ear, ear mass, seeds per plot, thousand seed mass, stover mass, biomass and harvest index was quantified for each genotype. Moisture stress resulted in increased tillering while the means of all other characteristics were reduced. Increased tillering caused an increase in grain yield under dryland conditions in those genotypes that indicated least reductions in seed number per ear and seed mass. The value of this screening method which includes both yield and drought resistance is discussed with respect to developing improved cultivars for the target environment.
以48个高粱品种和自交系为材料,分2个试验进行随机区组种植,其中1个试验采用灌溉。定量分析了水分胁迫对各基因型籽粒产量、分蘖、穗粒数、穗质量、亩产粒数、千粒重、秸秆质量、生物量和收获指数的影响。水分胁迫导致分蘖增加,而其他性状的平均值降低。在旱地条件下,分蘖增加导致单穗种子数和种子质量减少最少的基因型籽粒产量增加。讨论了该筛选方法的产量和抗旱性的价值,并对目标环境下的改良品种的培育进行了探讨。
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引用次数: 16
Ultrastructural changes caused by post-emergence herbicides in leaves of bengal wandering jew (Commelina benghalensis L.) 出苗后除草剂对孟加拉流浪犹太(Commelina benghalensis L.)叶片超微结构的影响
Pub Date : 1999-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/02571862.1999.10634840
M. I. Ferreira, C. F. Merwe, C. Reinhardt
The leaf surface morphology of C. benghalensis and the ultra structura I changes in C. benghalensis leaves caused by herbicide treatments in combination with adjuvants were studied with electron microscopes. The study indicated u It ra structural changes in treated leaves. All treatments caused changes in infrastructure in parenchyma cells. Three days after treatment, thylakoids in parenchyma cells were swollen and disrupted chloroplast envelopes were visible. The chloroplasts appeered swollen and were spherical in shape and also lacked starch grains.
用电子显微镜研究了除草剂和佐剂联合处理对槟榔叶表面形态和叶片超结构I的影响。研究表明,处理后的叶片发生了结构变化。所有处理均引起薄壁细胞基础结构的改变。治疗3天后,薄壁细胞的类囊体肿胀,叶绿体被破坏。叶绿体肿胀,呈球形,缺乏淀粉粒。
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引用次数: 2
Effect of planting date of maize on damage and yield loss caused by the stalk borer, Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Lesotho 莱索托玉米播期对茎螟虫危害及产量损失的影响
Pub Date : 1999-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/02571862.1999.10635007
A. Ebenebe, J. Berg, T. V. D. Linde
The effect of the time of planting of maize on the incidence of infestation and yield loss caused by Busseola fusca (Fuller) was studied using five successive plantings (early November to early January) during the 1995/96 and 1996/97 growing seasons. B. fusca infestation resulted in yield losses in both early (November) and late (mid-December to early January) plantings. Increased yield loss was observed at later planting dates. Since the earliest incidence of infestation was recorded in January, it was concluded that the second generation of B. fusca moths (of which the flight activity peaks in February) was responsible for infestations in all plantings. Early planting of maize (November) is, therefore, recommended in order to minimise yield loss due to second generation infestation. Seasonal variation in yield loss due to B. fusca damage ranged between 0.4 and 5.3 during the 1995/96 season and between 12.7 and 36.6% during the 1996/97 season.
采用1995/96和1996/97生长季节(11月初至1月初)连续5次种植的方法,研究了玉米种植时间对fusca (Fuller)侵染发生率和产量损失的影响。黑穗病侵染导致种植初期(11月)和后期(12月中旬至1月初)的产量损失。在较晚的播种期观察到产量损失增加。由于1月份记录了最早的侵染事件,因此得出结论,2月份飞行活动高峰的第二代褐飞蛾对所有种植的侵染负责。因此,建议尽早种植玉米(11月),以尽量减少因第二代侵染造成的产量损失。1995/96季红曲霉危害造成的产量损失的季节变化在0.4 ~ 5.3之间,1996/97季在12.7% ~ 36.6%之间。
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引用次数: 11
Yield components of samples of two wild Mexican common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) populations grown under cultivation 两个野生墨西哥菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)栽培群体样品的产量组成
Pub Date : 1999-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/02571862.1999.10635011
J. S. Bayuelo‐Jiménez, C. B. Peña-Valdivia
The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an annual crop legume with wild ancestors distributed from Mexico to northern Argentina. In Mexico, wild populations occur throughout this physiographically and climatically diverse country. Such a wide distribution of common bean populations suggests a large genetic variability with variants adapted to different environments with a wide range of morphological traits. In order to know the response of wild common bean to cultivation this study evaluates the yield components, actual yields and their relationship with the morphological traits, of two such wild bean populations. A sample of these populations from contrasting geographical regions, were grown together in an experimental field in the state of Mexico. They were statistically different in the expression of their growth habits. The two populations differed in leaf area, number of leaves per plant, length of main stem and number of main stem nodes, and number of pods and seeds per plant. All these differenc...
菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)是一种一年生作物豆科植物,其野生祖先分布于墨西哥至阿根廷北部。在墨西哥,野生种群遍布这个地理和气候多样的国家。如此广泛的普通豆种群分布表明具有很大的遗传变异性,具有适应不同环境的各种形态特征的变体。为了了解野生普通豆对栽培的响应,本研究对两个野生普通豆群体的产量组成、实际产量及其与形态性状的关系进行了评价。来自不同地理区域的这些种群样本,在墨西哥的一块试验田中一起种植。他们在生长习惯的表达上有统计学上的差异。两个种群在叶面积、单株叶数、主茎长和主茎节数、单株荚果数和种子数等方面存在差异。所有这些不同……
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引用次数: 5
Pre-emergence weed control with metolachlor/flumetsulam mixtures 用甲草胺/氟metmetsulam混合物防治苗期杂草
Pub Date : 1999-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/02571862.1999.10634853
J. V. Biljon, K. J. Hugo, C. J. Merwe, L. V. Wyk
Metolachlor (2—chloro—6′—ethyl—N-(2—methoxy—1—methylethyl)acet—o—toluidide) / flumetsulam (2′6′—difluoro—5-methyl[1,2,4] triazolo [1,5—a] pyrimidine—2—sulfonanilide) mixtures were evaluated in 77 field experiments in maize (Zea mays L.), groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), soya beans (Glycine max (L.) Merr and dry beans (Phaseolus spp). Many broadleaf weeds, including Tribulus terrestris, were selectively controlled with a 50:1 mixture. Application rates varied, depending on soil type, from 744 g ai. ha1 metolachlor + 15 g a.i. ha−1 flumetsulam on sandy soils to 1673 g a.i. ha-1 metolachlor + 34 g a i. ha1 flumetsulam on soils with more than 40% clay. Full rotational flexibility exists for field crops on the Highveld after the application of metolachlor/flumetsulam mixtures.
在玉米(Zea mays L.)、花生(Arachis hypogaea L.)和大豆(Glycine max (L.))上进行了77次田间试验,评价了甲草胺(2 -氯- 6′-乙基- n -(2 -甲氧基- 1 -甲基乙基)乙酰- o -甲酰基)/氟甲磺胺(2 ' 6′-二氟- 5-甲基[1,2,4]三唑[1,5 - a]嘧啶- 2 -磺酰苯胺)的混合物。豆和干豆(菜豆属)。许多阔叶杂草,包括蒺藜,选择性地控制50:1的混合物。施用量因土壤类型而异,从744克/公顷起。在沙质土壤上,1甲草胺+ 15 g A.I. ha-1氟虫胺;在粘土含量超过40%的土壤上,则为1673 g A.I. ha-1甲草胺+ 34 g A.I. ha-1氟虫胺。施用甲草胺/氟metmetsulam混合物后,高原区的大田作物轮作具有充分的灵活性。
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引用次数: 9
期刊
The South African Journal of Plant and Soil
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