Pub Date : 2016-04-29DOI: 10.1080/02571862.2015.1079932
M. R. Masevhe, P. Soundy, N. Taylor
Wheat straw has generally been used as the main substrate for cultivating oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus); however, in South Africa it is becoming expensive for small-scale farmers to utilise. Therefore, the main objective of the study was to investigate the use of alternative, but suitable substrates for planting oyster mushrooms. Wheat straw (control), wood chips and thatch grass, selected on account of their year-round availability and low cost, were tested with two drainage treatments (drained or not drained) and replicated four times. Wheat straw showed no contamination, whereas there was contamination in thatch grass and wood chips from weeks 1 to 4. At harvest, a significantly higher cumulative number of flushes, caps and fresh mass of oyster mushrooms was observed in wheat straw and thatch grass compared with wood chips. The results demonstrated that thatch grass could be used as a viable alternative to the commonly used wheat straw.
{"title":"Alternative substrates for cultivating oyster mushrooms ( Pleurotus ostreatus )","authors":"M. R. Masevhe, P. Soundy, N. Taylor","doi":"10.1080/02571862.2015.1079932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2015.1079932","url":null,"abstract":"Wheat straw has generally been used as the main substrate for cultivating oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus); however, in South Africa it is becoming expensive for small-scale farmers to utilise. Therefore, the main objective of the study was to investigate the use of alternative, but suitable substrates for planting oyster mushrooms. Wheat straw (control), wood chips and thatch grass, selected on account of their year-round availability and low cost, were tested with two drainage treatments (drained or not drained) and replicated four times. Wheat straw showed no contamination, whereas there was contamination in thatch grass and wood chips from weeks 1 to 4. At harvest, a significantly higher cumulative number of flushes, caps and fresh mass of oyster mushrooms was observed in wheat straw and thatch grass compared with wood chips. The results demonstrated that thatch grass could be used as a viable alternative to the commonly used wheat straw.","PeriodicalId":22913,"journal":{"name":"The South African Journal of Plant and Soil","volume":"110 1","pages":"97-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81645296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-16DOI: 10.1080/02571862.1987.10634971
J. V. Rensburg, G. V. Rensburg, J. Giliomee, M. Walters
This study attempts to demonstrate the extent to which seasonal fluctuations in the number of Busseola fusca (Fuller) moths can be explained by precipitation data. Daily flight activity is shown to be enhanced by cool, humid conditions and restricted by rain. Humidity was shown experimentally to be of importance in the survival of moths under laboratory conditions. It is suspected that the observed relationship between seasonal moth numbers and rainfall is an indirect one and that survival of moths is rather determined by the direct influence of humidity. More serious infestations can therefore be expected during years with favourable rains.
{"title":"The influence of rainfall on the seasonal abundance and flight activity of the maize stalk borer, Busseola fusca in South Africa","authors":"J. V. Rensburg, G. V. Rensburg, J. Giliomee, M. Walters","doi":"10.1080/02571862.1987.10634971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.1987.10634971","url":null,"abstract":"This study attempts to demonstrate the extent to which seasonal fluctuations in the number of Busseola fusca (Fuller) moths can be explained by precipitation data. Daily flight activity is shown to be enhanced by cool, humid conditions and restricted by rain. Humidity was shown experimentally to be of importance in the survival of moths under laboratory conditions. It is suspected that the observed relationship between seasonal moth numbers and rainfall is an indirect one and that survival of moths is rather determined by the direct influence of humidity. More serious infestations can therefore be expected during years with favourable rains.","PeriodicalId":22913,"journal":{"name":"The South African Journal of Plant and Soil","volume":"19 1","pages":"183-187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83491179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-16DOI: 10.1080/02571862.1987.10634975
H. Zyl, J. Olivier
Bon Chretien pears for canning and the fresh market are grown under various climatic conditions in South Africa. The major orchard factor affecting the shelf life of the fruit after storage seems to be the number of days between full- bloom and the stage at which fruit reaches the optimum firmness of 8 kg. Summer temperature and KiCa ratio in fruit also affected the shelf life. No relation was found between shelf life and total soluble solids or the other mineral nutrients.
{"title":"Factors affecting fruit quality and shelf life of Bon Chretien pears","authors":"H. Zyl, J. Olivier","doi":"10.1080/02571862.1987.10634975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.1987.10634975","url":null,"abstract":"Bon Chretien pears for canning and the fresh market are grown under various climatic conditions in South Africa. The major orchard factor affecting the shelf life of the fruit after storage seems to be the number of days between full- bloom and the stage at which fruit reaches the optimum firmness of 8 kg. Summer temperature and KiCa ratio in fruit also affected the shelf life. No relation was found between shelf life and total soluble solids or the other mineral nutrients.","PeriodicalId":22913,"journal":{"name":"The South African Journal of Plant and Soil","volume":"102 1","pages":"201-203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80644134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-16DOI: 10.1080/02571862.1987.10634966
D. Barnes, G. D. Kotzé, B. Beukes, C. Kohlmeyer
Five parallel 900-m line-transects were laid out 100 m apart in relatively homogeneous veld. Floristic composition, yields of dry matter, soil forms and series, effective depth, clay content of the top and subsoil, and the pH of the topsoil were determined along the transects. The floristic data were subjected to multivariate classification and ordination analyses, but no meaningful discontinuities were found. Patterns of spatial variation in palatability composition, yield and in the relevant soil characteristics were established. Taking yield and palatability composition as the primary determinants of grazing capacity, it seems from the present and previous studies that spatial variations in one or both of these parameters in local veld are commonly so great that accurate determination of patterns of distribution of grazing capacity within farms is an unrealistic objective. It is suggested that in farm planning only broad assessment of grazing capacity within relatively homogeneous veld should be aimed ...
{"title":"Variations in floristic and palatability composition, yield of veld and of soil characteristics on a paddock scale","authors":"D. Barnes, G. D. Kotzé, B. Beukes, C. Kohlmeyer","doi":"10.1080/02571862.1987.10634966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.1987.10634966","url":null,"abstract":"Five parallel 900-m line-transects were laid out 100 m apart in relatively homogeneous veld. Floristic composition, yields of dry matter, soil forms and series, effective depth, clay content of the top and subsoil, and the pH of the topsoil were determined along the transects. The floristic data were subjected to multivariate classification and ordination analyses, but no meaningful discontinuities were found. Patterns of spatial variation in palatability composition, yield and in the relevant soil characteristics were established. Taking yield and palatability composition as the primary determinants of grazing capacity, it seems from the present and previous studies that spatial variations in one or both of these parameters in local veld are commonly so great that accurate determination of patterns of distribution of grazing capacity within farms is an unrealistic objective. It is suggested that in farm planning only broad assessment of grazing capacity within relatively homogeneous veld should be aimed ...","PeriodicalId":22913,"journal":{"name":"The South African Journal of Plant and Soil","volume":"36 1","pages":"159-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89953080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-16DOI: 10.1080/02571862.1987.10634977
O. T. Villiers, E. W. Laubscher
An experimental micro bread-baking technique using 10 g of wheat flour was employed to determine the levels of various ingredients to obtain optimum loaf volumes. Flour samples were mixed with different ingredients and allowed to ferment in a fermentation cabinet for 90 min at 30°C. Thereafter they were proofed for 45 min at 30°C to a height of 4,5 cm and then baked for 13 min at 232°C. The optimum levels of the various bread-baking ingredients were: flour (10 g), sugar (0,6 g), salt (0,15 g), yeast (0,75 g), shortening (0,3 g), malted barley (0,025 g) and ascorbic acid (50 ppm).
{"title":"Standardization of an experimental micro bread-baking technique for evaluation of wheat cultivars","authors":"O. T. Villiers, E. W. Laubscher","doi":"10.1080/02571862.1987.10634977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.1987.10634977","url":null,"abstract":"An experimental micro bread-baking technique using 10 g of wheat flour was employed to determine the levels of various ingredients to obtain optimum loaf volumes. Flour samples were mixed with different ingredients and allowed to ferment in a fermentation cabinet for 90 min at 30°C. Thereafter they were proofed for 45 min at 30°C to a height of 4,5 cm and then baked for 13 min at 232°C. The optimum levels of the various bread-baking ingredients were: flour (10 g), sugar (0,6 g), salt (0,15 g), yeast (0,75 g), shortening (0,3 g), malted barley (0,025 g) and ascorbic acid (50 ppm).","PeriodicalId":22913,"journal":{"name":"The South African Journal of Plant and Soil","volume":"23 1","pages":"205-207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87576846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-16DOI: 10.1080/02571862.1987.10634978
P. Hammes, B. Kriel, E. Beyers
Single maize plants (Zea mays L cv. SNK 2244) were grown in sand culture in polyethylene tubes (300 mm × 110 mm diam.) in a glasshouse. Apparent photosynthetic rate was determined at intervals during the growing period, using a portable photosynthesis system (LI 6000). Photosynthetic rate was measured for a 1600-mm2 area in the centre of the youngest fully expanded leaf. During each experimental period, photosynthetic rate was measured on the same leaf of the same plant for population densities of 2,7; 5,5 and 11 plants m-2 which were obtained by varying the spacing between the plants. Photosynthetic rate decreased as plant density increased. Even at high solar radiant flux densities, the photosynthetic rate decreased in proportion to the decrease in radiant flux density due to mutual shading of leaves. This indicates that in the absence of other components of inter-plant competition, radiant energy may be a limiting factor in the productivity of maize crops
单株玉米植株(Zea mays L cv。SNK 2244)在玻璃室内的聚乙烯管(直径300 mm × 110 mm)中进行砂培养。利用便携式光合系统(LI 6000)在生育期每隔一段时间测定表观光合速率。在最年轻的完全展开的叶片中心1600平方毫米的区域测量光合速率。在种群密度为2、7时，测定同一植株同一叶片的光合速率;通过改变植株间距得到5株、5株和11株m-2。光合速率随植株密度的增加而降低。即使在较高的太阳辐射通量密度下，由于叶片的相互遮蔽，光合速率也与辐射通量密度的减少成比例地下降。这表明，在缺乏其他植物间竞争成分的情况下，辐射能量可能是玉米作物生产力的一个限制因素
{"title":"South African Journal of Plant and Soil Instructions to Authors","authors":"P. Hammes, B. Kriel, E. Beyers","doi":"10.1080/02571862.1987.10634978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.1987.10634978","url":null,"abstract":"Single maize plants (Zea mays L cv. SNK 2244) were grown in sand culture in polyethylene tubes (300 mm × 110 mm diam.) in a glasshouse. Apparent photosynthetic rate was determined at intervals during the growing period, using a portable photosynthesis system (LI 6000). Photosynthetic rate was measured for a 1600-mm2 area in the centre of the youngest fully expanded leaf. During each experimental period, photosynthetic rate was measured on the same leaf of the same plant for population densities of 2,7; 5,5 and 11 plants m-2 which were obtained by varying the spacing between the plants. Photosynthetic rate decreased as plant density increased. Even at high solar radiant flux densities, the photosynthetic rate decreased in proportion to the decrease in radiant flux density due to mutual shading of leaves. This indicates that in the absence of other components of inter-plant competition, radiant energy may be a limiting factor in the productivity of maize crops","PeriodicalId":22913,"journal":{"name":"The South African Journal of Plant and Soil","volume":"12 1","pages":"208-210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88655241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-16DOI: 10.1080/02571862.1987.10634967
A. Baecker, K. Ryan
Quantitative isolation of actinomycetes from five South African soils with different physical and chemical properties was conducted by hammer-mill comminution followed by high-speed liquid homogenization of resultant soil particles using a shaft homogenizer. Soil homogenates were serially diluted and plated in starch-casein agar and chitin agar for enumeration of isolates. For comparative purposes isolations were also conducted using conventional soil dilution techniques. The results were analysed using a GENSTAT computer program. Analysis showed that homogenization consistently suspended significantly greater numbers of spores from soil particles. Significant differences between magnitudes of actinomycete populations in different soils were also observed. During the initial standardization of the homogenization period required to separate maximum numbers of spores from the soil particles it was found that rates of suspension differed among soils and it is suggested that the particle size distribution and...
{"title":"Improving the isolation of actinomycetes from soil by high-speed homogenization","authors":"A. Baecker, K. Ryan","doi":"10.1080/02571862.1987.10634967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.1987.10634967","url":null,"abstract":"Quantitative isolation of actinomycetes from five South African soils with different physical and chemical properties was conducted by hammer-mill comminution followed by high-speed liquid homogenization of resultant soil particles using a shaft homogenizer. Soil homogenates were serially diluted and plated in starch-casein agar and chitin agar for enumeration of isolates. For comparative purposes isolations were also conducted using conventional soil dilution techniques. The results were analysed using a GENSTAT computer program. Analysis showed that homogenization consistently suspended significantly greater numbers of spores from soil particles. Significant differences between magnitudes of actinomycete populations in different soils were also observed. During the initial standardization of the homogenization period required to separate maximum numbers of spores from the soil particles it was found that rates of suspension differed among soils and it is suggested that the particle size distribution and...","PeriodicalId":22913,"journal":{"name":"The South African Journal of Plant and Soil","volume":"7 1","pages":"165-170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89737205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-15DOI: 10.1080/02571862.1987.10634230
M. Farina, P. Channon
This paper discusses data obtained from a long-term N, P, K field experiment with maize (Zea mays L.) on a Normandien clay loam (Plinthic Paleudult) near Newcastle, Natal. After eight seasons plots were split, sub-plots being allowed either to rundown or continuing to receive annual P applications. Soil samples were obtained shortly after fertilization each season and P soil tests were related to final grain yield. The results obtained indicate that although yield maxima varied from 3 000 kg ha−1 in the dry 1981/82 season to over 6 500 kg ha−1 in the more favourable 1983/84 season, there was no meaningful difference in the optimum P soil test using either the Ambic, modified Truog or Bray 1 extractants. Furthermore, the relationship between yield and soil test was identical for residual P subplots and those which received annual applications of fertilizer P.
本文讨论了在纳塔尔省纽卡斯尔附近的一块诺曼底粘土壤土上进行的玉米(Zea mays L.)长期氮、磷、钾田间试验所获得的数据。八个季节后，地块被分开，子地块要么减少，要么继续接受每年的磷肥申请。每季施肥后不久取土样，磷土壤试验与最终籽粒产量有关。结果表明，尽管产量最大值从干燥的1981/82季的3 000 kg ha - 1到较有利的1983/84季的6 500 kg ha - 1不等，但Ambic、改良的Truog和Bray 1萃取剂在最佳磷土壤试验中没有显著差异。此外，残磷子田与年施磷肥子田产量与土壤试验的关系基本一致。
{"title":"Season and phosphorus age effects on the relationship between maize yield and phosphorus soil test on a highly weathered soil","authors":"M. Farina, P. Channon","doi":"10.1080/02571862.1987.10634230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.1987.10634230","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses data obtained from a long-term N, P, K field experiment with maize (Zea mays L.) on a Normandien clay loam (Plinthic Paleudult) near Newcastle, Natal. After eight seasons plots were split, sub-plots being allowed either to rundown or continuing to receive annual P applications. Soil samples were obtained shortly after fertilization each season and P soil tests were related to final grain yield. The results obtained indicate that although yield maxima varied from 3 000 kg ha−1 in the dry 1981/82 season to over 6 500 kg ha−1 in the more favourable 1983/84 season, there was no meaningful difference in the optimum P soil test using either the Ambic, modified Truog or Bray 1 extractants. Furthermore, the relationship between yield and soil test was identical for residual P subplots and those which received annual applications of fertilizer P.","PeriodicalId":22913,"journal":{"name":"The South African Journal of Plant and Soil","volume":"49 1","pages":"21-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73836458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-15DOI: 10.1080/02571862.1987.10634234
A. Botha
Nitrogen transformations and losses from three nitrogenous fertilizers, urea, urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) and limestone ammonium nitrate (LAN), when applied to four South African soils, were compared in a laboratory study. The highest losses on all these soils were experienced when urea was applied, followed by UAN solution and then LAN. It also appears that a relationship exists between N volatilization and the change in pH of the soil. The lower the buffer capacity or clay content of the soil, the greater the pH change and the nitrogen losses. In the case of LAN, the pH did not rise to above 7 in any of the four soils and no ammonia volatilization was detected. Explanations for the nitrogen losses are proposed and supported with chemical reactions. High soil surface temperatures may result in accelerated mass flow and ammonia volatilization. On the other hand, it was shown that nitrites or nitrous acid promoted denitrification, especially when LAN was applied.
{"title":"Nitrogen losses from urea, UAN and LAN when applied to four different soils","authors":"A. Botha","doi":"10.1080/02571862.1987.10634234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.1987.10634234","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrogen transformations and losses from three nitrogenous fertilizers, urea, urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) and limestone ammonium nitrate (LAN), when applied to four South African soils, were compared in a laboratory study. The highest losses on all these soils were experienced when urea was applied, followed by UAN solution and then LAN. It also appears that a relationship exists between N volatilization and the change in pH of the soil. The lower the buffer capacity or clay content of the soil, the greater the pH change and the nitrogen losses. In the case of LAN, the pH did not rise to above 7 in any of the four soils and no ammonia volatilization was detected. Explanations for the nitrogen losses are proposed and supported with chemical reactions. High soil surface temperatures may result in accelerated mass flow and ammonia volatilization. On the other hand, it was shown that nitrites or nitrous acid promoted denitrification, especially when LAN was applied.","PeriodicalId":22913,"journal":{"name":"The South African Journal of Plant and Soil","volume":"65 1","pages":"43-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73868822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-15DOI: 10.1080/02571862.1987.10634231
W. Berry, J. Mallett, P. Greenfield
Four tillage treatments ranging from conventional mouldboard ploughing through to direct-drilling were repeated during the second season of an ongoing experiment. At commencement of the new season, differences in plant- available water (PAW) in the top 600 mm of the soil profile were non-significant. Following primary tillage, a strong trend of lower PAW with increasing degree of tillage was observed until just before anthesis, and again midway through grain-filling. These differences were attributed mainly to reduced evaporation prior to planting under the greater maize residue cover on the less disturbed soil. Residue cover at planting was 83% on the direct-drill, 21% on the chisel, 15% on the chisel & disc, and 4% on the mouldboard ploughed treatments. Maximum soil temperatures at 50 mm depth increased with decreasing residue cover which resulted in quicker seedling emergence, and leaf area development during early vegetative growth. The soil water storage advantage and slower initial growth in the dir...
{"title":"Water storage, soil temperatures and maize (Zea mays L.) growth for various tillage practices","authors":"W. Berry, J. Mallett, P. Greenfield","doi":"10.1080/02571862.1987.10634231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.1987.10634231","url":null,"abstract":"Four tillage treatments ranging from conventional mouldboard ploughing through to direct-drilling were repeated during the second season of an ongoing experiment. At commencement of the new season, differences in plant- available water (PAW) in the top 600 mm of the soil profile were non-significant. Following primary tillage, a strong trend of lower PAW with increasing degree of tillage was observed until just before anthesis, and again midway through grain-filling. These differences were attributed mainly to reduced evaporation prior to planting under the greater maize residue cover on the less disturbed soil. Residue cover at planting was 83% on the direct-drill, 21% on the chisel, 15% on the chisel & disc, and 4% on the mouldboard ploughed treatments. Maximum soil temperatures at 50 mm depth increased with decreasing residue cover which resulted in quicker seedling emergence, and leaf area development during early vegetative growth. The soil water storage advantage and slower initial growth in the dir...","PeriodicalId":22913,"journal":{"name":"The South African Journal of Plant and Soil","volume":"102 1","pages":"26-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79431006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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