According to achievement goal theory, individuals set mastery or performance goals to accomplish challenging tasks. In addition, they can either approach or avoid the goal they are achieving. Mastery goals show positive correlation to intrinsic motivation while performance goals are linked to extrinsic motivation. Goal setting also affects motivation for completing tasks and perception of self-efficacious behavior while performing tasks. Receiving feedback has been positively correlated with success in learning and intrinsic motivation. The present research manipulates goal orientation through the accomplishment of a word find in an online experimental setting to test the effect on feedback, intrinsic motivation, choice, and self-efficacy. Positive versus highly positive feedback conditions were used after the word find to test effects on perceived competence following a task. For the approach-mastery goal condition, we found main effects for intrinsic motivation, perceived choice, task choice, and views of task importance. Additionally, we found a main effect for perceived competence for our highly positive feedback condition versus giving just positive feedback. These results demonstrate support for accomplishing challenging tasks with mastery goals versus performance goals and the usage of more positive feedback in a feedback condition.
{"title":"Motivational Effects of Goal Orientation","authors":"Charles N. Elliott, Paul A. Story","doi":"10.32727/25.2019.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32727/25.2019.18","url":null,"abstract":"According to achievement goal theory, individuals set mastery or performance goals to accomplish challenging tasks. In addition, they can either approach or avoid the goal they are achieving. Mastery goals show positive correlation to intrinsic motivation while performance goals are linked to extrinsic motivation. Goal setting also affects motivation for completing tasks and perception of self-efficacious behavior while performing tasks. Receiving feedback has been positively correlated with success in learning and intrinsic motivation. The present research manipulates goal orientation through the accomplishment of a word find in an online experimental setting to test the effect on feedback, intrinsic motivation, choice, and self-efficacy. Positive versus highly positive feedback conditions were used after the word find to test effects on perceived competence following a task. For the approach-mastery goal condition, we found main effects for intrinsic motivation, perceived choice, task choice, and views of task importance. Additionally, we found a main effect for perceived competence for our highly positive feedback condition versus giving just positive feedback. These results demonstrate support for accomplishing challenging tasks with mastery goals versus performance goals and the usage of more positive feedback in a feedback condition.","PeriodicalId":22986,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Undergraduate Research","volume":"81 1","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80499905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While dance classes have become a popular activity for children in the United States, most people are unaware as to what constitutes “quality” dance instruction. This idea has been addressed at a collegiate level yet the lack of standards for dance instruction at the studio level has been overlooked. This research draws attention to this issue and the need for a potential solution to the problem. The project strives to answer these questions: Is there a trend between the lack of standards for dance education and the prevalence of injuries in young dancers? If so, is there a way to address this and establish a detailed set of qualifications that instructors need to meet in order to teach dance? The hypothesis proposes that poor instruction leads to an increase in injuries in young dance students. Furthermore, ineffective instruction is a disservice to students hoping to seek careers in professional dance.
{"title":"The Danger of Unqualified Dance Instruction in Private Dance Studios and Social Media","authors":"Angelina M Pellini","doi":"10.32727/25.2019.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32727/25.2019.22","url":null,"abstract":"While dance classes have become a popular activity for children in the United States, most people are unaware as to what constitutes “quality” dance instruction. This idea has been addressed at a collegiate level yet the lack of standards for dance instruction at the studio level has been overlooked. This research draws attention to this issue and the need for a potential solution to the problem. The project strives to answer these questions: Is there a trend between the lack of standards for dance education and the prevalence of injuries in young dancers? If so, is there a way to address this and establish a detailed set of qualifications that instructors need to meet in order to teach dance? The hypothesis proposes that poor instruction leads to an increase in injuries in young dance students. Furthermore, ineffective instruction is a disservice to students hoping to seek careers in professional dance.","PeriodicalId":22986,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Undergraduate Research","volume":"71 1","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83941424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Chattahoochee Nature Center (CNC) is one of the leading educational centers in Georgia about the ecology of the Chattahoochee River. Due to lack of man power, keeping down the weeds in the CNC plant nursery is one of those tasks that often gets left undone. The nursery becomes overgrown with invasive weed species. Understandably, they must sometimes resort to the use of herbicides, such as Roundup®, to keep the hundreds of native and endangered species of plants housed at CNC from being choked out by invasive weeds. This study tests the ability to suppress weed growth by use of Parboiled Rice Hulls (PBH), a biodegradable by-product of the rice industry used as an eco-friendly mulch or soil additive. As a result of this study the CNC has planned to implement the use of PBH as a mulch material to dramatically decrease use of herbicides.
{"title":"Use of An Alternative Natural Weed Suppressant: Effects of Parboiled Rice Hill Mulch on the Growth of Container Weeds","authors":"Amy R Fields-Taylor, Vanessa Slinger-Friedman","doi":"10.32727/25.2019.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32727/25.2019.26","url":null,"abstract":"The Chattahoochee Nature Center (CNC) is one of the leading educational centers in Georgia about the ecology of the Chattahoochee River. Due to lack of man power, keeping down the weeds in the CNC plant nursery is one of those tasks that often gets left undone. The nursery becomes overgrown with invasive weed species. Understandably, they must sometimes resort to the use of herbicides, such as Roundup®, to keep the hundreds of native and endangered species of plants housed at CNC from being choked out by invasive weeds. This study tests the ability to suppress weed growth by use of Parboiled Rice Hulls (PBH), a biodegradable by-product of the rice industry used as an eco-friendly mulch or soil additive. As a result of this study the CNC has planned to implement the use of PBH as a mulch material to dramatically decrease use of herbicides.","PeriodicalId":22986,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Undergraduate Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90897977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Stoudt, Pamela Badian-Pessot, Blanche Ngo Mahop, Erika Earley, J. Menter, Yadira Flores, Danielle Williams, Weijia Zhang, Liza Maharjan, Yixin Bao, L. Rosenbauer, Van Nguyen, V. Mendiratta, N. Tania
ABSTRACT A traffic generation model is a stochastic model of the data flow in a communication network. These models are useful during the development of telecommunication technologies and for analyzing the performance and capacity of various protocols, algorithms, and network topologies. We present here two modeling approaches for simulating internet traffic. In our models, we simulate the length and interarrival times of individual packets, the discrete unit of data transfer over the internet. Our first modeling approach is based on fitting data to known theoretical distributions. The second method utilizes empirical copulae and is completely data driven. Our models were based on internet traffic data generated by different individuals performing specific tasks (e.g. web-browsing, video streaming, and online gaming). When combined, these models can be used to simulate internet traffic from multiple individuals performing typical tasks.
{"title":"Modeling Internet Traffic Generations Based on Individual Users and Activities for Telecommunication Applications","authors":"S. Stoudt, Pamela Badian-Pessot, Blanche Ngo Mahop, Erika Earley, J. Menter, Yadira Flores, Danielle Williams, Weijia Zhang, Liza Maharjan, Yixin Bao, L. Rosenbauer, Van Nguyen, V. Mendiratta, N. Tania","doi":"10.33697/AJUR.2016.028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33697/AJUR.2016.028","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A traffic generation model is a stochastic model of the data flow in a communication network. These models are useful during the development of telecommunication technologies and for analyzing the performance and capacity of various protocols, algorithms, and network topologies. We present here two modeling approaches for simulating internet traffic. In our models, we simulate the length and interarrival times of individual packets, the discrete unit of data transfer over the internet. Our first modeling approach is based on fitting data to known theoretical distributions. The second method utilizes empirical copulae and is completely data driven. Our models were based on internet traffic data generated by different individuals performing specific tasks (e.g. web-browsing, video streaming, and online gaming). When combined, these models can be used to simulate internet traffic from multiple individuals performing typical tasks.","PeriodicalId":22986,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Undergraduate Research","volume":"20 1","pages":"53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84538960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-31DOI: 10.14434/IUJUR.V2I1.20917
C. Cardona, Abigail H Curdes, Aaron J Isaacs
Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is one of the most popular additive manufacturing (3D printing) technologies due to the growing availability of low-cost desktop 3D printers and the relatively low cost of the thermoplastic filament used in the 3D printing process. Commercial filament suppliers, 3D printer manufacturers, and end-users regard filament diameter tolerance as an important indicator of the 3D printing quality. Irregular filament diameter affects the flow rate during the filament extrusion, which causes poor surface quality, extruder jams, irregular gaps in-between individual extrusions, and/or excessive overlap, which eventually results in failed 3D prints. Despite the important role of the diameter consistency in the FFF process, few studies have addressed the required tolerance level to achieve highest 3D printing quality. The objective of this work is to develop the testing methods to measure the filament tolerance and control the filament fabrication process. A pellet-based extruder is utilized to fabricate acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filament using a nozzle of 1.75 mm in diameter. Temperature and extrusion rate are controlled parameters. An optical comparator and an array of digital calipers are used to measure the filament diameter. The results demonstrate that it is possible to achieve high diameter consistency and low tolerances (0.01mm) at low extrusion temperature (180 °C) and low extrusion rate (10 in/min).
{"title":"Effects of Filament Diameter Tolerances in Fused Filament Fabrication","authors":"C. Cardona, Abigail H Curdes, Aaron J Isaacs","doi":"10.14434/IUJUR.V2I1.20917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/IUJUR.V2I1.20917","url":null,"abstract":"Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is one of the most popular additive manufacturing (3D printing) technologies due to the growing availability of low-cost desktop 3D printers and the relatively low cost of the thermoplastic filament used in the 3D printing process. Commercial filament suppliers, 3D printer manufacturers, and end-users regard filament diameter tolerance as an important indicator of the 3D printing quality. Irregular filament diameter affects the flow rate during the filament extrusion, which causes poor surface quality, extruder jams, irregular gaps in-between individual extrusions, and/or excessive overlap, which eventually results in failed 3D prints. Despite the important role of the diameter consistency in the FFF process, few studies have addressed the required tolerance level to achieve highest 3D printing quality. The objective of this work is to develop the testing methods to measure the filament tolerance and control the filament fabrication process. A pellet-based extruder is utilized to fabricate acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filament using a nozzle of 1.75 mm in diameter. Temperature and extrusion rate are controlled parameters. An optical comparator and an array of digital calipers are used to measure the filament diameter. The results demonstrate that it is possible to achieve high diameter consistency and low tolerances (0.01mm) at low extrusion temperature (180 °C) and low extrusion rate (10 in/min).","PeriodicalId":22986,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Undergraduate Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"44-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78627759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-31DOI: 10.14434/IUJUR.V2I1.20928
Samuel J Dickman
This report seeks to explore the findings of a qualitative research study concerning the motivations behind child welfare work. Child welfare is a major field within the social work profession that demands a great deal of expertise and effort from workers. Professionals employed as case managers within the child welfare field are held accountable for a wide variety of social work roles, often placing these individuals at risk of emotional trauma and high levels of work-related stress. Due to this, workers who remain in the field for extensive periods of time often experience strong sensations of purpose relative to their work. Our study found that child welfare caseworkers were motivated by altruism and a deep desire to improve the lives of their clients. They were also kept motivated by the successes that came from time to time. While trials seem to be experienced on a regular basis, child welfare caseworkers generally found their work to be a positive presence within the families they serve. Further research is needed to expound upon the findings of this study.
{"title":"The Motivations behind Child Welfare Work","authors":"Samuel J Dickman","doi":"10.14434/IUJUR.V2I1.20928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/IUJUR.V2I1.20928","url":null,"abstract":"This report seeks to explore the findings of a qualitative research study concerning the motivations behind child welfare work. Child welfare is a major field within the social work profession that demands a great deal of expertise and effort from workers. Professionals employed as case managers within the child welfare field are held accountable for a wide variety of social work roles, often placing these individuals at risk of emotional trauma and high levels of work-related stress. Due to this, workers who remain in the field for extensive periods of time often experience strong sensations of purpose relative to their work. Our study found that child welfare caseworkers were motivated by altruism and a deep desire to improve the lives of their clients. They were also kept motivated by the successes that came from time to time. While trials seem to be experienced on a regular basis, child welfare caseworkers generally found their work to be a positive presence within the families they serve. Further research is needed to expound upon the findings of this study.","PeriodicalId":22986,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Undergraduate Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"48-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74786776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-31DOI: 10.14434/IUJUR.V2I1.20925
Bradford Taylor
In 2000, Subhankar Banerjee set out for the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to photograph polar bears in a “place untrammeled by tourism or industry” (Banerjee, 2008). This paper explores a number of threads regarding Banerjee’s artistic journey from descriptive to interpretive work, including the role of politics in Banerjee’s evolution as an artist and environmental activist and comparisons of his different publications over time. Along with providing context for Banerjee’s work, this paper investigates the unique avenues through which Banerjee’s photography challenges the traditional paradigm of a pristine wilderness by reconceiving its spacial representations in exhibitions and books highlighting the presence of humans in the Arctic. Research was primarily conducted through an analysis of both photographic and textual elements of Banerjee’s publications and a conversation with Banerjee.
{"title":"Tracks in the Snow","authors":"Bradford Taylor","doi":"10.14434/IUJUR.V2I1.20925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/IUJUR.V2I1.20925","url":null,"abstract":"In 2000, Subhankar Banerjee set out for the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to photograph polar bears in a “place untrammeled by tourism or industry” (Banerjee, 2008). This paper explores a number of threads regarding Banerjee’s artistic journey from descriptive to interpretive work, including the role of politics in Banerjee’s evolution as an artist and environmental activist and comparisons of his different publications over time. Along with providing context for Banerjee’s work, this paper investigates the unique avenues through which Banerjee’s photography challenges the traditional paradigm of a pristine wilderness by reconceiving its spacial representations in exhibitions and books highlighting the presence of humans in the Arctic. Research was primarily conducted through an analysis of both photographic and textual elements of Banerjee’s publications and a conversation with Banerjee.","PeriodicalId":22986,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Undergraduate Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"29-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76089239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-31DOI: 10.14434/IUJUR.V2I1.20912
R. A. Stewart
Paramecium is a genus of ciliated protozoan that, while unicellular, has a complex intracellular structure, comparable to Metazoan cells, which has made them excellent models for the study of genetics and cellular functions. Holospora undulata is a bacterial endosymbiont specific to the species Paramecium caudatum ; they are unable to grow outside of P. caudatum . The presence of this endosymbiont has proven to have an effect on the subsequent gene expression and cellular maintenance of its host cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that infection by H. obtusa increases the expression of host heat-shock genes and leads to both resistance at normally-lethal high temperatures and heat resistance in ciliary movement (Fujishima, Kawai, & Yamamoto, 2005; Hori & Fujishima, 2003). Heat-shock resistance occurs because bacterial DNA triggers the upregulation of its P. caudatum host’s heat-shock genes ( i.e. , hsp60 and hsp70), although the mechanisms are not known (Hori & Fujishima, 2003). These studies demonstrate that infection of P. caudatum by H. undulata (a closely-related species to H. obtusa ) induces heat-shock resistance, but fail to address whether H. undulata protects against other common environmental stressors such as oxidative damage. To determine if infection by H. undulata has the ability to induce additional tolerances, we examined differences in oxidative tolerance, based on percent survival, between P. caudatum with and without H. undulata infection. Samples of both lines were treated with increasing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, the number of surviving cells were counted, and the percent survivability of each sample was calculated. There was an approximate 20% increase in survival when P. caudautum was infected with H. undulata —thus H. undulata infections confer oxidative tolerance. Further studies will be conducted to determine if an increase in survivability occurs in response to other damaging mechanisms. Future work will also investigate if the genes responsible for oxidative damage repair are upregulated, in addition to the already characterized heat-shock genes.
{"title":"Endosymbiont bacteria Holospora undulata confers oxidative tolerance in host Paramecium caudatum","authors":"R. A. Stewart","doi":"10.14434/IUJUR.V2I1.20912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/IUJUR.V2I1.20912","url":null,"abstract":"Paramecium is a genus of ciliated protozoan that, while unicellular, has a complex intracellular structure, comparable to Metazoan cells, which has made them excellent models for the study of genetics and cellular functions. Holospora undulata is a bacterial endosymbiont specific to the species Paramecium caudatum ; they are unable to grow outside of P. caudatum . The presence of this endosymbiont has proven to have an effect on the subsequent gene expression and cellular maintenance of its host cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that infection by H. obtusa increases the expression of host heat-shock genes and leads to both resistance at normally-lethal high temperatures and heat resistance in ciliary movement (Fujishima, Kawai, & Yamamoto, 2005; Hori & Fujishima, 2003). Heat-shock resistance occurs because bacterial DNA triggers the upregulation of its P. caudatum host’s heat-shock genes ( i.e. , hsp60 and hsp70), although the mechanisms are not known (Hori & Fujishima, 2003). These studies demonstrate that infection of P. caudatum by H. undulata (a closely-related species to H. obtusa ) induces heat-shock resistance, but fail to address whether H. undulata protects against other common environmental stressors such as oxidative damage. To determine if infection by H. undulata has the ability to induce additional tolerances, we examined differences in oxidative tolerance, based on percent survival, between P. caudatum with and without H. undulata infection. Samples of both lines were treated with increasing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, the number of surviving cells were counted, and the percent survivability of each sample was calculated. There was an approximate 20% increase in survival when P. caudautum was infected with H. undulata —thus H. undulata infections confer oxidative tolerance. Further studies will be conducted to determine if an increase in survivability occurs in response to other damaging mechanisms. Future work will also investigate if the genes responsible for oxidative damage repair are upregulated, in addition to the already characterized heat-shock genes.","PeriodicalId":22986,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Undergraduate Research","volume":"43 1","pages":"41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81943433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-31DOI: 10.14434/IUJUR.V2I1.20924
D. Zemlock
The influence of visual-motor experiences with written symbols on pre-reading abilities, such as letter knowledge, have been shown to be facilitatory in both correlational studies on very young children and in experimental studies on older children. However, it is not known whether any fine-motor practice will create this benefit, whether it is specific to writing letters, or whether certain ages would benefit most from handwriting practice. Here, we hypothesized that immature fine-motor skill that produces variable forms may be crucial to the beneficial effects of handwriting training – predicting the younger children would benefit more from the training than older children. Preschool-aged children, ages three to five years, were divided into two experimental groups (letter-writing, digit-writing) in a 2x2x2 design: TIME (pre, post), AGE (younger, older), and CONDITION (letter-writing, digit-writing). Each group received six weeks of training. The letter-writing and digit-writing groups practiced writing letters (A-Z) or single digits (0-9), respectively, four times per week. Before and after the training period, each group received assessments targeting letter knowledge directly. We predicted that the younger age group, compared to the older age group, in the letter-writing condition would score significantly higher on the letter knowledge tasks at post-test than at pre-test and that this effect would not occur in the digit-writing group. Results demonstrated that the younger children did show a significantly greater improvement in letter recognition skills than the older age group, but this effect held for both the letter-and digit- writing groups. These results suggest, therefore, that any fine-motor practice at a young age can facilitate letter knowledge.
{"title":"Learning About Letters Through Handwriting Practice","authors":"D. Zemlock","doi":"10.14434/IUJUR.V2I1.20924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/IUJUR.V2I1.20924","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of visual-motor experiences with written symbols on pre-reading abilities, such as letter knowledge, have been shown to be facilitatory in both correlational studies on very young children and in experimental studies on older children. However, it is not known whether any fine-motor practice will create this benefit, whether it is specific to writing letters, or whether certain ages would benefit most from handwriting practice. Here, we hypothesized that immature fine-motor skill that produces variable forms may be crucial to the beneficial effects of handwriting training – predicting the younger children would benefit more from the training than older children. Preschool-aged children, ages three to five years, were divided into two experimental groups (letter-writing, digit-writing) in a 2x2x2 design: TIME (pre, post), AGE (younger, older), and CONDITION (letter-writing, digit-writing). Each group received six weeks of training. The letter-writing and digit-writing groups practiced writing letters (A-Z) or single digits (0-9), respectively, four times per week. Before and after the training period, each group received assessments targeting letter knowledge directly. We predicted that the younger age group, compared to the older age group, in the letter-writing condition would score significantly higher on the letter knowledge tasks at post-test than at pre-test and that this effect would not occur in the digit-writing group. Results demonstrated that the younger children did show a significantly greater improvement in letter recognition skills than the older age group, but this effect held for both the letter-and digit- writing groups. These results suggest, therefore, that any fine-motor practice at a young age can facilitate letter knowledge.","PeriodicalId":22986,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Undergraduate Research","volume":"110 1","pages":"56-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75867717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-31DOI: 10.14434/IUJUR.V2I1.20923
P. E. Butler
This project involves the analysis of both primary and secondary sources to investigate what caused men from three towns in Indiana to volunteer to fight in the Spanish-American War, a conflict that they had no personal reason to join. The predominantly-used primary sources were newspapers from the three towns in Indiana and speeches by politicians. These three towns were selected after careful analysis of demographic information including population and number of volunteers in the Spanish-American War from every major city in the state. To further expand on these ideas, political leanings and occupations were taken into account. Upon completing this study, it was discovered that both the rhetoric of pro-imperial politicians, the propaganda that filled the newspapers of the time, and the creation of the concept of glory and the valor that could be won through combat had an effect on the men’s decision to register for a conflict in which the soldiers had no personal stake.
{"title":"Why Do Boys Love Frozen, a Disney Princess Movie?","authors":"P. E. Butler","doi":"10.14434/IUJUR.V2I1.20923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/IUJUR.V2I1.20923","url":null,"abstract":"This project involves the analysis of both primary and secondary sources to investigate what caused men from three towns in Indiana to volunteer to fight in the Spanish-American War, a conflict that they had no personal reason to join. The predominantly-used primary sources were newspapers from the three towns in Indiana and speeches by politicians. These three towns were selected after careful analysis of demographic information including population and number of volunteers in the Spanish-American War from every major city in the state. To further expand on these ideas, political leanings and occupations were taken into account. Upon completing this study, it was discovered that both the rhetoric of pro-imperial politicians, the propaganda that filled the newspapers of the time, and the creation of the concept of glory and the valor that could be won through combat had an effect on the men’s decision to register for a conflict in which the soldiers had no personal stake.","PeriodicalId":22986,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Undergraduate Research","volume":"SE-2 1","pages":"19-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84628945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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