Pub Date : 2016-05-31DOI: 10.14434/IUJUR.V2I1.20922
Adam C Buss
We present a method for the construction of integral identities that contain an undetermined function. Except for mild restrictions, this function can be chosen arbitrarily. Our method is illustrated by several examples leading to new integral identities.
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Pub Date : 2016-05-31DOI: 10.14434/IUJUR.V2I1.20914
Jacob M Huff
In this paper, I study John James Audubon’s famed drawings of wildlife to uncover his perspective on the evolving relationships between humans and animals during the era of American westward expansion. Using three engravings from Birds of America , along with his accompanying essays, I look beyond the animals in the foreground to examine the human settlements often lurking in the background. I discover that Audubon portrays three distinct types of human-animal relationships, which I then compare to the human presence shown in two of his later works, the engravings of Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America and their subsequent essays. This second set of drawings undercuts any attempt to derive an optimistic interpretation of the Birds plates, for they reveal an unsustainable relationship between humans and the animals whose habitats they invade. I conclude that while Birds and Quadrupeds glorify their animal subjects, rightly qualifying as artistic and scientific triumphs, their depiction of human activity carries a much darker weight, suggesting that human presence in nature necessarily causes damage. Ultimately, this idea recasts Audubon as a thinker who transcends his historical location and offers a relevant perspective on the environment occupied by the modern reader.
在本文中，我研究了约翰·詹姆斯·奥杜邦(John James Audubon)著名的野生动物绘画，以揭示他对美国西部扩张时期人类与动物之间不断发展的关系的看法。利用《美国鸟类》中的三幅版画，连同他的随笔，我超越了前景中的动物，审视了经常潜伏在背景中的人类住区。我发现奥杜邦描绘了三种不同类型的人与动物的关系，然后我将其与他后来的两部作品——《北美胎生四足动物》的版画及其随后的论文中所展示的人类的存在进行了比较。第二组图画削弱了任何对鸟类板块做出乐观解释的企图，因为它们揭示了人类与被人类入侵的动物栖息地之间不可持续的关系。我的结论是，虽然鸟类和四足动物美化了它们的动物主题，理所当然地成为艺术和科学的胜利，但它们对人类活动的描绘却承载了一种更为黑暗的重量，表明人类在自然界的存在必然会造成破坏。最终，这个想法将奥杜邦重塑为一个超越他的历史位置的思想家，并为现代读者所占据的环境提供了一个相关的视角。
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Pub Date : 2016-05-31DOI: 10.14434/IUJUR.V2I1.20929
J. Coello
Commonly described as the “lungs of the planet,” the Amazon rainforest represents over half of the remaining rainforest in the world, constituting an important global carbon sink and one of the most culturally- and biologically-diverse regions of the world. The past half-century has seen a worrisome amount of deforestation in this rainforest, but different regions within the Amazon, however, compare differently in terms of deforestation trajectories. What has been the role of products obtained from managing forests, such as the now globally-consumed acai palm fruit, in reverting deforestation trends? My hypothesis is that there is a statistically significant negative correlation between such forest products and extent of deforestation. This study examines, within the historical and social context of the Amazon Delta and Estuary, the relationship between acai agroforestry and deforestation. The focus units are the municipios (roughly equivalent to counties) that constitute the Amazon Delta and Estuary, all located in the northern Brazilian states of Amapa and Para. Statistical data for deforestation obtained from PRODES, a Brazilian governmental project, which monitors deforestation via satellite, is used to ascertain deforestation in the region. This dataset is then correlated with census-based production data for each municipio for the period from 2002 to 2012. Mapping these variables onto municipios does visually demonstrate a contrast between areas of high deforestation and high acai production; however, the relationship is not statistically significant.
{"title":"Forest Economies: A Remedy to Amazonian Deforestation?","authors":"J. Coello","doi":"10.14434/IUJUR.V2I1.20929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/IUJUR.V2I1.20929","url":null,"abstract":"Commonly described as the “lungs of the planet,” the Amazon rainforest represents over half of the remaining rainforest in the world, constituting an important global carbon sink and one of the most culturally- and biologically-diverse regions of the world. The past half-century has seen a worrisome amount of deforestation in this rainforest, but different regions within the Amazon, however, compare differently in terms of deforestation trajectories. What has been the role of products obtained from managing forests, such as the now globally-consumed acai palm fruit, in reverting deforestation trends? My hypothesis is that there is a statistically significant negative correlation between such forest products and extent of deforestation. This study examines, within the historical and social context of the Amazon Delta and Estuary, the relationship between acai agroforestry and deforestation. The focus units are the municipios (roughly equivalent to counties) that constitute the Amazon Delta and Estuary, all located in the northern Brazilian states of Amapa and Para. Statistical data for deforestation obtained from PRODES, a Brazilian governmental project, which monitors deforestation via satellite, is used to ascertain deforestation in the region. This dataset is then correlated with census-based production data for each municipio for the period from 2002 to 2012. Mapping these variables onto municipios does visually demonstrate a contrast between areas of high deforestation and high acai production; however, the relationship is not statistically significant.","PeriodicalId":22986,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Undergraduate Research","volume":"52 1","pages":"63-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91216879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-31DOI: 10.14434/IUJUR.V2I1.20920
K. Milvert
This paper reexamines African-American writer and anthropologist Zora Neale Hurston’s presentation of the self in Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937), generally considered one of the most important African-American novels of the twentieth century. Originally criticized by Hurston’s contemporaries as a retrograde folk portrait of African-American life, Their Eyes presents the oral narrative of Hurston’s protagonist, Janie, a woman surrounded by natural and social cycles. Building on the novel’s allusive title and the convergent Biblical and folkloric frameworks of the work, I trace the evolving concept of “God” throughout the novel as external forces continually shape and reshape Janie’s world for her, questioning whether she can retain any individual agency navigating through these cyclical, predetermined pathways. The redefined vision of the individual that emerges from this reading counters the criticism of Hurston’s contemporaries, as Janie herself assumes the role of “God” at the novel’s conclusion and gains the power to create her own cycles, free from external control. I thus argue that the novel transcends its supposed function as a depiction of the African-American self to make a broader, humanistic claim for the power of the individual, not contingent on social distinctions.
{"title":"Becoming God: Cycles of Rebirth and Resurrection in Their Eyes Were Watching God","authors":"K. Milvert","doi":"10.14434/IUJUR.V2I1.20920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/IUJUR.V2I1.20920","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reexamines African-American writer and anthropologist Zora Neale Hurston’s presentation of the self in Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937), generally considered one of the most important African-American novels of the twentieth century. Originally criticized by Hurston’s contemporaries as a retrograde folk portrait of African-American life, Their Eyes presents the oral narrative of Hurston’s protagonist, Janie, a woman surrounded by natural and social cycles. Building on the novel’s allusive title and the convergent Biblical and folkloric frameworks of the work, I trace the evolving concept of “God” throughout the novel as external forces continually shape and reshape Janie’s world for her, questioning whether she can retain any individual agency navigating through these cyclical, predetermined pathways. The redefined vision of the individual that emerges from this reading counters the criticism of Hurston’s contemporaries, as Janie herself assumes the role of “God” at the novel’s conclusion and gains the power to create her own cycles, free from external control. I thus argue that the novel transcends its supposed function as a depiction of the African-American self to make a broader, humanistic claim for the power of the individual, not contingent on social distinctions.","PeriodicalId":22986,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Undergraduate Research","volume":"36 1","pages":"13-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90512627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
“On U.S. college campuses, growing concerns since the 1960s have demanded that we become more knowledgeable about our impact on the environment.” (Ruckelshaus 455) This research has aimed to understand attitudes and behaviors regarding energy consumption in Creighton University Residence halls by employing quantitative data gathering methods and analysis of campus energy use. The program Stata will be utilized in analysis to allow for a statistical understanding of student attitudes and behaviors regarding their energy consumption. The findings of this research are meant to allow Creighton University officials to understand student energy consumption habits and interest allowing for better energy consumption practices in the future.
{"title":"Energy Consumption in Creighton University Residence Halls: Comparing Attitudes and Behaviors","authors":"Sarah Kelly","doi":"10.17062/QJUR.V5.I1.P51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17062/QJUR.V5.I1.P51","url":null,"abstract":"“On U.S. college campuses, growing concerns since the 1960s have demanded that we become more knowledgeable about our impact on the environment.” (Ruckelshaus 455) This research has aimed to understand attitudes and behaviors regarding energy consumption in Creighton University Residence halls by employing quantitative data gathering methods and analysis of campus energy use. The program Stata will be utilized in analysis to allow for a statistical understanding of student attitudes and behaviors regarding their energy consumption. The findings of this research are meant to allow Creighton University officials to understand student energy consumption habits and interest allowing for better energy consumption practices in the future.","PeriodicalId":22986,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Undergraduate Research","volume":"71 1","pages":"51-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86562318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper is an examination of how higher administration at Jesuit schools use hegemony to create an ideological definition of the ‘ideal’ student. I use rhetorical criticism as a means of explaining how students are characterized and defined based on Creighton University sanctioned webpages. The results provided two major ideological principles that influence Creighton’s discussion of the overall student population, the privileging of numbers and the construction of a preferred student model. These ideological themes in combination with hegemonic principles promote the creation of an ‘ideal’ student that no individual is fully capable of attaining.
{"title":"Hegemony within Higher Education: The Creation of an \"Ideal\" Student","authors":"Amy N Guziec","doi":"10.17062/QJUR.V5.I1.P23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17062/QJUR.V5.I1.P23","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is an examination of how higher administration at Jesuit schools use hegemony to create an ideological definition of the ‘ideal’ student. I use rhetorical criticism as a means of explaining how students are characterized and defined based on Creighton University sanctioned webpages. The results provided two major ideological principles that influence Creighton’s discussion of the overall student population, the privileging of numbers and the construction of a preferred student model. These ideological themes in combination with hegemonic principles promote the creation of an ‘ideal’ student that no individual is fully capable of attaining.","PeriodicalId":22986,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Undergraduate Research","volume":"93 1","pages":"23-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83850934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research hopes to bridge the gap between the churches of North and South America by advocating for Christian base communities (CEBs) in North America. It is necessary to look at Catholic Action in conjunction with Catholic social thought, as well as the Second Vatican Council. Finally, personal interviews with those involved with CEBs in two districts of Lima, Peru – Villa El Salvador and El Agustino, revealed there is a failure of CEBs to develop in those two respective areas. Despite the failure of CEBs to develop in those areas, CEBs are relevant to North America as they can contribute lessons for parishes in the U.S. The Catholicism in CEBs in Peru is not prevalent in North America because the standard is to focus on individual spirituality and there is a lack of emphasis on social Catholicism.
本研究希望通过倡导北美的基督教基础社区(ceb)，弥合北美和南美教会之间的差距。有必要结合天主教的社会思想，以及梵蒂冈第二次大公会议，来审视天主教行动。最后，对秘鲁利马两个地区(Villa El Salvador和El Agustino)的行政首长组织相关人员的个人采访显示，行政首长组织未能在这两个地区得到发展。尽管ceb在这些地区的发展失败，但ceb与北美相关，因为它们可以为美国的教区提供经验。秘鲁ceb的天主教在北美并不普遍，因为标准是关注个人灵性，缺乏对社会天主教的重视。
{"title":"Christian Base Communities in Peru: Lessons for North America","authors":"C. Rainwater","doi":"10.17062/QJUR.V5.I1.P81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17062/QJUR.V5.I1.P81","url":null,"abstract":"This research hopes to bridge the gap between the churches of North and South America by advocating for Christian base communities (CEBs) in North America. It is necessary to look at Catholic Action in conjunction with Catholic social thought, as well as the Second Vatican Council. Finally, personal interviews with those involved with CEBs in two districts of Lima, Peru – Villa El Salvador and El Agustino, revealed there is a failure of CEBs to develop in those two respective areas. Despite the failure of CEBs to develop in those areas, CEBs are relevant to North America as they can contribute lessons for parishes in the U.S. The Catholicism in CEBs in Peru is not prevalent in North America because the standard is to focus on individual spirituality and there is a lack of emphasis on social Catholicism.","PeriodicalId":22986,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Undergraduate Research","volume":"123 1","pages":"81-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85665359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-02-19DOI: 10.17062//QJUR.V5.I1.P35
Paige Rainforth
Because divorce rates are high in the United States, the current paper assesses how stepchildren may respond to the introduction of a stepparent, and at what age this introduction may make the most impact. The current study seeks to assess the relationship between family communication in a divorced family with the recent introduction of a stepparent and a stepchild’s subsequent developmental progression through Sigmund Freud’s and Erik Erikson’s life stages. This study also observes the association between reported closeness and levels of satisfaction within the stepparent and stepchild relationship. It was hypothesized that participants who were introduced to a stepparent at an older age, such as adolescence or young adult, would be more impacted in their development. Results did not indicate a significant relationship between age at introduction to stepparent and subsequent relational satisfaction F (5, 45) = .84, p > .05. This study makes contributions toward further study in the subject of age at introduction and subsequent relational satisfaction while making suggestions for the introduction of a stepchild and stepparent.
由于美国的离婚率很高，本文评估了继子女对继父母的引入可能做出的反应，以及这种引入在什么年龄可能产生最大的影响。目前的研究试图通过西格蒙德·弗洛伊德和埃里克·埃里克森的人生阶段来评估离异家庭中家庭沟通与继子女随后的发展进程之间的关系。本研究还观察了继父母和继子女关系中报告的亲密程度和满意度之间的联系。据推测，在年龄较大的时候(如青春期或年轻人)被介绍给继父或继母的参与者，会对他们的发展产生更大的影响。结果显示，与继父母接触的年龄与随后的关系满意度之间没有显著关系F (5,45) = .84, p > .05。本研究对引介年龄及其后续关系满意度的研究有一定的贡献，并对继子女和继父母的引介提出了建议。
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This analysis uses metaphor criticism to decipher how metaphors function in Emma Watson’s address to the UN. Metaphor criticism proves useful in this critique because it can be used to determine the rhetor’s motive, to evaluate the effectiveness of the message, and to decipher the rhetor’s perspective on a particular subject. This critique uncovers two types of metaphors: those that describe “gender stereotypes” and those that describe “feminism.” The first subgroup of metaphors describes gender stereotypes as evil, oppressing entities that can be overcome or defeated. The second, more complex subgroup of metaphors for feminism suggests the term “feminism” has a negative connotation; one that conflicts with the true definition of the term. In addition, Watson’s inconsistent use of the “fight” metaphor suggests she is hesitant to use “feminism” to describe gender equality. In attempt to make the feminist movement more inclusive of men, Watson resists using the term and instead replaces it with phrases such as “he for she.” Watson’s metaphors suggest she is an advocate for gender equality but that she recognizes the stigma behind the term “feminism” and thus she uses metaphors for “feminism” instead of using the term directly. Since her speech aims to galvanize men and boys for change, she may ultimately be trying to create a new label for gender equality that is inclusive of men.
{"title":"\"Feminism\" and Feminism: A Rhetorical Criticism of Emma Watson's Address to the U.N.","authors":"C. Batterson","doi":"10.17062/QJUR.V5.I1.P1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17062/QJUR.V5.I1.P1","url":null,"abstract":"This analysis uses metaphor criticism to decipher how metaphors function in Emma Watson’s address to the UN. Metaphor criticism proves useful in this critique because it can be used to determine the rhetor’s motive, to evaluate the effectiveness of the message, and to decipher the rhetor’s perspective on a particular subject. This critique uncovers two types of metaphors: those that describe “gender stereotypes” and those that describe “feminism.” The first subgroup of metaphors describes gender stereotypes as evil, oppressing entities that can be overcome or defeated. The second, more complex subgroup of metaphors for feminism suggests the term “feminism” has a negative connotation; one that conflicts with the true definition of the term. In addition, Watson’s inconsistent use of the “fight” metaphor suggests she is hesitant to use “feminism” to describe gender equality. In attempt to make the feminist movement more inclusive of men, Watson resists using the term and instead replaces it with phrases such as “he for she.” Watson’s metaphors suggest she is an advocate for gender equality but that she recognizes the stigma behind the term “feminism” and thus she uses metaphors for “feminism” instead of using the term directly. Since her speech aims to galvanize men and boys for change, she may ultimately be trying to create a new label for gender equality that is inclusive of men.","PeriodicalId":22986,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Undergraduate Research","volume":"29 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83859571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
My paper uses the 2000 Ridley Scott film Gladiator as a vehicle for exploring Stoicism, specifically the ways that Stoic parents ought to behave in different situations. The film includes a portrayal of the historic emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius and uses Stoic themes. I explore the ways in which two of the main characters, the general Maximus and Marcus Aurelius’ daughter Lucilla, demonstrate Stoic values through their parenting. Through an analysis of the works of Stoic philosophers Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius, I examine these characters’ decisions and ultimately conclude that Maximus upholds Stoic values better than Lucilla. Through my paper I hope to invite a unique perspective on parenting that differs greatly from the modern, Christian-centered tradition and to give readers a clearer understanding of Stoicism.
{"title":"Mother Knows Best? Evaluating the Roles of Stoic Parents in Gladiator (2000)","authors":"Krysta Larson","doi":"10.17062/QJUR.V5.I1.P13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17062/QJUR.V5.I1.P13","url":null,"abstract":"My paper uses the 2000 Ridley Scott film Gladiator as a vehicle for exploring Stoicism, specifically the ways that Stoic parents ought to behave in different situations. The film includes a portrayal of the historic emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius and uses Stoic themes. I explore the ways in which two of the main characters, the general Maximus and Marcus Aurelius’ daughter Lucilla, demonstrate Stoic values through their parenting. Through an analysis of the works of Stoic philosophers Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius, I examine these characters’ decisions and ultimately conclude that Maximus upholds Stoic values better than Lucilla. Through my paper I hope to invite a unique perspective on parenting that differs greatly from the modern, Christian-centered tradition and to give readers a clearer understanding of Stoicism.","PeriodicalId":22986,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Undergraduate Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"13-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82052813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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