Pub Date : 2024-06-24DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01489
Alia Saif, Muhammad Ovais Omer*, Adeel Sattar, Yasin Tipu, Hanan M. Alharbi, Uzma Saher and Tanzeela Awan,
Curcumin from turmeric (Curcuma longa) has traditionally been used due to its pharmacological properties, such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, cholesterol-lowering, and antioxidant activities, but has had limitations in use due to low bioavailability. Nanoparticles have protuberant efficacies to diagnose or cure a variety of diseases, including tumors, by fine-tuning their size, structure, and physicochemical characteristics. This study aims to develop a new dosage form of curcumin nanoparticles with zinc oxide to enhance its therapeutic efficacy against cancer and cause no damage to genetics. Curcumin zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared and characterized by using a Zeta sizer, ultraviolet (UV)-spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Different concentrations range from 40 to 0.078 μg/mL, and these nanoparticles were evaluated for their anticancer activity by colorimetric analysis (MTT assay) on normal (Vero) and cancerous cell lines (MCF-7) and genotoxicity by the comet assay. The spherical-shaped curcumin zinc oxide nanoparticles of 189 nm size were prepared with characteristic functional groups. The selectivity index of curcumin zinc oxide nanoparticles, calculated from IC50 values, is 4.60 > 2.0, showing anticancer potential comparable to tamoxifen. The genetic damage index of the highest concentration (40 μg/mL) of curcumin zinc oxide nanoparticles was 0.08, with a percent fragmentation of 8%. The results suggest that nanoparticles of curcumin zinc oxide produced better anticancer effects and did not cause any significant damage to the DNA. Consequently, further research is required to ensure the development of a safe and quality dosage form of nanoparticles for proper utilization.
{"title":"Comprehensive Analysis of Curcumin Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles, Synthesis, Characterization, and Cytogenotoxic Profiling","authors":"Alia Saif, Muhammad Ovais Omer*, Adeel Sattar, Yasin Tipu, Hanan M. Alharbi, Uzma Saher and Tanzeela Awan, ","doi":"10.1021/acsomega.4c01489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c01489","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Curcumin from turmeric (<i>Curcuma longa</i>) has traditionally been used due to its pharmacological properties, such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, cholesterol-lowering, and antioxidant activities, but has had limitations in use due to low bioavailability. Nanoparticles have protuberant efficacies to diagnose or cure a variety of diseases, including tumors, by fine-tuning their size, structure, and physicochemical characteristics. This study aims to develop a new dosage form of curcumin nanoparticles with zinc oxide to enhance its therapeutic efficacy against cancer and cause no damage to genetics. Curcumin zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared and characterized by using a Zeta sizer, ultraviolet (UV)-spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Different concentrations range from 40 to 0.078 μg/mL, and these nanoparticles were evaluated for their anticancer activity by colorimetric analysis (MTT assay) on normal (Vero) and cancerous cell lines (MCF-7) and genotoxicity by the comet assay. The spherical-shaped curcumin zinc oxide nanoparticles of 189 nm size were prepared with characteristic functional groups. The selectivity index of curcumin zinc oxide nanoparticles, calculated from IC<sub>50</sub> values, is 4.60 > 2.0, showing anticancer potential comparable to tamoxifen. The genetic damage index of the highest concentration (40 μg/mL) of curcumin zinc oxide nanoparticles was 0.08, with a percent fragmentation of 8%. The results suggest that nanoparticles of curcumin zinc oxide produced better anticancer effects and did not cause any significant damage to the DNA. Consequently, further research is required to ensure the development of a safe and quality dosage form of nanoparticles for proper utilization.</p>","PeriodicalId":22,"journal":{"name":"ACS Omega","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsomega.4c01489","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141536534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-24DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00221
Goldy De Bhowmick*, Maxence Plouviez, Mariza Gomes Reis, Benoit Guieysse, David W. Everett, Michael P. Agnew, Paul Maclean and Caroline Thum*,
Microalgal lipids contain a wide array of liposoluble bioactive compounds, but lipid extraction remains a critical limitation for their commercial use. An accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was used to extract lipids from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina), and Chlorella vulgaris grown under either standard or nitrogen depletion conditions. Under standard growth conditions, ASE using methanol:chloroform (2:1), methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE):methanol:water, and ethanol at 100 °C resulted in the highest recovery of total lipids (352 ± 30, 410 ± 32, and 127 ± 15 mg/g biomass from C. reinhardtii, C. vulgaris, and A. platensis, respectively). Similarly, the highest total lipid and triacylglycerols (TAGs) recovery from biomass cultivated under nitrogen depletion conditions was found at 100 °C using methanol:chloroform, for C. reinhardtii (total, 550 ± 21; TAG, 205 ± 2 mg/g biomass) and for C. vulgaris (total, 612 ± 29 mg/g; TAG, 253 ± 7 mg/g biomass). ASE with MTBE:methanol:water at 100 °C yielded similar TAG recovery for C. reinhardtii (159 ± 6 mg/g) and C. vulgaris (200 ± 4 mg/g). Thus, MTBE:methanol:water is suggested as an alternative substitute to replace hazardous solvent mixtures for TAGs extraction with a much lower environmental impact. The extracted microalgal TAGs were rich in palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1,9), linoleic (C18:2n6), and α-linolenic (C18:3n3) acids. Under nitrogen depletion conditions, increased palmitic acid (C16:0) recovery up to 2-fold was recorded from the biomasses of C. reinhardtii and C. vulgaris. This study demonstrates a clear linkage between the extraction conditions applied and total lipid and TAG recovery.
微藻类脂质含有多种脂溶性生物活性化合物,但脂质提取仍是其商业用途的关键限制因素。研究人员采用加速溶剂萃取法(ASE)从标准或氮耗竭条件下生长的蓝藻、螺旋藻和绿藻中提取脂质。在标准生长条件下,使用甲醇:氯仿(2:1)、甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE):甲醇:水和乙醇在 100 °C 下进行 ASE,总脂的回收率最高(分别为 C. reinhardtii、C. vulgaris 和 A. platensis 的 352 ± 30、410 ± 32 和 127 ± 15 mg/g 生物量)。同样,在 100 °C 条件下使用甲醇:氯仿培养的 C. reinhardtii(总脂量,550 ± 21;TAG,205 ± 2 mg/g 生物量)和 C. vulgaris(总脂量,612 ± 29 mg/g;TAG,253 ± 7 mg/g 生物量)的总脂量和三酰甘油(TAG)回收率最高。在 100 °C下使用MTBE:甲醇:水进行 ASE,C. reinhardtii(159 ± 6 mg/g)和 C. vulgaris(200 ± 4 mg/g)的 TAG 回收率相似。因此,MTBE:甲醇:水可替代有害的混合溶剂提取 TAG,对环境的影响更小。提取的微藻 TAG 富含棕榈酸(C16:0)、硬脂酸(C18:0)、油酸(C18:1,9)、亚油酸(C18:2n6)和α-亚麻酸(C18:3n3)。在氮耗竭条件下,C. reinhardtii 和 C. vulgaris 的生物量中棕榈酸(C16:0)的回收率增加了 2 倍。这项研究表明,所采用的提取条件与总脂质和 TAG 回收率之间存在着明显的联系。
{"title":"Evaluation of Extraction Techniques for Recovery of Microalgal Lipids under Different Growth Conditions","authors":"Goldy De Bhowmick*, Maxence Plouviez, Mariza Gomes Reis, Benoit Guieysse, David W. Everett, Michael P. Agnew, Paul Maclean and Caroline Thum*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsomega.4c00221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c00221","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Microalgal lipids contain a wide array of liposoluble bioactive compounds, but lipid extraction remains a critical limitation for their commercial use. An accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was used to extract lipids from <i>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</i>, <i>Arthrospira platensis</i> (<i>Spirulina</i>), and <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> grown under either standard or nitrogen depletion conditions. Under standard growth conditions, ASE using methanol:chloroform (2:1), methyl <i>tert</i>-butyl ether (MTBE):methanol:water, and ethanol at 100 °C resulted in the highest recovery of total lipids (352 ± 30, 410 ± 32, and 127 ± 15 mg/g biomass from <i>C. reinhardtii</i>, <i>C. vulgaris</i>, and <i>A. platensis</i>, respectively). Similarly, the highest total lipid and triacylglycerols (TAGs) recovery from biomass cultivated under nitrogen depletion conditions was found at 100 °C using methanol:chloroform, for <i>C. reinhardtii</i> (total, 550 ± 21; TAG, 205 ± 2 mg/g biomass) and for <i>C. vulgaris</i> (total, 612 ± 29 mg/g; TAG, 253 ± 7 mg/g biomass). ASE with MTBE:methanol:water at 100 °C yielded similar TAG recovery for <i>C. reinhardtii</i> (159 ± 6 mg/g) and <i>C. vulgaris</i> (200 ± 4 mg/g). Thus, MTBE:methanol:water is suggested as an alternative substitute to replace hazardous solvent mixtures for TAGs extraction with a much lower environmental impact. The extracted microalgal TAGs were rich in palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1,9), linoleic (C18:2n6), and α-linolenic (C18:3n3) acids. Under nitrogen depletion conditions, increased palmitic acid (C16:0) recovery up to 2-fold was recorded from the biomasses of <i>C. reinhardtii</i> and <i>C. vulgaris</i>. This study demonstrates a clear linkage between the extraction conditions applied and total lipid and TAG recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":22,"journal":{"name":"ACS Omega","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsomega.4c00221","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141536528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-24DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09560
Asif Raza, Abdur Rasheed, Amjad Farid, Misbah Yousaf, Noman Ayub and Ijaz Ahmad Khan*,
The scientific community needs to conduct research on novel electrodes for portable energy storage (PES) devices like supercapacitors (S–Cs) and lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion-Bs) to overcome energy crises, especially in rural areas where no electrical poles are available. Herein, the nanostructured MoS2 and ZnS–MoS2 E-Ms consisting of nanoparticles/rods/sheets (N-Ps-Rs-Ss) are deposited on hierarchical nickel foam by a homemade chemical vapor deposition (H-M CVD) route. The X-ray diffraction patterns confirm the formation of polycrystalline films growing along various orientations, whereas the field-emission scanning electron microscope analysis confirms the formation of N-Ps-Rs-Ss. The change in structural and microstructural parameters indicates the existence of defects improving the energy storage ability of the deposited ZnS–MoS2@Ni–F electrodes. The specific capacitances of MoS2@Ni–F and ZnS–MoS2@Ni–F electrodes are found to be 1763 and 3565 F/g at 0.5 mV/s and 1451 and 3032 F/g at 1 A/g, respectively. The growing behavior of impedance graphs indicates their capacitive nature; however, the shifting of impedance curves toward y-axis indicates that the increasing diffusion rates due to the formation of nanostructures of ZnS–MoS2 results in low impedance. An excellent energy storage performance, minimum capacity fading, and improved electrical conductivity of the deposited E-Ms are due to the combined contributions of the electrical double layer and pseudocapacitor nature, which is again confirmed by theoretical Dunn’s model. The absence of charge transfer resistance and good capacitance retention (95%) even after 10,000 cycles indicates that the deposited E-Ms are better for PES devices like S–Cs and Li-ion-Bs than MoS2 E-Ms. The assembled asymmetric supercapacitor device exhibited the maximum specific capacitance = 996 F/g, energy density = 354–285 W h/kg, power density = 2400–24,000 W/kg, capacitance retention = 95% and Coulombic efficiency = 100% even after a long charging–discharging of 10,000 cycles.
{"title":"Synthesis of Binder-Free, Low-Resistant Randomly Orientated Nanorod/Sheet ZnS–MoS2 as Electrode Materials for Portable Energy Storage Applications","authors":"Asif Raza, Abdur Rasheed, Amjad Farid, Misbah Yousaf, Noman Ayub and Ijaz Ahmad Khan*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsomega.3c09560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c09560","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The scientific community needs to conduct research on novel electrodes for portable energy storage (PES) devices like supercapacitors (S–Cs) and lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion-Bs) to overcome energy crises, especially in rural areas where no electrical poles are available. Herein, the nanostructured MoS<sub>2</sub> and ZnS–MoS<sub>2</sub> E-Ms consisting of nanoparticles/rods/sheets (N-Ps-Rs-Ss) are deposited on hierarchical nickel foam by a homemade chemical vapor deposition (H-M CVD) route. The X-ray diffraction patterns confirm the formation of polycrystalline films growing along various orientations, whereas the field-emission scanning electron microscope analysis confirms the formation of N-Ps-Rs-Ss. The change in structural and microstructural parameters indicates the existence of defects improving the energy storage ability of the deposited ZnS–MoS<sub>2</sub>@Ni–F electrodes. The specific capacitances of MoS<sub>2</sub>@Ni–F and ZnS–MoS<sub>2</sub>@Ni–F electrodes are found to be 1763 and 3565 F/g at 0.5 mV/s and 1451 and 3032 F/g at 1 A/g, respectively. The growing behavior of impedance graphs indicates their capacitive nature; however, the shifting of impedance curves toward <i>y</i>-axis indicates that the increasing diffusion rates due to the formation of nanostructures of ZnS–MoS<sub>2</sub> results in low impedance. An excellent energy storage performance, minimum capacity fading, and improved electrical conductivity of the deposited E-Ms are due to the combined contributions of the electrical double layer and pseudocapacitor nature, which is again confirmed by theoretical Dunn’s model. The absence of charge transfer resistance and good capacitance retention (95%) even after 10,000 cycles indicates that the deposited E-Ms are better for PES devices like S–Cs and Li-ion-Bs than MoS<sub>2</sub> E-Ms. The assembled asymmetric supercapacitor device exhibited the maximum specific capacitance = 996 F/g, energy density = 354–285 W h/kg, power density = 2400–24,000 W/kg, capacitance retention = 95% and Coulombic efficiency = 100% even after a long charging–discharging of 10,000 cycles.</p>","PeriodicalId":22,"journal":{"name":"ACS Omega","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsomega.3c09560","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141536385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-24DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02308
Li Han, Ling Kang and Quan Guo*,
Predicting the drug–target binding affinity (DTA) is crucial in drug discovery, and an increasing number of researchers are using artificial intelligence techniques to make such predictions. Many effective deep neural network prediction models have been proposed. However, current methods need improvement in accuracy, complexity, and efficiency. In this study, we propose a method based on a multiscale 2-dimensional convolutional neural network (CNN), namely ImageDTA. Many studies have shown that CNN achieves good learning effects with limited data. Therefore, we take a unique perspective by treating the word vector encoded with a simplified molecular input line entry system (SMILES) string as an “image” and processing it like handling images, fully leveraging the efficient processing capabilities of CNN for image data. Furthermore, we show that ImageDTA has higher training and inference efficiency than pretrained large models and outperforms attention-based graph neural network models in accuracy and interpretability. We also use visualization techniques to select appropriate convolutional kernel sizes, thereby increasing the network’s interpretability.
{"title":"ImageDTA: A Simple Model for Drug–Target Binding Affinity Prediction","authors":"Li Han, Ling Kang and Quan Guo*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsomega.4c02308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c02308","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Predicting the drug–target binding affinity (DTA) is crucial in drug discovery, and an increasing number of researchers are using artificial intelligence techniques to make such predictions. Many effective deep neural network prediction models have been proposed. However, current methods need improvement in accuracy, complexity, and efficiency. In this study, we propose a method based on a multiscale 2-dimensional convolutional neural network (CNN), namely ImageDTA. Many studies have shown that CNN achieves good learning effects with limited data. Therefore, we take a unique perspective by treating the word vector encoded with a simplified molecular input line entry system (SMILES) string as an “image” and processing it like handling images, fully leveraging the efficient processing capabilities of CNN for image data. Furthermore, we show that ImageDTA has higher training and inference efficiency than pretrained large models and outperforms attention-based graph neural network models in accuracy and interpretability. We also use visualization techniques to select appropriate convolutional kernel sizes, thereby increasing the network’s interpretability.</p>","PeriodicalId":22,"journal":{"name":"ACS Omega","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsomega.4c02308","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141536533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-23DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c03511
José A. S. Laranjeira, Nicolas Martins, Pablo A. Denis and Julio Sambrano*,
The two-dimensional (2D) materials class earned a boost in 2021 with biphenylene synthesis, which is structurally formed by the fusion of four-, six-, and eight-membered carbon rings, usually named 4-6-8-biphenylene network (BPN). This research proposes a detailed study of electronic, structural, dynamic, and mechanical properties to demonstrate the potential of the novel biphenylene-like indium nitride (BPN-InN) via density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations. The BPN-InN has a direct band gap energy transition of 2.02 eV, making it promising for optoelectronic applications. This structure exhibits maximum and minimum Young modulus of 22.716 and 22.063 N/m, Poisson ratio of 0.018 and −0.008, and Shear modulus of 11.448 and 10.860 N/m, respectively. To understand the BPN-InN behavior when subjected to mechanical deformations, biaxial and uniaxial strains in armchair and zigzag directions from −8 to 8% were applied, achieving a band gap energy modulation of 1.36 eV over tensile deformations. Our findings are expected to motivate both theorists and experimentalists to study and obtain these new 2D inorganic materials that exhibit promising semiconductor properties.
{"title":"Unveiling a New 2D Semiconductor: Biphenylene-Based InN","authors":"José A. S. Laranjeira, Nicolas Martins, Pablo A. Denis and Julio Sambrano*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsomega.4c03511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c03511","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The two-dimensional (2D) materials class earned a boost in 2021 with biphenylene synthesis, which is structurally formed by the fusion of four-, six-, and eight-membered carbon rings, usually named 4-6-8-biphenylene network (BPN). This research proposes a detailed study of electronic, structural, dynamic, and mechanical properties to demonstrate the potential of the novel biphenylene-like indium nitride (BPN-InN) via density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations. The BPN-InN has a direct band gap energy transition of 2.02 eV, making it promising for optoelectronic applications. This structure exhibits maximum and minimum Young modulus of 22.716 and 22.063 N/m, Poisson ratio of 0.018 and −0.008, and Shear modulus of 11.448 and 10.860 N/m, respectively. To understand the BPN-InN behavior when subjected to mechanical deformations, biaxial and uniaxial strains in armchair and zigzag directions from −8 to 8% were applied, achieving a band gap energy modulation of 1.36 eV over tensile deformations. Our findings are expected to motivate both theorists and experimentalists to study and obtain these new 2D inorganic materials that exhibit promising semiconductor properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":22,"journal":{"name":"ACS Omega","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsomega.4c03511","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141536532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-23DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02427
Nicole Tin*, Mandeep Chauhan, Kennedy Agwamba, Yibai Sun, Astrid Parsons, Philippa Payne and Remus Osan*,
The application of green chemistry is critical for cultivating environmental responsibility and sustainable practices in pharmaceutical manufacturing. Process mass intensity (PMI) is a key metric that quantifies the resource efficiency of a manufacturing process, but determining what constitutes a successful PMI of a specific molecule is challenging. A recent approach correlated molecular features to a crowdsourced definition of molecular complexity to determine PMI targets. While recent machine learning tools show promise in predicting molecular complexity, a more extensive application could significantly optimize manufacturing processes. To this end, we refine and expand upon the SMART-PMI tool by Sheridan et al. to create an open-source model and application. Our solution emphasizes explainability and parsimony to facilitate a nuanced understanding of prediction and ensure informed decision-making. The resulting model uses four descriptors─the heteroatom count, stereocenter count, unique topological torsion, and connectivity index chi4n─to compute molecular complexity with a comparable 82.6% predictive accuracy and 0.349 RMSE. We develop a corresponding app that takes in structured data files (SDF) to rapidly quantify molecular complexity and provide a PMI target that can be used to drive process development activities. By integrating machine learning explainability and open-source accessibility, we provide flexible tools to advance the field of green chemistry and sustainable pharmaceutical manufacturing.
{"title":"Evaluating Molecular Complexity with Open-Source Machine Learning Approaches to Predict Process Mass Intensity","authors":"Nicole Tin*, Mandeep Chauhan, Kennedy Agwamba, Yibai Sun, Astrid Parsons, Philippa Payne and Remus Osan*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsomega.4c02427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c02427","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The application of green chemistry is critical for cultivating environmental responsibility and sustainable practices in pharmaceutical manufacturing. Process mass intensity (PMI) is a key metric that quantifies the resource efficiency of a manufacturing process, but determining what constitutes a successful PMI of a specific molecule is challenging. A recent approach correlated molecular features to a crowdsourced definition of molecular complexity to determine PMI targets. While recent machine learning tools show promise in predicting molecular complexity, a more extensive application could significantly optimize manufacturing processes. To this end, we refine and expand upon the SMART-PMI tool by Sheridan et al. to create an open-source model and application. Our solution emphasizes explainability and parsimony to facilitate a nuanced understanding of prediction and ensure informed decision-making. The resulting model uses four descriptors─the heteroatom count, stereocenter count, unique topological torsion, and connectivity index chi4n─to compute molecular complexity with a comparable 82.6% predictive accuracy and 0.349 RMSE. We develop a corresponding app that takes in structured data files (SDF) to rapidly quantify molecular complexity and provide a PMI target that can be used to drive process development activities. By integrating machine learning explainability and open-source accessibility, we provide flexible tools to advance the field of green chemistry and sustainable pharmaceutical manufacturing.</p>","PeriodicalId":22,"journal":{"name":"ACS Omega","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsomega.4c02427","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141536531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-22DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01448
Savas Ozun*,
The settling rate of the mineral fines in an aqueous solution changes depending on the charges they carry. Mineral fines with similar high-magnitude surface charges repel each other and prevent them from settling rapidly. In contrast, fines with no/low-magnitude surface charges can coalesce and agglomerate with the others and settle rapidly due to the increasing mass. This can lower the coagulant or flocculant use and speed up turbidity removal. Thus, considering this fact, the experimental tests in this study were performed below the neutral pH environment (pH 2–6) to determine the effectiveness of the coagulant and flocculant mixtures and compare the results with their single use. The turbidity removal tests were applied using different valence coagulants and flocculants with different charge mechanisms. According to the results with their single use, the best results were obtained using FeCl3 (80 mg/L) at pH 4 with a turbidity removal efficiency of ≤98% and a nonionic flocculant at pH 2 with a turbidity removal efficiency ≥99% (0.50 mg/L). When they were used as binary mixtures, the lowest turbidity values were obtained with FeSO4/nonionic flocculant mixtures at pH 4 (≤98%) and with FeCl3/anionic flocculant mixtures at pH 2 (≥99%).
{"title":"Enhanced Implications on Turbidity Removal from Natural Stone Wastewater by Binary Mixtures","authors":"Savas Ozun*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsomega.4c01448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c01448","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The settling rate of the mineral fines in an aqueous solution changes depending on the charges they carry. Mineral fines with similar high-magnitude surface charges repel each other and prevent them from settling rapidly. In contrast, fines with no/low-magnitude surface charges can coalesce and agglomerate with the others and settle rapidly due to the increasing mass. This can lower the coagulant or flocculant use and speed up turbidity removal. Thus, considering this fact, the experimental tests in this study were performed below the neutral pH environment (pH 2–6) to determine the effectiveness of the coagulant and flocculant mixtures and compare the results with their single use. The turbidity removal tests were applied using different valence coagulants and flocculants with different charge mechanisms. According to the results with their single use, the best results were obtained using FeCl<sub>3</sub> (80 mg/L) at pH 4 with a turbidity removal efficiency of ≤98% and a nonionic flocculant at pH 2 with a turbidity removal efficiency ≥99% (0.50 mg/L). When they were used as binary mixtures, the lowest turbidity values were obtained with FeSO<sub>4</sub>/nonionic flocculant mixtures at pH 4 (≤98%) and with FeCl<sub>3</sub>/anionic flocculant mixtures at pH 2 (≥99%).</p>","PeriodicalId":22,"journal":{"name":"ACS Omega","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsomega.4c01448","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141536530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-22DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02531
Basel Mansour, and , James W. Gauld*,
Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are important enzymes that synthesize an array of nongenetically encoded peptides. The latter have diverse physicochemical properties and roles. NRPSs are modular enzymes in which, for example, the condensation (C-) domain catalyzes the formation of amide bonds. The NRPS tyrocidine synthetase from Brevibacillus brevis is responsible for synthesizing the cyclic-peptide antibiotic tyrocidine. The first step is formation of an amide bond between a proline and phenylalanine which is catalyzed by a C-domain. In this study, a multiscale computational approach (molecular dynamics and QM/MM) has been used to investigate substrate binding and catalytic mechanism of the C-domain of tyrocidine synthetase. Overall, the mechanism is found to proceed through three exergonic steps in which an active site Histidine, His222, acts as a base and acid. First, His222 acts as a base to facilitate nucleophilic attack of the prolyl nitrogen at the phenylalanyl’s carbonyl carbon. This is also the rate-limiting step with a free energy barrier of 38.8 kJ mol–1. The second step is collapse of the resulting tetrahedral intermediate with cleavage of the S–C bond between the phenylalanyl and its Ppant arm, along with formation of the above amide bond. Meanwhile, the now protonated His222 imidazole has rotated toward the newly formed thiolate of the Ppant arm. In the final step, His222 acts as an acid, protonating the thiolate and regenerating a neutral His222. The overall mechanism is found to be exergonic with the final product complex being 46.3 kJ mol–1 lower in energy than the initial reactant complex.
{"title":"Computational Insights into Amide Bond Formation Catalyzed by the Condensation Domain of Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetases","authors":"Basel Mansour, and , James W. Gauld*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsomega.4c02531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c02531","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are important enzymes that synthesize an array of nongenetically encoded peptides. The latter have diverse physicochemical properties and roles. NRPSs are modular enzymes in which, for example, the condensation (C-) domain catalyzes the formation of amide bonds. The NRPS tyrocidine synthetase from <i>Brevibacillus brevis</i> is responsible for synthesizing the cyclic-peptide antibiotic tyrocidine. The first step is formation of an amide bond between a proline and phenylalanine which is catalyzed by a C-domain. In this study, a multiscale computational approach (molecular dynamics and QM/MM) has been used to investigate substrate binding and catalytic mechanism of the C-domain of tyrocidine synthetase. Overall, the mechanism is found to proceed through three exergonic steps in which an active site Histidine, His222, acts as a base and acid. First, His222 acts as a base to facilitate nucleophilic attack of the prolyl nitrogen at the phenylalanyl’s carbonyl carbon. This is also the rate-limiting step with a free energy barrier of 38.8 kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>. The second step is collapse of the resulting tetrahedral intermediate with cleavage of the S–C bond between the phenylalanyl and its Ppant arm, along with formation of the above amide bond. Meanwhile, the now protonated His222 imidazole has rotated toward the newly formed thiolate of the Ppant arm. In the final step, His222 acts as an acid, protonating the thiolate and regenerating a neutral His222. The overall mechanism is found to be exergonic with the final product complex being 46.3 kJ mol<sup>–1</sup> lower in energy than the initial reactant complex.</p>","PeriodicalId":22,"journal":{"name":"ACS Omega","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsomega.4c02531","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141536493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-22DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c04076
Sanjeev Patil, Sudha Arumugam and Parasuraman Swaminathan*,
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a major pollutant, causing acid rain, photochemical smog, and respiratory damage. The annual safe limit is 50 parts per billion (ppb), while concentrations exceeding 1 part per million (ppm) can result in respiratory ailments. Conventionally, n-type metal oxide semiconductors operating at elevated temperatures have been utilized for NO2 detection. Recently, p-type semiconductors with their hole accumulation layer, rapid recovery post-gas exposure, and good humidity tolerance are being investigated as potential NO2 sensors, once again working at elevated temperatures. In this work, a room-temperature (27 ± 2 °C) NO2 sensor is demonstrated by using a nanocomposite based on p-type bismuth ferrite (BFO) nanoparticles and silver nanowires (Ag NWs). This nanocomposite is capable of sensing a NO2 gas concentration of up to 0.2 ppm. The BFO nanoparticles are synthesized via a sol–gel route followed by sintering at 500 °C to form the crystalline phase. Nanocomposites are obtained by formulating a dispersion of the BFO nanoparticles and Ag NWs, followed by direct writing on both flexible and rigid substrates. The Ag NWs act as the conducting pathway, reducing the overall electrical resistance and thus enabling room-temperature operation. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and surface area studies provide phase information and surface morphology, and the porous nature of the film helps in room-temperature gas adsorption. The current–voltage and gas-sensing behavior are studied to obtain the optimized molar ratio (4:1 BFO/Ag NWs) for the sensor. The sensor deposited on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) also works under a bent condition, indicating good flexibility. Rapid NO2 sensing was achieved in a BFO–Ag/PET device with response/recovery times of 7/8.5 s and 12/15 s in straight and bent geometries, respectively. Additionally, a good sensitivity of 30 to 60% was achieved for the BFO–Ag/PET device across 100 to 1000 ppb of NO2. The development of a nanocomposite combining an active sensing element (BFO) and a charge-transport element (Ag NWs) opens up a multitude of other application areas.
{"title":"Bismuth Ferrite–Silver Nanowire Flexible Nanocomposites for Room-Temperature Nitrogen Dioxide Sensing","authors":"Sanjeev Patil, Sudha Arumugam and Parasuraman Swaminathan*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsomega.4c04076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c04076","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) is a major pollutant, causing acid rain, photochemical smog, and respiratory damage. The annual safe limit is 50 parts per billion (ppb), while concentrations exceeding 1 part per million (ppm) can result in respiratory ailments. Conventionally, n-type metal oxide semiconductors operating at elevated temperatures have been utilized for NO<sub>2</sub> detection. Recently, p-type semiconductors with their hole accumulation layer, rapid recovery post-gas exposure, and good humidity tolerance are being investigated as potential NO<sub>2</sub> sensors, once again working at elevated temperatures. In this work, a room-temperature (27 ± 2 °C) NO<sub>2</sub> sensor is demonstrated by using a nanocomposite based on p-type bismuth ferrite (BFO) nanoparticles and silver nanowires (Ag NWs). This nanocomposite is capable of sensing a NO<sub>2</sub> gas concentration of up to 0.2 ppm. The BFO nanoparticles are synthesized via a sol–gel route followed by sintering at 500 °C to form the crystalline phase. Nanocomposites are obtained by formulating a dispersion of the BFO nanoparticles and Ag NWs, followed by direct writing on both flexible and rigid substrates. The Ag NWs act as the conducting pathway, reducing the overall electrical resistance and thus enabling room-temperature operation. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and surface area studies provide phase information and surface morphology, and the porous nature of the film helps in room-temperature gas adsorption. The current–voltage and gas-sensing behavior are studied to obtain the optimized molar ratio (4:1 BFO/Ag NWs) for the sensor. The sensor deposited on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) also works under a bent condition, indicating good flexibility. Rapid NO<sub>2</sub> sensing was achieved in a BFO–Ag/PET device with response/recovery times of 7/8.5 s and 12/15 s in straight and bent geometries, respectively. Additionally, a good sensitivity of 30 to 60% was achieved for the BFO–Ag/PET device across 100 to 1000 ppb of NO<sub>2</sub>. The development of a nanocomposite combining an active sensing element (BFO) and a charge-transport element (Ag NWs) opens up a multitude of other application areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":22,"journal":{"name":"ACS Omega","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsomega.4c04076","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141536406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lithium–ion batteries with Li3V2(PO4)3/C as the cathode have been a popular research topic in recent years; however, studies of the effects of external magnetic fields on them are less common. This study investigates the effects of an external magnetic field applied parallel to the direction of the anode and cathode on the ion transport through iron-doped Li3(V1–xFex)2(PO4)3, the outer carbon coating, the film/electrolyte/separator, and up to the lithium metal electrode on a microscopic level. The results reveal that for the x = 0.05 sample with lower doping, the magnetostriction expansion of Li3(V1–xFex)2(PO4)3 and the magnetostrictive contraction effect of the outer ordered carbon layer cancel each other out, resulting in no significant enhancement of the battery’s energy and power density due to the external magnetic field. In contrast, the x = 0.1 sample, lacking magnetostrictive contraction in the outer ordered carbon layer, shows that its energy and power density can be influenced by the magnetic field. Under zero magnetic field, the cyclic performance exhibits superior average capacity performance in the x = 0.05 sample, while the x = 0.1 sample shows a lower decay rate. Both samples are affected by the magnetic field; however, the x = 0.1 sample performs better under magnetic conditions. In particular, in the C-rate tests under a magnetic field, the sample with x = 0.1 showed a significant relative reduction in capacity decay rate by 20.18% compared to the sample with x = 0.05.
以 Li3V2(PO4)3/C 为正极的锂离子电池是近年来的热门研究课题,但有关外磁场对其影响的研究却较少见。本研究从微观层面研究了平行于正负极方向的外磁场对离子通过掺铁 Li3(V1-xFex)2(PO4)3、外碳涂层、薄膜/电解质/分离器直至锂金属电极的传输的影响。结果表明,对于掺杂量较低的 x = 0.05 样品,Li3(V1-xFex)2(PO4)3 的磁致伸缩膨胀效应和外层有序碳层的磁致伸缩收缩效应相互抵消,导致电池的能量和功率密度在外加磁场的作用下没有显著提高。相反,x = 0.1 样品的外层有序碳层没有磁致伸缩效应,但其能量和功率密度却能受到磁场的影响。在零磁场条件下,x = 0.05 样品的循环性能显示出卓越的平均容量性能,而 x = 0.1 样品则显示出较低的衰减率。两个样品都受到磁场的影响,但 x = 0.1 样品在磁场条件下的表现更好。特别是在磁场下的 C 速率测试中,x = 0.1 样品的容量衰减率比 x = 0.05 样品显著降低了 20.18%。
{"title":"Investigation of Lithium–Ion Battery Performance Utilizing Magnetic Controllable Superionic Conductor Li3(V1–xFex)2(PO4)3/C (x = 0.05 and 0.10)","authors":"Yu-Ting Lee, Yi-Tsen Chen, Jun-Yi Cheng, Chun-Chuen Yang* and Kuen-Song Lin, ","doi":"10.1021/acsomega.4c01757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c01757","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Lithium–ion batteries with Li<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>/C as the cathode have been a popular research topic in recent years; however, studies of the effects of external magnetic fields on them are less common. This study investigates the effects of an external magnetic field applied parallel to the direction of the anode and cathode on the ion transport through iron-doped Li<sub>3</sub>(V<sub>1–<i>x</i></sub>Fe<sub><i>x</i></sub>)<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>, the outer carbon coating, the film/electrolyte/separator, and up to the lithium metal electrode on a microscopic level. The results reveal that for the <i>x</i> = 0.05 sample with lower doping, the magnetostriction expansion of Li<sub>3</sub>(V<sub>1–<i>x</i></sub>Fe<sub><i>x</i></sub>)<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> and the magnetostrictive contraction effect of the outer ordered carbon layer cancel each other out, resulting in no significant enhancement of the battery’s energy and power density due to the external magnetic field. In contrast, the <i>x</i> = 0.1 sample, lacking magnetostrictive contraction in the outer ordered carbon layer, shows that its energy and power density can be influenced by the magnetic field. Under zero magnetic field, the cyclic performance exhibits superior average capacity performance in the <i>x</i> = 0.05 sample, while the <i>x</i> = 0.1 sample shows a lower decay rate. Both samples are affected by the magnetic field; however, the <i>x</i> = 0.1 sample performs better under magnetic conditions. In particular, in the C-rate tests under a magnetic field, the sample with <i>x</i> = 0.1 showed a significant relative reduction in capacity decay rate by 20.18% compared to the sample with <i>x</i> = 0.05.</p>","PeriodicalId":22,"journal":{"name":"ACS Omega","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsomega.4c01757","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141536519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}