Pub Date : 2024-02-04eCollection Date: 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1177/20420986241228119
Antonio Lomeli-Silva, Homero Contreras-Salinas, Mayra Yolanda Barajas-Virgen, Maria Soledad Romero-Lopez, Lourdes Yolotzin Rodríguez-Herrera
To perform optimal monitoring of the safety profile in the postmarketing phase, Marketing Authorization Holders and National Regulatory Authorities (NRAs) must evaluate the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) that occurred and characterize their nature, frequency, and severity. Management is possible through Individual Case Safety Reports (ICSRs), which are the reports of organized and processed data. Globally, the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) E2B guideline suggests harmonized activities for the ICSR electronic content and transmission. In America, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) is the agency responsible to implement cooperation among its members, which are recognized as National Regulatory Authorities of Reference (NRARs) such as Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, and the United States. PAHO published the 'Good Pharmacovigilance Practices for the Americas' suggesting improvement and harmonization in the region. After reviewing the regulatory framework, it is assumed that all NRARs have a regulated ICSR transmission system (i.e. a systematic vigilance system for collecting, analyzing, and disseminating information from ADRs). However, significant differences exist, such as the requirement for social media vigilance, expedited and non-expedited ICSRs, coding, severity, and transmission. The volume of ICSRs has significantly increased, due to using electronic standards managed by the NRAs, which facilitates early identification of new ADRs, allowing the implementation of novel minimization activities, contributing to the continuous assessment of the benefit-risk balance of medicines. Nevertheless, there is still area for improvement, especially in Latin America.
{"title":"Harmonization of individual case safety reports transmission requirements among PAHO reference authorities: a review of their current regulation.","authors":"Antonio Lomeli-Silva, Homero Contreras-Salinas, Mayra Yolanda Barajas-Virgen, Maria Soledad Romero-Lopez, Lourdes Yolotzin Rodríguez-Herrera","doi":"10.1177/20420986241228119","DOIUrl":"10.1177/20420986241228119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To perform optimal monitoring of the safety profile in the postmarketing phase, Marketing Authorization Holders and National Regulatory Authorities (NRAs) must evaluate the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) that occurred and characterize their nature, frequency, and severity. Management is possible through Individual Case Safety Reports (ICSRs), which are the reports of organized and processed data. Globally, the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) E2B guideline suggests harmonized activities for the ICSR electronic content and transmission. In America, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) is the agency responsible to implement cooperation among its members, which are recognized as National Regulatory Authorities of Reference (NRARs) such as Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, and the United States. PAHO published the 'Good Pharmacovigilance Practices for the Americas' suggesting improvement and harmonization in the region. After reviewing the regulatory framework, it is assumed that all NRARs have a regulated ICSR transmission system (i.e. a systematic vigilance system for collecting, analyzing, and disseminating information from ADRs). However, significant differences exist, such as the requirement for social media vigilance, expedited and non-expedited ICSRs, coding, severity, and transmission. The volume of ICSRs has significantly increased, due to using electronic standards managed by the NRAs, which facilitates early identification of new ADRs, allowing the implementation of novel minimization activities, contributing to the continuous assessment of the benefit-risk balance of medicines. Nevertheless, there is still area for improvement, especially in Latin America.</p>","PeriodicalId":23012,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10846002/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139698385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-04eCollection Date: 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1177/20420986241228129
Jesus Ruiz Ramos, Aitor Alquézar-Arbé, Ana Juanes Borrego, Guillermo Burillo Putze, Sira Aguiló, Javier Jacob, Cesáreo Fernández, Pere Llorens, Francisco de Borja Quero Espinosa, Susana Gordo Remartinez, Rocio Hernando González, Miguel Moreno Martín, Sara Sánchez Aroca, Alicia Sara Knabe, Rebeca González González, Marina Carrión Fernández, Alberto Artieda Larrañaga, Maria Adroher Muñoz, Jeong-Uh Hong Cho, María Teresa Escolar Martínez Berganza, Sara Gayoso Martín, Goretti Sánchez Sindín, Martina Silva Penas, Bárbara Gómez Y Gómez, Roser Arenos Sambro, Juan González Del Castillo, Òscar Miró
Background: Polypharmacy is a growing phenomenon among elderly individuals. However, there is little information about the frequency of polypharmacy among the elderly population treated in emergency departments (EDs) and its prognostic effect. This study aims to determine the prevalence and short-term prognostic effect of polypharmacy in elderly patients treated in EDs.
Methods: A retrospective analysis of the Emergency Department Elderly in Needs (EDEN) project's cohort was performed. This registry included all elderly patients who attended 52 Spanish EDs for any condition. Mild and severe polypharmacy was defined as the use of 5-9 drugs and ⩾10 drugs, respectively. The assessed outcomes were ED revisits, hospital readmissions, and mortality 30 days after discharge. Crude and adjusted logistic regression analyses, including the patient's comorbidities, were performed.
Results: A total of 25,557 patients were evaluated [mean age: 78 (IQR: 71-84) years]; 10,534 (41.2%) and 5678 (22.2%) patients presented with mild and severe polypharmacy, respectively. In the adjusted analysis, mild polypharmacy and severe polypharmacy were associated with an increase in ED revisits [odds ratio (OR) 1.13 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04-1.23) and 1.38 (95% CI: 1.24-1.51)] and hospital readmissions [OR 1.18 (95% CI: 1.04-1.35) and 1.36 (95% CI: 1.16-1.60)], respectively, compared to non-polypharmacy. Mild and severe polypharmacy were not associated with increased 30-day mortality [OR 1.05 (95% CI: 0.89-2.26) and OR 0.89 (95% CI: 0.72-1.12)], respectively.
Conclusion: Polypharmacy was common among the elderly treated in EDs and associated with increased risks of ED revisits and hospital readmissions ⩽30 days but not with an increased risk of 30-day mortality. Patients with polypharmacy had a higher risk of ED revisits and hospital readmissions ⩽30 days after discharge.
{"title":"Short-term prognosis of polypharmacy in elderly patients treated in emergency departments: results from the EDEN project.","authors":"Jesus Ruiz Ramos, Aitor Alquézar-Arbé, Ana Juanes Borrego, Guillermo Burillo Putze, Sira Aguiló, Javier Jacob, Cesáreo Fernández, Pere Llorens, Francisco de Borja Quero Espinosa, Susana Gordo Remartinez, Rocio Hernando González, Miguel Moreno Martín, Sara Sánchez Aroca, Alicia Sara Knabe, Rebeca González González, Marina Carrión Fernández, Alberto Artieda Larrañaga, Maria Adroher Muñoz, Jeong-Uh Hong Cho, María Teresa Escolar Martínez Berganza, Sara Gayoso Martín, Goretti Sánchez Sindín, Martina Silva Penas, Bárbara Gómez Y Gómez, Roser Arenos Sambro, Juan González Del Castillo, Òscar Miró","doi":"10.1177/20420986241228129","DOIUrl":"10.1177/20420986241228129","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Polypharmacy is a growing phenomenon among elderly individuals. However, there is little information about the frequency of polypharmacy among the elderly population treated in emergency departments (EDs) and its prognostic effect. This study aims to determine the prevalence and short-term prognostic effect of polypharmacy in elderly patients treated in EDs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis of the Emergency Department Elderly in Needs (EDEN) project's cohort was performed. This registry included all elderly patients who attended 52 Spanish EDs for any condition. Mild and severe polypharmacy was defined as the use of 5-9 drugs and ⩾10 drugs, respectively. The assessed outcomes were ED revisits, hospital readmissions, and mortality 30 days after discharge. Crude and adjusted logistic regression analyses, including the patient's comorbidities, were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 25,557 patients were evaluated [mean age: 78 (IQR: 71-84) years]; 10,534 (41.2%) and 5678 (22.2%) patients presented with mild and severe polypharmacy, respectively. In the adjusted analysis, mild polypharmacy and severe polypharmacy were associated with an increase in ED revisits [odds ratio (OR) 1.13 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04-1.23) and 1.38 (95% CI: 1.24-1.51)] and hospital readmissions [OR 1.18 (95% CI: 1.04-1.35) and 1.36 (95% CI: 1.16-1.60)], respectively, compared to non-polypharmacy. Mild and severe polypharmacy were not associated with increased 30-day mortality [OR 1.05 (95% CI: 0.89-2.26) and OR 0.89 (95% CI: 0.72-1.12)], respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Polypharmacy was common among the elderly treated in EDs and associated with increased risks of ED revisits and hospital readmissions ⩽30 days but not with an increased risk of 30-day mortality. Patients with polypharmacy had a higher risk of ED revisits and hospital readmissions ⩽30 days after discharge.</p>","PeriodicalId":23012,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10846059/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139698386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Connective tissue diseases (CTD), including systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), have long been treated with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). However, prolonged HCQ use poses a risk of adverse effects, particularly retinopathy.
Objective: To detect early retinal changes assessed by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in CTD patients with long-term HCQ treatment and to explore the relationship between OCTA parameters and the concentrations of HCQ and its metabolites.
Design: A cross-sectional study conducted from March 2020 to October 2021 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University.
Methods: The area and perimeter of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ), the thickness of the fovea and parafovea, and the vascular density of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) in each area of the macula were measured by OCTA in 43 CTD patients treated with HCQ for over 6 months. Meantime, blood concentrations of HCQ and its metabolites were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and the clinical documents of all 43 involved patients were collected.
Results: There is no significant correlation between OCTA outcomes and the patient's age, disease duration, and weight-dependent dose. HCQ cumulative duration positively correlated with FAZ area and perimeter (r = 0.419, p = 0.005 and r = 0.407, p = 0.007, respectively) and negatively correlated with the foveal vessel density in DCP (r = -0.378, p = 0.012). HCQ cumulative dose had a positive correlation with FAZ area and perimeter (r = 0.445, p = 0.003 and r = 0.434, p = 0.004, respectively) and had a negative correlation with foveal vessel density in SCP and DCP (r = -0.383, p = 0.011 and r = -0.424, p = 0.005, respectively). OCTA outcomes did not correlate with HCQ and its metabolite concentrations.
Conclusion: OCTA could be used to detect microvascular changes in the macula of CTD patients with long-term HCQ therapy. It was not found the concentrations of HCQ and its metabolites were associated with retinal vascular changes.
背景:结缔组织疾病(CTD),包括系统性红斑狼疮和类风湿性关节炎(RA),长期以来一直使用羟氯喹(HCQ)治疗。然而,长期使用 HCQ 会带来不良反应的风险,尤其是视网膜病变:通过光学相干断层血管造影术(OCTA)检测长期接受HCQ治疗的CTD患者视网膜的早期变化,并探讨OCTA参数与HCQ及其代谢物浓度之间的关系:设计:2020年3月至2021年10月在安徽医科大学第一附属医院进行的横断面研究:方法:对43例接受HCQ治疗6个月以上的CTD患者进行OCTA检查,测量黄斑部眼窝无血管区(FAZ)的面积和周长、眼窝和眼窝旁的厚度、浅层毛细血管丛(SCP)和深层毛细血管丛(DCP)的血管密度。同时,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定了血液中HCQ及其代谢物的浓度,并收集了所有43名患者的临床资料:结果:OCTA结果与患者的年龄、病程和体重依赖性剂量无明显相关性。HCQ累积持续时间与FAZ面积和周长呈正相关(分别为r = 0.419,p = 0.005和r = 0.407,p = 0.007),与DCP的眼窝血管密度呈负相关(r = -0.378,p = 0.012)。HCQ 累积剂量与 FAZ 面积和周长呈正相关(分别为 r = 0.445,p = 0.003 和 r = 0.434,p = 0.004),与 SCP 和 DCP 的眼窝血管密度呈负相关(分别为 r = -0.383,p = 0.011 和 r = -0.424,p = 0.005)。结论:OCTA结果与HCQ及其代谢物浓度无关:结论:OCTA 可用于检测长期接受 HCQ 治疗的 CTD 患者黄斑部微血管的变化。结论:OCTA可用于检测长期接受HCQ治疗的CTD患者黄斑部微血管的变化,但未发现HCQ及其代谢物的浓度与视网膜血管变化有关。
{"title":"Evaluation of early retinal changes in patients on long-term hydroxychloroquine using optical coherence tomography angiography.","authors":"Huanhuan Zhao, Menglu Pan, Yaping Liu, Fangyue Cheng, Zongwen Shuai","doi":"10.1177/20420986231225851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20420986231225851","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Connective tissue diseases (CTD), including systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), have long been treated with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). However, prolonged HCQ use poses a risk of adverse effects, particularly retinopathy.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To detect early retinal changes assessed by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in CTD patients with long-term HCQ treatment and to explore the relationship between OCTA parameters and the concentrations of HCQ and its metabolites.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>A cross-sectional study conducted from March 2020 to October 2021 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The area and perimeter of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ), the thickness of the fovea and parafovea, and the vascular density of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) in each area of the macula were measured by OCTA in 43 CTD patients treated with HCQ for over 6 months. Meantime, blood concentrations of HCQ and its metabolites were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and the clinical documents of all 43 involved patients were collected.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There is no significant correlation between OCTA outcomes and the patient's age, disease duration, and weight-dependent dose. HCQ cumulative duration positively correlated with FAZ area and perimeter (<i>r</i> = 0.419, <i>p</i> = 0.005 and <i>r</i> = 0.407, <i>p</i> = 0.007, respectively) and negatively correlated with the foveal vessel density in DCP (<i>r</i> = -0.378, <i>p</i> = 0.012). HCQ cumulative dose had a positive correlation with FAZ area and perimeter (<i>r</i> = 0.445, <i>p</i> = 0.003 and <i>r</i> = 0.434, <i>p</i> = 0.004, respectively) and had a negative correlation with foveal vessel density in SCP and DCP (<i>r</i> = -0.383, <i>p</i> = 0.011 and <i>r</i> = -0.424, <i>p</i> = 0.005, respectively). OCTA outcomes did not correlate with HCQ and its metabolite concentrations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>OCTA could be used to detect microvascular changes in the macula of CTD patients with long-term HCQ therapy. It was not found the concentrations of HCQ and its metabolites were associated with retinal vascular changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":23012,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10823852/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139672753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1177/20420986231225850
G. Sabblah, F. van Hunsel, K. Taxis, Mahama Duwiejua, S. K. Seaneke, Eugène van Puijenbroek
Medication errors (MEs) by caregivers at home are a cause of morbidity and mortality, shortly after discharge from the hospital. The objective of this study was to determine the rate and types of MEs at the homes of children discharged from a hospital in Ghana and to explore the factors associated with these errors. This was a cross-sectional study of infants and children discharged from the hospital to review medication administration practices. Caregivers of children discharged from the hospital after at least 24 hours of admission were interviewed at their homes about medication administration practices. The study assessed potential harm associated with MEs made by caregivers using the Harm Associated with Medication Error Classification tool. The Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator regression were used to identify the variables associated with MEs. A total of 95 children (mean age: 28.6 months, 52.6% female) and their caregivers were included. Overall, 65 (68.4%) children experienced one or more MEs. Out of a total of 232 medications reviewed, 102 (44.0%) (95% CI: 37.6–50.4) were associated with a ME. The top two errors, wrong time errors and errors in the frequency of dosing were, 45.1% and 21.6%, respectively. Understanding the information on the disease condition being treated and the medicines dispensed was associated with committing fewer MEs. The number of medicines prescribed was associated with a higher likelihood of MEs. Out of 102 MEs, 48 (47.1%) were assessed as posing potentially no harm, 26 (25.5%) minor harm, 15 (14.7%) moderate harm, and 13 (12.8%) serious harm to the patients. Importantly, none of the MEs were assessed as posing potentially severe or life-threatening harm to the patients. MEs in children following discharge are high, and systems should be developed to prevent these errors.
出院后不久,护理人员在家中的用药错误(ME)是导致发病和死亡的原因之一。本研究旨在确定加纳一家医院的出院儿童在家中用药错误的发生率和类型,并探讨与这些错误相关的因素。这是一项针对出院婴儿和儿童的横断面研究,目的是审查用药方法。在入院至少 24 小时后出院的儿童家中,对其护理人员进行了有关用药方法的访谈。研究使用 "用药错误相关伤害分类工具 "评估了护理人员用药错误可能造成的伤害。研究采用最小绝对缩减法和选择操作器回归法来确定与 ME 相关的变量。共纳入了 95 名儿童(平均年龄:28.6 个月,52.6% 为女性)及其照顾者。总体而言,65 名儿童(68.4%)经历了一次或多次 ME。在审查的 232 种药物中,102 种(44.0%)(95% CI:37.6-50.4)与 ME 有关。错误用药时间和用药频率分别占 45.1%和 21.6%。了解所治疗疾病的信息和所配药物与较少发生 ME 有关。处方药的数量与发生 ME 的可能性较高有关。在 102 例 "医疗违规 "中,48 例(47.1%)被评估为对患者可能不造成伤害,26 例(25.5%)造成轻微伤害,15 例(14.7%)造成中度伤害,13 例(12.8%)造成严重伤害。重要的是,没有一项ME被评估为可能对患者造成严重或危及生命的伤害。儿童出院后的 ME 发生率很高,因此应制定相关制度来防止这些错误的发生。
{"title":"Medication errors by caregivers in the homes of children discharged from a pediatric department in Ghana","authors":"G. Sabblah, F. van Hunsel, K. Taxis, Mahama Duwiejua, S. K. Seaneke, Eugène van Puijenbroek","doi":"10.1177/20420986231225850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20420986231225850","url":null,"abstract":"Medication errors (MEs) by caregivers at home are a cause of morbidity and mortality, shortly after discharge from the hospital. The objective of this study was to determine the rate and types of MEs at the homes of children discharged from a hospital in Ghana and to explore the factors associated with these errors. This was a cross-sectional study of infants and children discharged from the hospital to review medication administration practices. Caregivers of children discharged from the hospital after at least 24 hours of admission were interviewed at their homes about medication administration practices. The study assessed potential harm associated with MEs made by caregivers using the Harm Associated with Medication Error Classification tool. The Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator regression were used to identify the variables associated with MEs. A total of 95 children (mean age: 28.6 months, 52.6% female) and their caregivers were included. Overall, 65 (68.4%) children experienced one or more MEs. Out of a total of 232 medications reviewed, 102 (44.0%) (95% CI: 37.6–50.4) were associated with a ME. The top two errors, wrong time errors and errors in the frequency of dosing were, 45.1% and 21.6%, respectively. Understanding the information on the disease condition being treated and the medicines dispensed was associated with committing fewer MEs. The number of medicines prescribed was associated with a higher likelihood of MEs. Out of 102 MEs, 48 (47.1%) were assessed as posing potentially no harm, 26 (25.5%) minor harm, 15 (14.7%) moderate harm, and 13 (12.8%) serious harm to the patients. Importantly, none of the MEs were assessed as posing potentially severe or life-threatening harm to the patients. MEs in children following discharge are high, and systems should be developed to prevent these errors.","PeriodicalId":23012,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139634574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1177/20420986241226566
Jessica Rose, Nicolas Hulscher, Peter A McCullough
Following the roll-out of the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2, Moderna mRNA-1273, and Janssen Ad26.COV2.S coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) injections in the United States, millions of individuals have reported adverse events (AEs) using the vaccine adverse events reports system (VAERS). The objective of this analysis is to describe the myocarditis data in VAERS and the COVID-19 vaccines as potential determinants of myocarditis. We used VAERS data to examine the frequency of reporting myocarditis since the beginning of the mass vaccination campaign and compared this with historical values in VAERS and COVID-19 vaccine administration data from the Our World in Data database. We examined myocarditis reports in VAERS in the context of sex, age, and dose. Statistical analysis was done using the Student’s t-test to determine statistically significant differences between ages among myocarditis adverse events (AEs) and the chi-square test to determine relationships between categorical variables with statistical significance. We found the number of myocarditis reports in VAERS after COVID-19 vaccination in 2021 was 223 times higher than the average of all vaccines combined for the past 30 years. This represented a 2500% increase in the absolute number of reports in the first year of the campaign when comparing historical values prior to 2021. Demographic data revealed that myocarditis occurred most in youths (50%) and males (69%). A total of 76% of cases resulted in emergency care and hospitalization. Of the total myocarditis reports, 92 individuals died (3%). Myocarditis was more likely after dose 2 ( p < 0.00001) and individuals less than 30 years of age were more likely than individuals older than 30 to acquire myocarditis ( p < 0.00001). COVID-19 vaccination is strongly associated with a serious adverse safety signal of myocarditis, particularly in children and young adults resulting in hospitalization and death. Further investigation into the underlying mechanisms of COVID-19 vaccine-induced myocarditis is imperative to create effective mitigation strategies and ensure the safety of COVID-19 vaccination programs across populations.
{"title":"Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine-induced myocarditis","authors":"Jessica Rose, Nicolas Hulscher, Peter A McCullough","doi":"10.1177/20420986241226566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20420986241226566","url":null,"abstract":"Following the roll-out of the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2, Moderna mRNA-1273, and Janssen Ad26.COV2.S coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) injections in the United States, millions of individuals have reported adverse events (AEs) using the vaccine adverse events reports system (VAERS). The objective of this analysis is to describe the myocarditis data in VAERS and the COVID-19 vaccines as potential determinants of myocarditis. We used VAERS data to examine the frequency of reporting myocarditis since the beginning of the mass vaccination campaign and compared this with historical values in VAERS and COVID-19 vaccine administration data from the Our World in Data database. We examined myocarditis reports in VAERS in the context of sex, age, and dose. Statistical analysis was done using the Student’s t-test to determine statistically significant differences between ages among myocarditis adverse events (AEs) and the chi-square test to determine relationships between categorical variables with statistical significance. We found the number of myocarditis reports in VAERS after COVID-19 vaccination in 2021 was 223 times higher than the average of all vaccines combined for the past 30 years. This represented a 2500% increase in the absolute number of reports in the first year of the campaign when comparing historical values prior to 2021. Demographic data revealed that myocarditis occurred most in youths (50%) and males (69%). A total of 76% of cases resulted in emergency care and hospitalization. Of the total myocarditis reports, 92 individuals died (3%). Myocarditis was more likely after dose 2 ( p < 0.00001) and individuals less than 30 years of age were more likely than individuals older than 30 to acquire myocarditis ( p < 0.00001). COVID-19 vaccination is strongly associated with a serious adverse safety signal of myocarditis, particularly in children and young adults resulting in hospitalization and death. Further investigation into the underlying mechanisms of COVID-19 vaccine-induced myocarditis is imperative to create effective mitigation strategies and ensure the safety of COVID-19 vaccination programs across populations.","PeriodicalId":23012,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139635443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1177/20420986231224227
Tingting Jiang, Hui Su, Jing Xu, Chen Li, Ni Zhang, Yanping Li, Yuanlin Wu, Rui Ni, Yue Ming, Zi-wei Li, Li Li, Yao Liu
Drug-induced interstitial lung disease (DILD) is an increasingly common cause of morbidity and mortality. However, due to the lack of specificity, DILD detection remains an unsolved public health challenge. For the first time, we aimed to examine DILD reports submitted to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) to identify demographic characteristics and top drugs associated with DILD at a group level (including age, sex, drug class, and country stratification) and individual drug level. A retrospective analysis of the FAERS database was examined by disproportionality analysis. We reviewed the FAERS database from 2004 to 2021, using search terms ‘interstitial lung disease’ and sorting cases by generic drug name. The reporting odds ratio, proportional reporting ratio, and Bayesian confidence propagation neural network were calculated as the measure of strength of association. There were 32,821 DILD reports in the FAERS. After excluding reports without age, sex, or country data according to the specific measurement, the median age of patients was 68 (interquartile range: 59), 54.77% were male, and 46.00% of reports came from Japan. The top drug classes related to DILD in the FAERS were antineoplastic, followed by cardiovascular and antirheumatic agents, in varying order in different sexes. Fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki, ramucirumab, and eribulin were the top three drugs with the highest strength of association. We also found some drugs without DILD in the labels, such as amiodarone, temsirolimus, and ursodiol. There are significant differences in DILD reports in various countries. For example, the United States and France reported more cardiovascular agents, whereas Canada reported more antirheumatic agents. We found the top drugs and drug classes that were associated with DILD in the FAERS, which provides a real-world window for different ages, sexes, and countries to formulate precise pharmacovigilance policies.
{"title":"Drug-induced interstitial lung disease: a real-world pharmacovigilance study of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System from 2004 to 2021","authors":"Tingting Jiang, Hui Su, Jing Xu, Chen Li, Ni Zhang, Yanping Li, Yuanlin Wu, Rui Ni, Yue Ming, Zi-wei Li, Li Li, Yao Liu","doi":"10.1177/20420986231224227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20420986231224227","url":null,"abstract":"Drug-induced interstitial lung disease (DILD) is an increasingly common cause of morbidity and mortality. However, due to the lack of specificity, DILD detection remains an unsolved public health challenge. For the first time, we aimed to examine DILD reports submitted to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) to identify demographic characteristics and top drugs associated with DILD at a group level (including age, sex, drug class, and country stratification) and individual drug level. A retrospective analysis of the FAERS database was examined by disproportionality analysis. We reviewed the FAERS database from 2004 to 2021, using search terms ‘interstitial lung disease’ and sorting cases by generic drug name. The reporting odds ratio, proportional reporting ratio, and Bayesian confidence propagation neural network were calculated as the measure of strength of association. There were 32,821 DILD reports in the FAERS. After excluding reports without age, sex, or country data according to the specific measurement, the median age of patients was 68 (interquartile range: 59), 54.77% were male, and 46.00% of reports came from Japan. The top drug classes related to DILD in the FAERS were antineoplastic, followed by cardiovascular and antirheumatic agents, in varying order in different sexes. Fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki, ramucirumab, and eribulin were the top three drugs with the highest strength of association. We also found some drugs without DILD in the labels, such as amiodarone, temsirolimus, and ursodiol. There are significant differences in DILD reports in various countries. For example, the United States and France reported more cardiovascular agents, whereas Canada reported more antirheumatic agents. We found the top drugs and drug classes that were associated with DILD in the FAERS, which provides a real-world window for different ages, sexes, and countries to formulate precise pharmacovigilance policies.","PeriodicalId":23012,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139637784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1177/20420986241227014
F. Shaikh, Rochelle Wynne, Ronald L. Castelino, Sally C. Inglis, Patricia M. Davidson, Caleb Ferguson
Atrial fibrillation (AF) and obesity are common conditions globally; yet, there remains suboptimal pharmacological management contributing to high rates of hospitalization in patients with AF. The altered pathophysiology of both obese and underweight individuals may influence the pharmacology of medications, including those used to manage AF. This, in turn, increases the risk of adverse events and impacts patient risk for stroke and rehospitalization. Despite the well-established complications of obesity, research investigating the relationship between obesity and AF is scant. The primary aim of this study is to describe cardiovascular-related hospitalization in AF patients according to BMI categories. A secondary aim is to describe anticoagulant and antiarrhythmic prescribing practice patterns in patients with AF, according to the BMI category. A retrospective, exploratory descriptive observational cohort study, using routinely collected electronic medical record data from five public hospitals within a single health district, with a population dominantly that is culturally and linguistically diverse, and has a low socioeconomic status. Data extraction will include a 24-month period (January 2017 to December 2018) with a 12-month follow-up. All adult (⩾18 years) patients at discharge diagnosed with AF, prescribed any oral anticoagulant and/or oral rate/rhythm control agent, will be eligible for inclusion. Ethics approval from the health district and the University of Wollongong has been granted. Findings will seek to demonstrate associations between management strategies and patient outcomes, as well as describe patterns of acute care management from prescribers. These data will be used to inform and generate hypotheses for large-scale studies examining the impact of body weight on anticoagulation prescribing at national and global scales.
{"title":"Direct oral anticoagulant use in hospitalized patients with atrial fibrillation across body mass index categories: design and rationale for a retrospective cohort study","authors":"F. Shaikh, Rochelle Wynne, Ronald L. Castelino, Sally C. Inglis, Patricia M. Davidson, Caleb Ferguson","doi":"10.1177/20420986241227014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20420986241227014","url":null,"abstract":"Atrial fibrillation (AF) and obesity are common conditions globally; yet, there remains suboptimal pharmacological management contributing to high rates of hospitalization in patients with AF. The altered pathophysiology of both obese and underweight individuals may influence the pharmacology of medications, including those used to manage AF. This, in turn, increases the risk of adverse events and impacts patient risk for stroke and rehospitalization. Despite the well-established complications of obesity, research investigating the relationship between obesity and AF is scant. The primary aim of this study is to describe cardiovascular-related hospitalization in AF patients according to BMI categories. A secondary aim is to describe anticoagulant and antiarrhythmic prescribing practice patterns in patients with AF, according to the BMI category. A retrospective, exploratory descriptive observational cohort study, using routinely collected electronic medical record data from five public hospitals within a single health district, with a population dominantly that is culturally and linguistically diverse, and has a low socioeconomic status. Data extraction will include a 24-month period (January 2017 to December 2018) with a 12-month follow-up. All adult (⩾18 years) patients at discharge diagnosed with AF, prescribed any oral anticoagulant and/or oral rate/rhythm control agent, will be eligible for inclusion. Ethics approval from the health district and the University of Wollongong has been granted. Findings will seek to demonstrate associations between management strategies and patient outcomes, as well as describe patterns of acute care management from prescribers. These data will be used to inform and generate hypotheses for large-scale studies examining the impact of body weight on anticoagulation prescribing at national and global scales.","PeriodicalId":23012,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139636334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1177/20420986231224236
Cuilv Liang, Qiying Chen, Yin Zhang
Studies have shown conflicting results when using thrombopoietin-related drugs (TPORD) for thromboembolic events (TEEs). Our study aimed to explore the correlation between TPORDs and TEEs. Drug-targeted Mendelian randomization (MR) and multivariate MR (MVMR) analysis were used to explore the causal relationship between TPORDs and TEEs such as venous thromboembolism (VTE), deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic stroke (STR). At the same time, a real-world study was conducted by extracting adverse events (AEs) from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System database included in AERSMine to further validate our findings. In drug-target MR, TPORDs were associated with VTE (OR = 1.193, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.001–1.423, p = 0.049], DVT (OR = 1.321, 95% CI: 1.027–1.700, p = 0.030), MI (OR = 1.216, 95% CI: 1.010–1.464, p = 0.039), STR (OR = 1.224, 95% CI: 1.021–1.468, p = 0.029). VTE/DVT/STR remained stable in MVMR (VTE: OR = 1.3, 95% CI: 1.187–1.422, p < 0.001; DVT: OR = 1.465,95% CI:1.285–1.671, p < 0.001; STR: OR = 1.119, 95% CI: 1.018–1.229, p = 0.019) and real-world studies [lower bound of proportional reporting ratio (ROR) greater than 1]. The significance of myocardial infarction disappeared in MVMR (OR = 0.996, 95% CI: 0.894–1.109, p = 0.942) and in real-world studies (lower ROR lower than 1). There was no evidence of a causal relationship between TPORD and PE (OR = 1.244, 95% CI: 0.969-1.597, p = 0.087), but it generated a signal from a real-world study (lower bound of ROR greater than 1). This study suggests that TPORDs may be associated with an increased risk of TEEs, particularly AEs leading to VTE/DVT/STR. In addition, the relationship between TPORDs and PE/MI is debatable and requires more research.
{"title":"Association of thrombopoietin-related drugs with thromboembolic events: Mendelian randomization and a real-world study","authors":"Cuilv Liang, Qiying Chen, Yin Zhang","doi":"10.1177/20420986231224236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20420986231224236","url":null,"abstract":"Studies have shown conflicting results when using thrombopoietin-related drugs (TPORD) for thromboembolic events (TEEs). Our study aimed to explore the correlation between TPORDs and TEEs. Drug-targeted Mendelian randomization (MR) and multivariate MR (MVMR) analysis were used to explore the causal relationship between TPORDs and TEEs such as venous thromboembolism (VTE), deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic stroke (STR). At the same time, a real-world study was conducted by extracting adverse events (AEs) from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System database included in AERSMine to further validate our findings. In drug-target MR, TPORDs were associated with VTE (OR = 1.193, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.001–1.423, p = 0.049], DVT (OR = 1.321, 95% CI: 1.027–1.700, p = 0.030), MI (OR = 1.216, 95% CI: 1.010–1.464, p = 0.039), STR (OR = 1.224, 95% CI: 1.021–1.468, p = 0.029). VTE/DVT/STR remained stable in MVMR (VTE: OR = 1.3, 95% CI: 1.187–1.422, p < 0.001; DVT: OR = 1.465,95% CI:1.285–1.671, p < 0.001; STR: OR = 1.119, 95% CI: 1.018–1.229, p = 0.019) and real-world studies [lower bound of proportional reporting ratio (ROR) greater than 1]. The significance of myocardial infarction disappeared in MVMR (OR = 0.996, 95% CI: 0.894–1.109, p = 0.942) and in real-world studies (lower ROR lower than 1). There was no evidence of a causal relationship between TPORD and PE (OR = 1.244, 95% CI: 0.969-1.597, p = 0.087), but it generated a signal from a real-world study (lower bound of ROR greater than 1). This study suggests that TPORDs may be associated with an increased risk of TEEs, particularly AEs leading to VTE/DVT/STR. In addition, the relationship between TPORDs and PE/MI is debatable and requires more research.","PeriodicalId":23012,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139639494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-25eCollection Date: 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1177/20420986231220222
Lingfeng Guo, Xinyu Zhu, Lei Zhang, Yichao Xu
Background: Candesartan cilexetil is a widely used angiotensin II receptor blocker with minimal adverse effects and high tolerability for the treatment of hypertension. Candesartan is administered orally as the prodrug candesartan cilexetil, which is wholly and swiftly converted to the active metabolite candesartan by carboxylesterase during absorption in the intestinal tract. In populations with renal or hepatic impairment, candesartan's pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior may be altered, necessitating dosage adjustments.
Objectives: This study was conducted to examine how the physiologically based PK (PBPK) model characterizes the PKs of candesartan in adult and geriatric populations and to predict the PKs of candesartan in elderly populations with renal and hepatic impairment.
Design: After developing PBPK models using the reported physicochemical properties of candesartan and clinical data, these models were validated using data from clinical investigations involving various dose ranges.
Methods: Comparing predicted and observed blood concentration data and PK parameters was used to assess the fit performance of the models.
Results: Doses should be reduced to approximately 94% of Chinese healthy adults for the Chinese healthy elderly population; approximately 92%, 68%, and 64% of that of the Chinese healthy adult dose in elderly populations with mild, moderate, and severe renal impairment, respectively; and approximately 72%, 71%, and 52% of that of the Chinese healthy adult dose in elderly populations with Child-Pugh-A, Child-Pugh-B, and Child-Pugh-C hepatic impairment, respectively.
Conclusion: The results suggest that the PBPK model of candesartan can be utilized to optimize dosage regimens for special populations.
{"title":"Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of candesartan to predict the exposure in hepatic and renal impairment and elderly populations.","authors":"Lingfeng Guo, Xinyu Zhu, Lei Zhang, Yichao Xu","doi":"10.1177/20420986231220222","DOIUrl":"10.1177/20420986231220222","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Candesartan cilexetil is a widely used angiotensin II receptor blocker with minimal adverse effects and high tolerability for the treatment of hypertension. Candesartan is administered orally as the prodrug candesartan cilexetil, which is wholly and swiftly converted to the active metabolite candesartan by carboxylesterase during absorption in the intestinal tract. In populations with renal or hepatic impairment, candesartan's pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior may be altered, necessitating dosage adjustments.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study was conducted to examine how the physiologically based PK (PBPK) model characterizes the PKs of candesartan in adult and geriatric populations and to predict the PKs of candesartan in elderly populations with renal and hepatic impairment.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>After developing PBPK models using the reported physicochemical properties of candesartan and clinical data, these models were validated using data from clinical investigations involving various dose ranges.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Comparing predicted and observed blood concentration data and PK parameters was used to assess the fit performance of the models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Doses should be reduced to approximately 94% of Chinese healthy adults for the Chinese healthy elderly population; approximately 92%, 68%, and 64% of that of the Chinese healthy adult dose in elderly populations with mild, moderate, and severe renal impairment, respectively; and approximately 72%, 71%, and 52% of that of the Chinese healthy adult dose in elderly populations with Child-Pugh-A, Child-Pugh-B, and Child-Pugh-C hepatic impairment, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results suggest that the PBPK model of candesartan can be utilized to optimize dosage regimens for special populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23012,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10752084/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139075104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}