Pub Date : 2019-09-12DOI: 10.1039/9781788018784-00137
M. Bates, O. Osibanjo
The issue of electronic (e-) waste is of growing concern across Africa. Increases in the use of personal computers, mobile phones and other electrical and electronic equipment has caused a rise in the disposal of end of life products in a continent where infrastructure for the environmentally sound treatment is scarce. This chapter reviews the impacts of the rise in e-waste across Africa. The illegal importation of e-waste and the demand for second hand items is considered. Data for Nigeria, Kenya and South Africa are considered as these countries are taking concrete steps to address and embed environmentally sound management of e-waste in their legislation and practices. The deleterious effects on people working in the sector are described along with the deterioration in the environment and potential long-term concerns if current practices are not improved. A range of initiatives and projects have been proposed to bring about change, such as Best of Two Worlds, an OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) model, as well as industrial recycling solutions. Recommendations are provided for the adoption of environmentally sound management of e-waste across Africa.
{"title":"Chapter 5. Management of Electronic Waste in Africa","authors":"M. Bates, O. Osibanjo","doi":"10.1039/9781788018784-00137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788018784-00137","url":null,"abstract":"The issue of electronic (e-) waste is of growing concern across Africa. Increases in the use of personal computers, mobile phones and other electrical and electronic equipment has caused a rise in the disposal of end of life products in a continent where infrastructure for the environmentally sound treatment is scarce. This chapter reviews the impacts of the rise in e-waste across Africa. The illegal importation of e-waste and the demand for second hand items is considered. Data for Nigeria, Kenya and South Africa are considered as these countries are taking concrete steps to address and embed environmentally sound management of e-waste in their legislation and practices. The deleterious effects on people working in the sector are described along with the deterioration in the environment and potential long-term concerns if current practices are not improved. A range of initiatives and projects have been proposed to bring about change, such as Best of Two Worlds, an OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) model, as well as industrial recycling solutions. Recommendations are provided for the adoption of environmentally sound management of e-waste across Africa.","PeriodicalId":230170,"journal":{"name":"Issues in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129354124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-06DOI: 10.1039/9781788018784-00188
A. Dindarian, Sid Chakravarthy
This chapter explores cases involving the use of blockchain-enabled technology in the waste management industry, particularly electronic waste management. In order to achieve the goals of a circular economy, adequate investment in waste management is important globally. However, little is known or understood about the role of blockchain technology within the waste management industry. In this chapter, a review of the application of blockchain in the waste management supply chain is presented, and its impact in terms of achieving sustainability goals, in particular the traceability of waste within the closed loop supply chain, is identified. In addition, an overview is provided of companies such as Provenance, Minespider and Bundel, among others applying these technologies. It is recommended that in order to benefit from blockchain technology within the waste management industry, all stakeholders will need to help create ecosystems that can make more effective use of emerging technologies in this sector.
{"title":"Chapter 7. Traceability of Electronic Waste Using Blockchain Technology","authors":"A. Dindarian, Sid Chakravarthy","doi":"10.1039/9781788018784-00188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788018784-00188","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores cases involving the use of blockchain-enabled technology in the waste management industry, particularly electronic waste management. In order to achieve the goals of a circular economy, adequate investment in waste management is important globally. However, little is known or understood about the role of blockchain technology within the waste management industry. In this chapter, a review of the application of blockchain in the waste management supply chain is presented, and its impact in terms of achieving sustainability goals, in particular the traceability of waste within the closed loop supply chain, is identified. In addition, an overview is provided of companies such as Provenance, Minespider and Bundel, among others applying these technologies. It is recommended that in order to benefit from blockchain technology within the waste management industry, all stakeholders will need to help create ecosystems that can make more effective use of emerging technologies in this sector.","PeriodicalId":230170,"journal":{"name":"Issues in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":" 34","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120943169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-06DOI: 10.1039/9781788018784-00166
S. Ghosh
The Asia-Pacific region, also referred to as APAC, describes more than 50 countries in East and South Asia, Southeast Asia and Oceania. In 2013 the total population of APAC stood at 4.3 billion, almost 60% of the world's population. APAC includes the two most populous countries, China and India. Economic growth has seen the region experience a steep growth in both the consumption of electrical and electronic products and in the generation of electronic waste (e-waste). The export of e-waste emerged as an international issue in the early 2000s, following the exposure of crude, unsophisticated e-waste recycling practices in many, particularly developing, countries, including countries in the APAC region. As a complex and relatively recent waste stream, countries worldwide, including countries in APAC, have been introducing specific legislation to enforce sound environmental treatment of e-waste. As yet, only a minority of states have national and regional e-waste legislation in force, effective management requires the active engagement of a diverse set of actors, often spanning national borders. Many APAC countries are now implementing or contemplating restrictions or bans on the importation of e-waste, an action that is likely to have far-ranging consequences for the global movement of e-waste (principally from developed to developing nations) that has hitherto been the mainstay of e-waste management.
{"title":"Chapter 6. Electronic Waste Management in the Asia Pacific Region","authors":"S. Ghosh","doi":"10.1039/9781788018784-00166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788018784-00166","url":null,"abstract":"The Asia-Pacific region, also referred to as APAC, describes more than 50 countries in East and South Asia, Southeast Asia and Oceania. In 2013 the total population of APAC stood at 4.3 billion, almost 60% of the world's population. APAC includes the two most populous countries, China and India. Economic growth has seen the region experience a steep growth in both the consumption of electrical and electronic products and in the generation of electronic waste (e-waste). The export of e-waste emerged as an international issue in the early 2000s, following the exposure of crude, unsophisticated e-waste recycling practices in many, particularly developing, countries, including countries in the APAC region. As a complex and relatively recent waste stream, countries worldwide, including countries in APAC, have been introducing specific legislation to enforce sound environmental treatment of e-waste. As yet, only a minority of states have national and regional e-waste legislation in force, effective management requires the active engagement of a diverse set of actors, often spanning national borders. Many APAC countries are now implementing or contemplating restrictions or bans on the importation of e-waste, an action that is likely to have far-ranging consequences for the global movement of e-waste (principally from developed to developing nations) that has hitherto been the mainstay of e-waste management.","PeriodicalId":230170,"journal":{"name":"Issues in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"22 6S 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115944063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-06DOI: 10.1039/9781788018784-00213
S. Opris
Today's economy is based on production and consumption, with ever-increasing consumption representing our prosperity. Although the economic value, and especially the financial one, seems to be the most important measure for companies, consumers also focus on the social benefit consumption can bring them. The consequential stress placed on global resources and society is having serious consequences, leading to the growing problem of toxic electronic waste. This chapter examines the problems of the production and consumption of electronics, and of the sector's major stakeholders, in particular, companies and consumers. To analyse the sector on a lifecycle basis, from production to waste generation, the triple bottom line (TBL) approach is used, alongside a company supply chain and customer journey. It is concluded that while current supply chain strategies are effective techniques for increasing companies’ economic values, these strategies are generally built on the assumption of infinite resources, and marginalise social and environmental impacts, generating negative impacts along each step on the supply chain, ultimately leading to toxic electronic waste. Often, company involvement in social responsibility is sporadic. On the other hand, consumers display an attitude-behaviour gap, the discrepancy between avowed sustainability concerns and actual purchasing and consumption decisions. Actions by companies, consumers and policymakers are proposed to better balance the economic, social and environmental pillars of sustainability.
{"title":"Chapter 8. Electronics: A Broken Story about Production and Consumption","authors":"S. Opris","doi":"10.1039/9781788018784-00213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788018784-00213","url":null,"abstract":"Today's economy is based on production and consumption, with ever-increasing consumption representing our prosperity. Although the economic value, and especially the financial one, seems to be the most important measure for companies, consumers also focus on the social benefit consumption can bring them. The consequential stress placed on global resources and society is having serious consequences, leading to the growing problem of toxic electronic waste. This chapter examines the problems of the production and consumption of electronics, and of the sector's major stakeholders, in particular, companies and consumers. To analyse the sector on a lifecycle basis, from production to waste generation, the triple bottom line (TBL) approach is used, alongside a company supply chain and customer journey. It is concluded that while current supply chain strategies are effective techniques for increasing companies’ economic values, these strategies are generally built on the assumption of infinite resources, and marginalise social and environmental impacts, generating negative impacts along each step on the supply chain, ultimately leading to toxic electronic waste. Often, company involvement in social responsibility is sporadic. On the other hand, consumers display an attitude-behaviour gap, the discrepancy between avowed sustainability concerns and actual purchasing and consumption decisions. Actions by companies, consumers and policymakers are proposed to better balance the economic, social and environmental pillars of sustainability.","PeriodicalId":230170,"journal":{"name":"Issues in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130743396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-06DOI: 10.1039/9781788018784-00033
M. Goosey, E. Goosey
Since the last decade there have been many changes to legislation impacting the manufacture of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), proscribing a wider range of input materials. The cases of lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium and brominated flame retardants in particular are examined. Product innovations have increasingly been made possible owing to the application of novel materials containing elements that are sometimes rare, expensive and in limited supply, so-called critical raw materials. This chapter discusses the issues surrounding the use of gallium, cobalt, tantalum, indium, antimony and silicon in EEE and in batteries. Along with the common thermoplastics, opportunities for closed loop or in-sector recycling exist but are currently not adequately exploited. The strengthening of key European Union Directives has required industry to adopt a more holistic approach to manufacture, with the emphasis being placed on all aspects of a product's lifecycle, from design to the end-of-life, with legislation and the economics of materials supply and lifecycle management being the key drivers for change. Applying ecodesign principles, which include materials selection, will lead to further integration of environmental considerations during the design and materials selection phases of a product. This will require changes in thinking and practice within the electronic and recycling industries which will address the waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) challenge.
{"title":"Chapter 2. Materials Used in Manufacturing Electrical and Electronic Products","authors":"M. Goosey, E. Goosey","doi":"10.1039/9781788018784-00033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788018784-00033","url":null,"abstract":"Since the last decade there have been many changes to legislation impacting the manufacture of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), proscribing a wider range of input materials. The cases of lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium and brominated flame retardants in particular are examined. Product innovations have increasingly been made possible owing to the application of novel materials containing elements that are sometimes rare, expensive and in limited supply, so-called critical raw materials. This chapter discusses the issues surrounding the use of gallium, cobalt, tantalum, indium, antimony and silicon in EEE and in batteries. Along with the common thermoplastics, opportunities for closed loop or in-sector recycling exist but are currently not adequately exploited. The strengthening of key European Union Directives has required industry to adopt a more holistic approach to manufacture, with the emphasis being placed on all aspects of a product's lifecycle, from design to the end-of-life, with legislation and the economics of materials supply and lifecycle management being the key drivers for change. Applying ecodesign principles, which include materials selection, will lead to further integration of environmental considerations during the design and materials selection phases of a product. This will require changes in thinking and practice within the electronic and recycling industries which will address the waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) challenge.","PeriodicalId":230170,"journal":{"name":"Issues in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116021158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-06DOI: 10.1039/9781788018784-00066
Marco Meloni
Almost 50 million tonnes of electronic waste are produced every year, exposing people and the environment to toxic substances such as lead, cadmium, chromium and brominated flame retardants, which can also accumulate in soils, water and food. This chapter explores electronic waste as a consequence of the current take-make-waste linear system and examines the benefits of shifting to a circular economy. A circular economy is an approach that entails gradually decoupling economic activity from the consumption of finite resources, and focuses on regenerating economic, human and natural capital. The transition towards a circular economy for electronics requires more than improved electronic waste management, it calls for creativity and innovation in design, reverse logistics, and business models. There are three essential ambitions that will facilitate this shift: (1) design, to keep products, components and materials in use for longer; (2) enhance reverse logistics, remanufacturing, parts harvesting and recycling processes; (3) put in place the right enabling conditions. This chapter tracks current progress in these fields, and showcases examples of designs, products and initiatives that are contributing to the transition. It also explores how the electronics sector itself can help accelerate the transition to the broader circular economy.
{"title":"Chapter 3. A Circular Economy for Consumer Electronics","authors":"Marco Meloni","doi":"10.1039/9781788018784-00066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788018784-00066","url":null,"abstract":"Almost 50 million tonnes of electronic waste are produced every year, exposing people and the environment to toxic substances such as lead, cadmium, chromium and brominated flame retardants, which can also accumulate in soils, water and food. This chapter explores electronic waste as a consequence of the current take-make-waste linear system and examines the benefits of shifting to a circular economy. A circular economy is an approach that entails gradually decoupling economic activity from the consumption of finite resources, and focuses on regenerating economic, human and natural capital. The transition towards a circular economy for electronics requires more than improved electronic waste management, it calls for creativity and innovation in design, reverse logistics, and business models. There are three essential ambitions that will facilitate this shift: (1) design, to keep products, components and materials in use for longer; (2) enhance reverse logistics, remanufacturing, parts harvesting and recycling processes; (3) put in place the right enabling conditions. This chapter tracks current progress in these fields, and showcases examples of designs, products and initiatives that are contributing to the transition. It also explores how the electronics sector itself can help accelerate the transition to the broader circular economy.","PeriodicalId":230170,"journal":{"name":"Issues in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132774310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-06DOI: 10.1039/9781788018784-00101
S. Reeve, G. Eduljee
The UK's system for the management of electronic waste is driven by the imperatives of the EU's policy and legislative landscape. Although generally meeting targets for collection, reuse and recycling in previous years, the UK fell short of newly defined EU targets in 2017 and 2018, with collection rates for electronic waste below expectations and stagnating. Weaknesses identified in the present UK system include poor capture and reporting of unregistered non-obligated flows resulting in differences between the waste generated and waste collected, the presence of free-riders such as unregistered online retailers, and thefts from processing sites. Improving the robustness, granularity and responsiveness of data on obligated and unreported electronics across the supply chain is seen as a key priority in setting credible targets for obligated producers. England's Resources and Waste Strategy contains several positive commitments that represent a step change from previous strategies: a review of the relevant regulations; increased partnership working, incorporating ecodesign incentives into the producer responsibility regime; and developing a product assurance scheme with a certified mark. Coupled with high profile voluntary schemes formalising public commitments of big brands, the prospects for electronic waste management in the UK seem positive, with actions shared between the private, public and third sectors.
{"title":"Chapter 4. An Overview of Electronic Waste Management in the UK","authors":"S. Reeve, G. Eduljee","doi":"10.1039/9781788018784-00101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788018784-00101","url":null,"abstract":"The UK's system for the management of electronic waste is driven by the imperatives of the EU's policy and legislative landscape. Although generally meeting targets for collection, reuse and recycling in previous years, the UK fell short of newly defined EU targets in 2017 and 2018, with collection rates for electronic waste below expectations and stagnating. Weaknesses identified in the present UK system include poor capture and reporting of unregistered non-obligated flows resulting in differences between the waste generated and waste collected, the presence of free-riders such as unregistered online retailers, and thefts from processing sites. Improving the robustness, granularity and responsiveness of data on obligated and unreported electronics across the supply chain is seen as a key priority in setting credible targets for obligated producers. England's Resources and Waste Strategy contains several positive commitments that represent a step change from previous strategies: a review of the relevant regulations; increased partnership working, incorporating ecodesign incentives into the producer responsibility regime; and developing a product assurance scheme with a certified mark. Coupled with high profile voluntary schemes formalising public commitments of big brands, the prospects for electronic waste management in the UK seem positive, with actions shared between the private, public and third sectors.","PeriodicalId":230170,"journal":{"name":"Issues in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114579540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-06DOI: 10.1039/9781788018784-00246
R. Kellner, E. Goosey
The rapid uptake of lithium-ion batteries in recent years has received additional impetus from the expansion of the electric vehicle market and their usage within this high growth sector. The expansion of this demand is in turn fuelling end-of-life treatment approaches upon eventual redundancy. This chapter explores the legislative and cost demands acting as drivers to these requirements. The chapter explores the approaches being adopted in relation to a waste treatment hierarchy favouring the consignment of end-of-life batteries to a recycling scenario which, whilst currently based on pyrometallurgy, is seeking to embrace less environmentally impacting approaches based upon hydrometallurgy.
{"title":"Chapter 9. The Recycling of Lithium-ion Batteries: Current and Potential Approaches","authors":"R. Kellner, E. Goosey","doi":"10.1039/9781788018784-00246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788018784-00246","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid uptake of lithium-ion batteries in recent years has received additional impetus from the expansion of the electric vehicle market and their usage within this high growth sector. The expansion of this demand is in turn fuelling end-of-life treatment approaches upon eventual redundancy. This chapter explores the legislative and cost demands acting as drivers to these requirements. The chapter explores the approaches being adopted in relation to a waste treatment hierarchy favouring the consignment of end-of-life batteries to a recycling scenario which, whilst currently based on pyrometallurgy, is seeking to embrace less environmentally impacting approaches based upon hydrometallurgy.","PeriodicalId":230170,"journal":{"name":"Issues in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121346580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-08DOI: 10.1039/9781788016179-00035
O. Hänninen, P. Goodman
Modern populations spend the majority of their time indoors. For the most active working age population, the fraction of time spent indoors is around 85%, whereas for small children and the sedentary elderly the figure approaches 100%. Indoor air is, of course, particularly affected by indoor sources. Nevertheless, outdoor air is a significant contributor to indoor levels of the main classical air pollutants such as ultrafine and fine particles and nitrogen oxides, and often the only source of others such as ozone and sulfur dioxide. Indoor air quality is created by complex processes that involve outdoor air, ventilation, building tightness, filtration, mixtures of pollution, occupant behaviour and indoor emission sources ranging through building materials, soil, occupants, and customer products and appliances used in the building. The literature shows convincingly that the role played by outdoor air is probably the most significant single factor at the population level. In developed countries, the building stock is relatively well insulated, affecting the air exchange rates and infiltration processes. This chapter presents an overview of recent evidence on infiltration rates of outdoor air pollution and processes that affect them.
{"title":"Outdoor Air as a Source of Indoor Pollution","authors":"O. Hänninen, P. Goodman","doi":"10.1039/9781788016179-00035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016179-00035","url":null,"abstract":"Modern populations spend the majority of their time indoors. For the most active working age population, the fraction of time spent indoors is around 85%, whereas for small children and the sedentary elderly the figure approaches 100%. Indoor air is, of course, particularly affected by indoor sources. Nevertheless, outdoor air is a significant contributor to indoor levels of the main classical air pollutants such as ultrafine and fine particles and nitrogen oxides, and often the only source of others such as ozone and sulfur dioxide. Indoor air quality is created by complex processes that involve outdoor air, ventilation, building tightness, filtration, mixtures of pollution, occupant behaviour and indoor emission sources ranging through building materials, soil, occupants, and customer products and appliances used in the building. The literature shows convincingly that the role played by outdoor air is probably the most significant single factor at the population level. In developed countries, the building stock is relatively well insulated, affecting the air exchange rates and infiltration processes. This chapter presents an overview of recent evidence on infiltration rates of outdoor air pollution and processes that affect them.","PeriodicalId":230170,"journal":{"name":"Issues in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"1011 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133323078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-08DOI: 10.1039/9781788016179-00097
S. Harrad
A number of halogenated semivolatile organic compounds (HSVOCs) are used widely as flame retardants and stainproofing additives in consumer articles such as electronics and soft furnishings. This chapter reviews the evidence that such widespread application leads to considerable indoor contamination that constitutes a substantial source of HSVOCs in outdoor air. Moreover, owing to the persistence and bioaccumulative nature of some HSVOCs, it is hypothesized that indoor contamination also exerts an influence on future human dietary exposure.
{"title":"Indoor Emissions as a Source of Outdoor Pollution","authors":"S. Harrad","doi":"10.1039/9781788016179-00097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016179-00097","url":null,"abstract":"A number of halogenated semivolatile organic compounds (HSVOCs) are used widely as flame retardants and stainproofing additives in consumer articles such as electronics and soft furnishings. This chapter reviews the evidence that such widespread application leads to considerable indoor contamination that constitutes a substantial source of HSVOCs in outdoor air. Moreover, owing to the persistence and bioaccumulative nature of some HSVOCs, it is hypothesized that indoor contamination also exerts an influence on future human dietary exposure.","PeriodicalId":230170,"journal":{"name":"Issues in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127452940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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