Pub Date : 2019-05-08DOI: 10.1039/9781788016179-00158
J. Delgado-Saborit
Humans spend the largest percentage of their time in indoor environments, approximately 90%. Therefore, it is critical to characterize exposures to air pollution in indoor environments in order to conduct risk and health impact assessments. Not all indoor environments are the same, hence their contributions to personal exposure will differ. This chapter discusses different factors that might affect exposure to air pollution indoors, including time spent indoors, the influence of outdoor air and the presence of indoor sources of pollution. These factors are also influenced by human, societal and environmental characteristics, e.g. gender, age, employment status and lifestyle. Geopolitics will also influence the contribution of indoor exposures to total exposure, since the economic development of countries affects housing stock, access to energy, employment opportunities and transport infrastructure, all relevant to exposure. Regional climatological conditions will also affect indoor and total exposure to air pollution. This chapter describes the methodology for determining the contribution of indoor environments to total exposure and doses of air pollution. Factors relevant to exposure in indoor environments are discussed, including exposures in developing countries and for sensitive populations.
{"title":"Indoor Air as a Contributor to Air Pollution Exposure","authors":"J. Delgado-Saborit","doi":"10.1039/9781788016179-00158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016179-00158","url":null,"abstract":"Humans spend the largest percentage of their time in indoor environments, approximately 90%. Therefore, it is critical to characterize exposures to air pollution in indoor environments in order to conduct risk and health impact assessments. Not all indoor environments are the same, hence their contributions to personal exposure will differ. This chapter discusses different factors that might affect exposure to air pollution indoors, including time spent indoors, the influence of outdoor air and the presence of indoor sources of pollution. These factors are also influenced by human, societal and environmental characteristics, e.g. gender, age, employment status and lifestyle. Geopolitics will also influence the contribution of indoor exposures to total exposure, since the economic development of countries affects housing stock, access to energy, employment opportunities and transport infrastructure, all relevant to exposure. Regional climatological conditions will also affect indoor and total exposure to air pollution. This chapter describes the methodology for determining the contribution of indoor environments to total exposure and doses of air pollution. Factors relevant to exposure in indoor environments are discussed, including exposures in developing countries and for sensitive populations.","PeriodicalId":230170,"journal":{"name":"Issues in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130371531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-08DOI: 10.1039/9781788016179-00105
N. Carslaw
This chapter summarizes the key chemical reactions that occur in indoor air. Indoor air chemistry has many similarities to, but also some differences from, that in the ambient atmosphere. Indoors, there is less light, more available surface area and a time scale for reaction that is limited by the exchange rate with outdoors. Despite these differences, there is still a wide range of gas-phase and surface reactions and also partitioning between gas and particle phases. Consequently, indoor chemical reactions produce a myriad of complex, multifunctional products, many of which are thought to be harmful to health. Most research in this area has been focused on the reactions between ozone and terpene species. Ozone can ingress from outdoors, whereas terpenes are components of many indoor products such as cleaning fluids, air fresheners and fragrances. These reactions lead to a wide range of both short- and longer-lived species. Research is becoming increasingly focused on the impact of human activities such as cooking and cleaning on indoor air chemistry. The importance of surfaces is also becoming apparent, both in terms of providing a permanent or temporary sink for species that undergo deposition, but also as a means of forming new products.
{"title":"Chemical Reactions in the Indoor Atmosphere","authors":"N. Carslaw","doi":"10.1039/9781788016179-00105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016179-00105","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter summarizes the key chemical reactions that occur in indoor air. Indoor air chemistry has many similarities to, but also some differences from, that in the ambient atmosphere. Indoors, there is less light, more available surface area and a time scale for reaction that is limited by the exchange rate with outdoors. Despite these differences, there is still a wide range of gas-phase and surface reactions and also partitioning between gas and particle phases. Consequently, indoor chemical reactions produce a myriad of complex, multifunctional products, many of which are thought to be harmful to health. Most research in this area has been focused on the reactions between ozone and terpene species. Ozone can ingress from outdoors, whereas terpenes are components of many indoor products such as cleaning fluids, air fresheners and fragrances. These reactions lead to a wide range of both short- and longer-lived species. Research is becoming increasingly focused on the impact of human activities such as cooking and cleaning on indoor air chemistry. The importance of surfaces is also becoming apparent, both in terms of providing a permanent or temporary sink for species that undergo deposition, but also as a means of forming new products.","PeriodicalId":230170,"journal":{"name":"Issues in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116114647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-08DOI: 10.1039/9781788016179-00196
R. Maynard
Exposure to indoor-generated air pollution causes a large number of deaths and cases of disease. These effects are found, largely, in developing countries where people, especially women and young children, are exposed to high concentrations of smoke produced by biomass burning for cooking. Approximately 3 million deaths occur each year. In developed countries, the problem is much less acute: accidental exposure to high concentrations of carbon monoxide is the main cause of death. It should be remembered, however, that much of people's exposure to pollutants generated outdoors occurs in the indoor environment. Indoor exposure to particulate matter has the same effects as outdoor exposure: the cardiovascular system is most affected, with deaths being due to ischaemic heart disease and stroke. Exposure to particulate matter may also contribute to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Exposure to high concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, although perhaps not having a great effect on measures of lung function, may contribute to the development of emphysema and reduce the resistance of the body to bacterial and viral infections. Lung cancer, due to exposure to carcinogens in wood smoke, also occurs. Efforts to reduce levels of indoor air pollution in developing countries, for example by providing flued cooking stoves, have been shown to reduce the prevalence of disease.
{"title":"Health Effects of Indoor Air Pollution","authors":"R. Maynard","doi":"10.1039/9781788016179-00196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016179-00196","url":null,"abstract":"Exposure to indoor-generated air pollution causes a large number of deaths and cases of disease. These effects are found, largely, in developing countries where people, especially women and young children, are exposed to high concentrations of smoke produced by biomass burning for cooking. Approximately 3 million deaths occur each year. In developed countries, the problem is much less acute: accidental exposure to high concentrations of carbon monoxide is the main cause of death. It should be remembered, however, that much of people's exposure to pollutants generated outdoors occurs in the indoor environment. Indoor exposure to particulate matter has the same effects as outdoor exposure: the cardiovascular system is most affected, with deaths being due to ischaemic heart disease and stroke. Exposure to particulate matter may also contribute to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Exposure to high concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, although perhaps not having a great effect on measures of lung function, may contribute to the development of emphysema and reduce the resistance of the body to bacterial and viral infections. Lung cancer, due to exposure to carcinogens in wood smoke, also occurs. Efforts to reduce levels of indoor air pollution in developing countries, for example by providing flued cooking stoves, have been shown to reduce the prevalence of disease.","PeriodicalId":230170,"journal":{"name":"Issues in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131130074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-08DOI: 10.1039/9781788016179-00066
T. Vu, R. Harrison
Air pollution presents one of the greatest health risks worldwide; hence indoor pollutants have received considerable attention, with a rapidly increasing number of publications in recent decades. This chapter reviews and updates the state of knowledge on indoor aerosols with a focus on their behaviour, physicochemical properties and implications for health assessment studies. It begins with a brief outline of fundamental aerosol dynamics (i.e. deposition, coagulation, evaporation and nucleation) and the main factors that control and affect the concentration and behaviour of aerosols indoors. It then summarizes the concentrations and physicochemical profiles of aerosols in different major indoor sources and microenvironments such as homes, offices and schools. Implications of particle properties for lung dose calculations are discussed. Based on this work, it is concluded that indoor aerosols show a range of particle size distributions and chemical compositions, depending on different indoor emissions and aerosol indoor dynamics. Household aerosols are identified as a main contributor to the total and regional lung dose of ambient particles, especially when expressed by number dose.
{"title":"Chemical and Physical Properties of Indoor Aerosols","authors":"T. Vu, R. Harrison","doi":"10.1039/9781788016179-00066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016179-00066","url":null,"abstract":"Air pollution presents one of the greatest health risks worldwide; hence indoor pollutants have received considerable attention, with a rapidly increasing number of publications in recent decades. This chapter reviews and updates the state of knowledge on indoor aerosols with a focus on their behaviour, physicochemical properties and implications for health assessment studies. It begins with a brief outline of fundamental aerosol dynamics (i.e. deposition, coagulation, evaporation and nucleation) and the main factors that control and affect the concentration and behaviour of aerosols indoors. It then summarizes the concentrations and physicochemical profiles of aerosols in different major indoor sources and microenvironments such as homes, offices and schools. Implications of particle properties for lung dose calculations are discussed. Based on this work, it is concluded that indoor aerosols show a range of particle size distributions and chemical compositions, depending on different indoor emissions and aerosol indoor dynamics. Household aerosols are identified as a main contributor to the total and regional lung dose of ambient particles, especially when expressed by number dose.","PeriodicalId":230170,"journal":{"name":"Issues in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116535334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-08DOI: 10.1039/9781788016179-00001
I. Rivas, J. Fussell, F. Kelly, X. Querol
People spend an average of 90% of their time in indoor environments. There is a long list of indoor sources that can contribute to increased pollutant concentrations, some of them related to human activities (e.g. people's movement, cooking, cleaning, smoking), but also to surface chemistry reactions with human skin and building and furniture surfaces. The result of all these emissions is a heterogeneous cocktail of pollutants with varying degrees of toxicity, which makes indoor air quality a complex system. Good characterization of the sources that affect indoor air pollution levels is of major importance for quantifying (and reducing) the associated health risks. This chapter reviews some of the more significant indoor sources that can be found in the most common non-occupational indoor environments.
{"title":"Indoor Sources of Air Pollutants","authors":"I. Rivas, J. Fussell, F. Kelly, X. Querol","doi":"10.1039/9781788016179-00001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016179-00001","url":null,"abstract":"People spend an average of 90% of their time in indoor environments. There is a long list of indoor sources that can contribute to increased pollutant concentrations, some of them related to human activities (e.g. people's movement, cooking, cleaning, smoking), but also to surface chemistry reactions with human skin and building and furniture surfaces. The result of all these emissions is a heterogeneous cocktail of pollutants with varying degrees of toxicity, which makes indoor air quality a complex system. Good characterization of the sources that affect indoor air pollution levels is of major importance for quantifying (and reducing) the associated health risks. This chapter reviews some of the more significant indoor sources that can be found in the most common non-occupational indoor environments.","PeriodicalId":230170,"journal":{"name":"Issues in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"2011 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121382243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-08DOI: 10.1039/9781788016179-00127
Ian Colbeck, C. Whitby
Airborne microorganisms are very difficult to assess accurately under field conditions owing to differences in the sample collection efficiency of the selected sampler and variations in DNA extraction efficiencies. Consequently, bioaerosol abundance and biodiversity can be underestimated, making it more difficult to link specific bioaerosol components to diseases and human health risk. Owing to the low biomass in air samples, it remains a challenge to obtain a representative microbiological sample to recover sufficient DNA for downstream analyses. Improved sampling methods are particularly crucial, especially for investigating viral communities, owing to the extremely low biomass of viral particles in the air compared with other environments. Without detailed information about sampling, characterization and enumeration techniques, interpretation of exposure level is very difficult. Despite this, bioaerosol research has been enhanced by molecular tools, especially next-generation sequencing approaches that have allowed faster and more detailed characterization of air samples.
{"title":"Biological Particles in the Indoor Environment","authors":"Ian Colbeck, C. Whitby","doi":"10.1039/9781788016179-00127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016179-00127","url":null,"abstract":"Airborne microorganisms are very difficult to assess accurately under field conditions owing to differences in the sample collection efficiency of the selected sampler and variations in DNA extraction efficiencies. Consequently, bioaerosol abundance and biodiversity can be underestimated, making it more difficult to link specific bioaerosol components to diseases and human health risk. Owing to the low biomass in air samples, it remains a challenge to obtain a representative microbiological sample to recover sufficient DNA for downstream analyses. Improved sampling methods are particularly crucial, especially for investigating viral communities, owing to the extremely low biomass of viral particles in the air compared with other environments. Without detailed information about sampling, characterization and enumeration techniques, interpretation of exposure level is very difficult. Despite this, bioaerosol research has been enhanced by molecular tools, especially next-generation sequencing approaches that have allowed faster and more detailed characterization of air samples.","PeriodicalId":230170,"journal":{"name":"Issues in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124416542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1039/9781788018784-00278
K. Ryder, Andrew D. Ballantyne, Emma L. Smith, Emma J.R. Palin, A. Abbott
{"title":"Chapter 10. Environmentally Sustainable Solvent-based Process Chemistry for Metals in Printed Circuit Boards","authors":"K. Ryder, Andrew D. Ballantyne, Emma L. Smith, Emma J.R. Palin, A. Abbott","doi":"10.1039/9781788018784-00278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788018784-00278","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":230170,"journal":{"name":"Issues in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116983896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1039/9781788018784-00313
Rebecca Colley-Jones, A. Accili, L. Campadello, Johanna Emmerich
{"title":"Chapter 11. Plastics in Electronic Waste: Results from the PolyCE Project","authors":"Rebecca Colley-Jones, A. Accili, L. Campadello, Johanna Emmerich","doi":"10.1039/9781788018784-00313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788018784-00313","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":230170,"journal":{"name":"Issues in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132798647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-52272-6.00165-3
K. Ebi
{"title":"Climate Change and Health","authors":"K. Ebi","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-444-52272-6.00165-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-52272-6.00165-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":230170,"journal":{"name":"Issues in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130166493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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