Pub Date : 1996-12-01DOI: 10.7146/DPB.V26I523.7052
J. Bardram
The usefulness of applications which support cooperative work depends in its very nature on the way the cooperative work practice is organised. At the same time, the adoption of new technology is difficult and complex because of the amount of people involved and their distribution in time and space. This paper explores the possibilities of addressing this adoption process in a more simplified, yet systematic way without losing the focus on the interdependencies which characterise cooperative work. The notion of adoption is discussed as a dual process of adapting both the computer support to the work and adapting the work to the computer. A method called organisational prototyping is presented which aims at facilitating this adoption process. A case illustrates how organisa- tional prototyping was used in the adoption of a cooperative tool for managing projects within a large engineering company in Denmark.
{"title":"Organisational Prototyping: Adopting CSCW Applications in Organisations","authors":"J. Bardram","doi":"10.7146/DPB.V26I523.7052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7146/DPB.V26I523.7052","url":null,"abstract":"The usefulness of applications which support cooperative work depends in its very nature on the way the cooperative work practice is organised. At the same time, the adoption of new technology is difficult and complex because of the amount of people involved and their distribution in time and space. This paper explores the possibilities of addressing this adoption process in a more simplified, yet systematic way without losing the focus on the interdependencies which characterise cooperative work. The notion of adoption is discussed as a dual process of adapting both the computer support to the work and adapting the work to the computer. A method called organisational prototyping is presented which aims at facilitating this adoption process. A case illustrates how organisa- tional prototyping was used in the adoption of a cooperative tool for managing projects within a large engineering company in Denmark.","PeriodicalId":230254,"journal":{"name":"Scand. J. Inf. Syst.","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124595592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-07-01DOI: 10.7146/DPB.V25I507.7036
M. Kyng
This note contains a presentation and overwiew of the papers that I have submitted for the degree doctor scientiarum (dr. scient.). Since the papers are written in English the official summary is in Danish. The summary is included at the end of this note. The introduction relates the subject matter of the submitted papers to current discussions in computer science. Section two gives a brief account of the research area in question, how it has developed over the last 25 years, and its current status. Section three presents and discusses the results structured according to the frame of reference given in section two. For each sub-area the central issues are introduced. Then the results obtained are presented; the practical as well as the theoretical. Finally, a short comparison and evaluation in relation to relevant literature is made. Section four contains a short discussion of the methods used, and section five presents ideas for future research.
{"title":"Users and computers: A contextual approach to design of computer artifacts","authors":"M. Kyng","doi":"10.7146/DPB.V25I507.7036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7146/DPB.V25I507.7036","url":null,"abstract":"This note contains a presentation and overwiew of the papers that I have submitted for the degree doctor scientiarum (dr. scient.). Since the papers are written in English the official summary is in Danish. The summary is included at the end of this note. The introduction relates the subject matter of the submitted papers to current discussions in computer science. Section two gives a brief account of the research area in question, how it has developed over the last 25 years, and its current status. Section three presents and discusses the results structured according to the frame of reference given in section two. For each sub-area the central issues are introduced. Then the results obtained are presented; the practical as well as the theoretical. Finally, a short comparison and evaluation in relation to relevant literature is made. Section four contains a short discussion of the methods used, and section five presents ideas for future research.","PeriodicalId":230254,"journal":{"name":"Scand. J. Inf. Syst.","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116503515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-07-01DOI: 10.7146/dpb.v21i401.6635
K. Thomsen
The Mentor project model supports experimental development of contract software. The application area is interactive information systems, i.e. systems closely integrated with user work practice: The Mentor project model is a spiral model with iteration of activities such as (re-)design, estimation and negotiation, development and evaluation of prototypes. End-users are actively involved in design and evaluation. Repeated estimation and negotiation activities based on a calculation model for estimating system extent ensure that growth in extent is made visible and is subject to explicit decisions balancing use quality of the system with cost and schedule. The project model defines how to share the cost of experimentation between customer and supplier. The project model is in current use and has been successfully used in several large projects during the last 6 years. This paper contains a synthesis of the practical experiences gained through these projects and relates the project model to ongoing discussions of system development methodologies. The model contributes to the discussions by focusing on contract software and by giving elaborate suggestions for how to prototype large information systems with many users.
{"title":"The Mentor Project Model: A Model For Experimental Development of Contract Software","authors":"K. Thomsen","doi":"10.7146/dpb.v21i401.6635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7146/dpb.v21i401.6635","url":null,"abstract":"The Mentor project model supports experimental development of contract software. The application area is interactive information systems, i.e. systems closely integrated with user work practice: The Mentor project model is a spiral model with iteration of activities such as (re-)design, estimation and negotiation, development and evaluation of prototypes. End-users are actively involved in design and evaluation. Repeated estimation and negotiation activities based on a calculation model for estimating system extent ensure that growth in extent is made visible and is subject to explicit decisions balancing use quality of the system with cost and schedule. The project model defines how to share the cost of experimentation between customer and supplier. The project model is in current use and has been successfully used in several large projects during the last 6 years. This paper contains a synthesis of the practical experiences gained through these projects and relates the project model to ongoing discussions of system development methodologies. The model contributes to the discussions by focusing on contract software and by giving elaborate suggestions for how to prototype large information systems with many users.","PeriodicalId":230254,"journal":{"name":"Scand. J. Inf. Syst.","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125205805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-09-01DOI: 10.7146/DPB.V20I365.6596
R. Trigg, S. Bødker, Kaj Grønbæk
Cooperative Prototyping can be characterized as the use and development of prototypes as catalysts during discussions between designers and potential users ‐ the overall intention being one of mutual learning. On the one hand, the designers learn more about the work practices of the users in ways that are tied concretely to some current version of the prototype. On the other hand, the users learn more about the potential for change in their work practice, whether computer-based or otherwise. This paper presents the results of a field study of the cooperative prototyping process. The study is based on a fine-grained video-based analysis of a single prototyping session, and focuses on the effects of an open-ended style of interaction between users and designers around a prototype. An analysis of focus shifts, initiative and storytelling during the session is brought to bear on the question of whether and how cooperative prototyping can be successful with users who are reluctant to “play in the future.” The paper also discusses issues in applying video analysis to system design.
{"title":"Open-Ended Interaction in Coorperative Prototyping: A Video-Based Analysis","authors":"R. Trigg, S. Bødker, Kaj Grønbæk","doi":"10.7146/DPB.V20I365.6596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7146/DPB.V20I365.6596","url":null,"abstract":"Cooperative Prototyping can be characterized as the use and development of prototypes as catalysts during discussions between designers and potential users ‐ the overall intention being one of mutual learning. On the one hand, the designers learn more about the work practices of the users in ways that are tied concretely to some current version of the prototype. On the other hand, the users learn more about the potential for change in their work practice, whether computer-based or otherwise. This paper presents the results of a field study of the cooperative prototyping process. The study is based on a fine-grained video-based analysis of a single prototyping session, and focuses on the effects of an open-ended style of interaction between users and designers around a prototype. An analysis of focus shifts, initiative and storytelling during the session is brought to bear on the question of whether and how cooperative prototyping can be successful with users who are reluctant to “play in the future.” The paper also discusses issues in applying video analysis to system design.","PeriodicalId":230254,"journal":{"name":"Scand. J. Inf. Syst.","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127951515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-09-01DOI: 10.7146/DPB.V19I333.6563
Kaj Grønbæk
The term prototyping has in recent years become a buzzword in both research and practice of system design due to a number of claimed advantages of prototyping techniques over traditional specification techniques. In particular it is often stated that prototyping facilitates the users' involvement in the development process. But prototyping does not automatically imply active user involvement! Thus a cooperative prototyping approach aiming at involving users actively and creatively in system design is proposed in this paper. The key point of the approach is to involve users in activities that closely couple development of prototypes to early evaluation of prototypes in envisioned use situations. Having users involved in such activities creates new requirements for tool support. Tools that support direct manipulation of prototypes and simulation of behaviour have shown promise for cooperative prototyping activities. Examples of such tools are given and the ways that they support cooperative prototyping within various use domains are discussed.
{"title":"Supporting Active User Involvement in Prototyping","authors":"Kaj Grønbæk","doi":"10.7146/DPB.V19I333.6563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7146/DPB.V19I333.6563","url":null,"abstract":"The term prototyping has in recent years become a buzzword in both research and practice of system design due to a number of claimed advantages of prototyping techniques over traditional specification techniques. In particular it is often stated that prototyping facilitates the users' involvement in the development process. But prototyping does not automatically imply active user involvement! Thus a cooperative prototyping approach aiming at involving users actively and creatively in system design is proposed in this paper. The key point of the approach is to involve users in activities that closely couple development of prototypes to early evaluation of prototypes in envisioned use situations. Having users involved in such activities creates new requirements for tool support. Tools that support direct manipulation of prototypes and simulation of behaviour have shown promise for cooperative prototyping activities. Examples of such tools are given and the ways that they support cooperative prototyping within various use domains are discussed.","PeriodicalId":230254,"journal":{"name":"Scand. J. Inf. Syst.","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117344210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-01DOI: 10.7146/DPB.V17I264.7618
R. Hellman
Computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) currently arouses plenty of interest. New types of applications have entered the market and new dreas of work get computerized support. It is asserted in this paper that these technologies have potent,ial areas of use also in other kinds of environments than what currently is typical. In order to approach the proposition, a conceptual framework is present,ed: collaboration is interpreted as coordination of organizational tasks. In accordance with the conceptual framework, examples of industrial uses of the CSCW-technologies are sketched. Three simplified classes of these technologies, using the terminology in a broad sense, are employed: electronic mail, hypertext, and calendar systems. It is claimed in this paper that the new uses of CSCW-technologies would, on the one hand, emancipate the industrial users from the environment of conventional applications and, on the other hand, emancipate the CSCW-technologies themselves from the restricted territory of office uses. The introduction of new types of technologies in work organizations is, however, not considered unproblematic. The application environment may develop into a complex one, and the benefits of the new technologies may become questionable. Such consequences and other implications of the broadened CSCW-domain are also discussed. Especially user support and organizational concerns are focused on.
{"title":"Emancipation of and by Computer-Supported Cooperative Work","authors":"R. Hellman","doi":"10.7146/DPB.V17I264.7618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7146/DPB.V17I264.7618","url":null,"abstract":"Computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) currently arouses plenty of interest. New types of applications have entered the market and new dreas of work get computerized support. It is asserted in this paper that these technologies have potent,ial areas of use also in other kinds of environments than what currently is typical. In order to approach the proposition, a conceptual framework is present,ed: collaboration is interpreted as coordination of organizational tasks. In accordance with the conceptual framework, examples of industrial uses of the CSCW-technologies are sketched. Three simplified classes of these technologies, using the terminology in a broad sense, are employed: electronic mail, hypertext, and calendar systems. It is claimed in this paper that the new uses of CSCW-technologies would, on the one hand, emancipate the industrial users from the environment of conventional applications and, on the other hand, emancipate the CSCW-technologies themselves from the restricted territory of office uses. The introduction of new types of technologies in work organizations is, however, not considered unproblematic. The application environment may develop into a complex one, and the benefits of the new technologies may become questionable. Such consequences and other implications of the broadened CSCW-domain are also discussed. Especially user support and organizational concerns are focused on.","PeriodicalId":230254,"journal":{"name":"Scand. J. Inf. Syst.","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121505829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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