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Virtual radiation fields for ALARA determination 测定ALARA的虚拟辐射场
Pub Date : 1995-12-31 DOI: 10.2172/672123
T. Knight
As computing power has increased, so too has the ability to model and simulate complex systems and processes. In addition, virtual reality technology has made it possible to visualize and understand many complex scientific and engineering problems. For this reason, a virtual dosimetry program called Virtual Radiation Fields (VRF) is developed to model radiation dose rate and cumulative dose to a receptor operating in a virtual radiation environment. With the design and testing of many facilities and products taking place in the virtual world, this program facilitates the concurrent consideration of radiological concerns during the design process. Three-dimensional (3D) graphical presentation of the radiation environment is made possible through the use of IGRIP, a graphical modeling program developed by Deneb Robotics, Inc. The VRF simulation program was designed to model and display a virtual dosimeter. As a demonstration of the program`s capability, the Hanford tank, C-106, was modeled to predict radiation doses to robotic equipment used to remove radioactive waste from the tank. To validate VRF dose predictions, comparison was made with reported values for tank C-106, which showed agreement to within 0.5%. Graphical information is presented regarding the 3D dose rate variation inside the tank. Cumulative dose predictions were made for the cleanup operations of tank C-106. A four-dimensional dose rate map generated by VRF was used to model the dose rate not only in 3D space but also as a function of the amount of waste remaining in the tank. This allowed VRF to predict dose rate at any stage in the waste removal process for an accurate simulation of the radiological conditions throughout the tank cleanup procedure.
随着计算能力的提高,对复杂系统和过程进行建模和模拟的能力也在提高。此外,虚拟现实技术使得可视化和理解许多复杂的科学和工程问题成为可能。为此,开发了一种称为虚拟辐射场(VRF)的虚拟剂量学程序,以模拟在虚拟辐射环境中操作的受体的辐射剂量率和累积剂量。由于许多设施和产品的设计和测试都是在虚拟世界中进行的,因此该计划有助于在设计过程中同时考虑辐射问题。通过使用IGRIP(一种由Deneb机器人公司开发的图形建模程序),辐射环境的三维(3D)图形表示成为可能。设计了VRF仿真程序,对虚拟剂量计进行建模和显示。作为该计划能力的演示,汉福德坦克C-106被建模来预测用于从坦克中清除放射性废物的机器人设备的辐射剂量。为了验证VRF剂量预测,与C-106坦克的报告值进行了比较,结果显示一致性在0.5%以内。给出了罐内三维剂量率变化的图形信息。对C-106储罐的清理工作进行了累积剂量预测。利用VRF生成的四维剂量率图,不仅在三维空间中对剂量率进行建模,而且还将剂量率作为槽内剩余废物量的函数进行建模。这使VRF能够在废物清除过程的任何阶段预测剂量率,以便准确模拟整个储罐清理程序的辐射条件。
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引用次数: 3
Neutronic analysis of three-element core configurations for the Advanced Neutron Source Reactor 先进中子源堆三元件堆芯结构的中子分析
Pub Date : 1995-12-31 DOI: 10.2172/205866
J. Gehin
The proposed Advanced Neutron Source (ANS) pre-conceptual design consists of a two-element 330 MW{sub f} nuclear reactor fueled with highly-enriched uranium and is cooled, moderated, and reflected with heavy water. Recently, the ANS design has been changed to a three-element configuration in order to permit a reduction of the enrichment, if required, while maintaining or improving the thermal-hydraulic margins. The core consists of three annular fuel elements composed of involute-shaped fuel plates. Each fuel plate has a thickness of 1.27 mm and consists of a fuel meat region Of U{sub 3}Si{sub 2}-Al (50% enriched in one case that was proposed) and an aluminum filler region between aluminum cladding. The individual plates are separated by a 1.27 mm coolant channel. The three element core has a fuel loading of 31 kg of {sup 235}U which is sufficient for a 17-day fuel cycle. The goal in obtaining a new fuel grading is to maximize important temperature margins. The limits imposed axe: (1) Limit the temperature drop over the cladding oxide layer to less than 119{degrees}C to avoid oxide spallation. (2) Limit the fuel centerline temperature to less than 400{degrees}C to avoid fuel damage. (3) Limit the cladding wall temperature to less than the coolant. incipient-boiling temperature to avoid coolant boiling. Other thermal hydraulic conditions, such as critical heat flux, are also considered.
拟议的先进中子源概念前设计包括一个以高浓缩铀为燃料的330兆瓦双元件核反应堆,用重水冷却、减速和反射。最近,ANS的设计已改为三元素配置,以便在必要时减少富集,同时保持或提高热液裕度。堆芯由三个渐开线形燃料板组成的环形燃料元件组成。每个燃料板的厚度为1.27 mm,由U{sub 3}Si{sub 2}-Al(在一种情况下被提议富集50%)的燃料肉区和铝包层之间的铝填充区组成。单个板由1.27毫米的冷却剂通道分开。三元素堆芯的燃料装载量为31公斤铀,足以进行17天的燃料循环。获得新燃料分级的目标是使重要的温度裕度最大化。施加的限制是:(1)将覆层氧化层的温度降至119°C以下,以避免氧化物剥落。(2)将燃油中心线温度限制在400℃以下,以避免燃油损坏。(3)将包层壁温度限制在低于冷却剂的温度。防止冷却剂沸腾的初沸温度。其他热水力条件,如临界热通量,也被考虑。
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引用次数: 1
Forward-adjoint Monte Carlo coupling with no statistical error propagation 无统计误差传播的前向伴随蒙特卡罗耦合
Pub Date : 1995-12-31 DOI: 10.13182/NSE96-A17919
S. N. Cramer
A method for the boundary coupling of forward and adjoint Monte Carlo radiation transport calculations, with no statistical error propagation due to the coupling procedures, has been developed. This method has direct application in the analysis of radiation streaming through multileg ducts with, in principle, no limitation to the number of legs.
提出了一种正演和伴随蒙特卡罗辐射输运计算的边界耦合方法,该方法没有由于耦合过程而产生的统计误差传播。该方法可直接应用于多支管的辐射流分析,原则上不受支管数量的限制。
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引用次数: 16
Use of sulfur hexafluoride airflow studies to determine the appropriate number and placement of air monitors in an alpha inhalation exposure laboratory 使用六氟化硫气流研究确定α吸入暴露实验室中空气监测仪的适当数量和放置位置
Pub Date : 1995-12-01 DOI: 10.2172/381353
G. J. Newton, Hoover
Determination of the appropriate number and placement of air monitors in the workplace is quite subjective and is generally one of the more difficult tasks in radiation protection. General guidance for determining the number and placement of air sampling and monitoring instruments has been provided by technical reports such as Mishima, J. These two documents and other published guidelines suggest that some insight into sampler placement can be obtained by conducting airflow studies involving the dilution and clearance of the relatively inert tracer gas sulfur hexafluoride (SF{sub 6}) in sampler placement studies and describes the results of a study done within the ITRI alpha inhalation exposure laboratories. The objectives of the study were to document an appropriate method for conducting SF{sub 6} dispersion studies, and to confirm the appropriate number and placement of air monitors and air samplers within a typical ITRI inhalation exposure laboratory. The results of this study have become part of the technical bases for air sampling and monitoring in the test room.
确定工作场所空气监测仪的适当数量和放置位置是非常主观的,通常是辐射防护中较困难的任务之一。关于确定空气采样和监测仪器的数量和位置的一般指导已由技术报告提供,如Mishima,J.这两份文件和其他已发表的指南表明,通过在取样器放置研究中对相对惰性示踪气体六氟化硫(SF{sub 6})进行稀释和清除的气流研究,可以对取样器放置进行一些深入了解,并描述了在国际化学研究所α吸入暴露实验室进行的研究结果。这项研究的目的是记录进行SF{sub 6}扩散研究的适当方法,并确认在典型的国际化学研究所吸入接触实验室内空气监测仪和空气采样器的适当数量和放置位置。研究成果已成为试验室空气采样监测的技术依据之一。
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引用次数: 0
PC/FRAM: New capabilities for the gamma-ray spectrometry measurement of plutonium isotopic composition PC/FRAM:用于钚同位素组成的伽马射线光谱测量的新功能
Pub Date : 1995-10-01 DOI: 10.2172/114469
T. Sampson, T. Kelley, T. Cremers, T. R. Konkel, R. Friar
We describe the new capability of and.present measurement results from the PC/FRAM plutonium isotopic analysis code. This new code allows data acquisition from a single coaxial germanium detector and analysis over an energy range from 120 keV to above I MeV. For the first time we demonstrate a complete isotopic analysis using only gamma rays greater than 200 keV in energy. This new capability allows the measurement of the plutonium isotopic composition of items inside shielded or heavy-walled containers without having to remove the items from the container. This greatly enhances worker safety by reducing handling and the resultant radiation exposure. Another application allows international inspectors to verify the contents of items inside sealed, long-term storage containers that may not be opened for national security or treaty compliance reasons. We present measurement results for traditional planar germanium detectors as well as coaxial detectors measuring shielded and unshielded samples.
我们描述了和的新功能。目前来自PC/FRAM钚同位素分析代码的测量结果。这种新代码允许从单个同轴锗探测器获取数据,并在120 keV到1 MeV以上的能量范围内进行分析。我们首次展示了仅使用能量大于200kev的伽马射线进行完整的同位素分析。这种新功能允许测量屏蔽或厚壁容器内物品的钚同位素组成,而无需将物品从容器中取出。这大大提高了工人的安全,减少了操作和由此产生的辐射暴露。另一项应用允许国际检查员核查密封的长期储存容器内的物品,这些容器可能因国家安全或条约遵守原因而不能打开。我们给出了传统平面锗探测器以及同轴锗探测器测量屏蔽和非屏蔽样品的结果。
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引用次数: 6
MOCUP: MCNP-ORIGEN2 coupled utility program MOCUP: MCNP-ORIGEN2耦合实用程序
Pub Date : 1995-09-30 DOI: 10.2172/130667
R. Moore, B. Schnitzler, C. Wemple
MOCUP is a system of external processors that allow for a limited treatment of the temporal composition of the user-selected MCNP cells in a time-dependent flux environment. The ORIGEN2 code computes the time-dependent compositions of these individually selected MCNP cells. All data communication between the two codes is accomplished through the MCNP and ORIGEN2 input/output files, the MOCUP Processor Output files, and two user supplied tables. MOCUP is either command line or interactively driven. The interactive interface is based on the portable XII window environment and the Motif tool kit. MOCUP was constructed so that no modifications to either MCNP or ORIGEN2 were necessary. Section 4 of the writeup contains the input instructions needed to set up the MOCUP run. MOCUP is extremely useful for analysts who perform isotope production, material transformation, and depletion and isotope analyses on complex, non-lattice geometries, and uniform and non-uniform lattices.
MOCUP是一个外部处理器系统,允许在随时间变化的通量环境中对用户选择的MCNP细胞的时间组成进行有限的处理。ORIGEN2代码计算这些单独选择的MCNP细胞的时间相关组成。两个代码之间的所有数据通信都是通过MCNP和ORIGEN2输入/输出文件、MOCUP处理器输出文件和两个用户提供的表来完成的。MOCUP可以是命令行驱动的,也可以是交互式驱动的。交互界面基于可移植的XII窗口环境和Motif工具包。构建MOCUP无需对MCNP或ORIGEN2进行任何修改。写入的第4节包含设置MOCUP运行所需的输入指令。MOCUP对于在复杂、非晶格几何、均匀和非均匀晶格上进行同位素生成、物质转化、耗尽和同位素分析的分析人员非常有用。
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引用次数: 104
Adjoint ITS calculations using the CEPXS electron-photon cross sections 伴随ITS计算使用CEPXS电子-光子截面
Pub Date : 1995-07-01 DOI: 10.2172/90095
L. Lorence, R. Kensek, J. Halbleib
Continuous-energy Monte Carlo Codes are not generally suited for adjoint coupled electron-photon transport. Line radiation (e.g., fluorescence) is especially difficult to implement in adjoint mode with continuous-energy codes. The only published work on adjoint electron Monte Carlo transport is Jordan. The adjoint capability of his NOVICE code is expedited by a multigroup approximation. More recently, a Boltzmann-Fokker-Planck (BFP) Monte Carlo technique has been developed for adjoint electron transport. As in NOVICE, particle transport with BFP Monte Carlo is neither entirely continuous energy nor entirely multigroup. The BFP method has been tested in the multigroup version of MCNP and is being integrated into the ITS code package. Multigroup data produced by the CEPXS cross-section-generating code is needed to operate the BFP codes in adjoint electron-photon mode. In this paper, we present adjoint electron-photon transport results obtained with a new version of CEPXS and a new multigroup version of ITS.
连续能量蒙特卡罗码一般不适用于伴随耦合电子-光子输运。线辐射(例如,荧光)在连续能量码的伴随模式下尤其难以实现。关于伴随电子蒙特卡洛输运的唯一出版的著作是Jordan。通过多群逼近,提高了新代码的伴随能力。最近,一种玻尔兹曼-福克-普朗克(BFP)蒙特卡罗技术被用于伴随电子输运。在《新手》中,BFP蒙特卡罗粒子输运既不是完全连续的能量,也不是完全多群的。BFP方法已在MCNP的多组版本中进行了测试,并正在集成到ITS代码包中。在伴随电子-光子模式下操作BFP代码需要CEPXS横截面生成代码产生的多组数据。本文给出了用新版CEPXS和新版多群ITS获得的伴随电子-光子输运结果。
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引用次数: 1
Thermal- and ignition-type steam explosions of single drops of molten aluminum 单滴铝液的热式和点火式蒸汽爆炸
Pub Date : 1995-07-01 DOI: 10.2172/147716
L. S. Nelson, P. M. Duda, D. Hyndman, D. K. Allison, M. Hyder
Seventeen steam explosion experiments were performed with 2 to 10 g drops of molten, high-purity Al. Seven were successfully initiated with underwater exploding bridgewires. At melt release temperatures up to 1400{degrees}C (1673 K) only moderate thermal-type explosions occurred that produced bubbles with volumes up to approximately 1 L. Bubble growth intensified in the melt temperature range 1400-1525{degrees}C (1673--1798 K) as threshold ignition of Al set in. In this range, one of the explosions emitted a flash of light and generated a bubble that grew very rapidly to approximately 14 L, broke through the water surface, and destroyed the test chamber. We attribute the behavior of this latter bubble, which grew as fast as one produced by the underwater firing of a 0.6 g explosive detonator, to an ignition-type steam explosion. Aluminum oxides could not be detected visually in the debris recovered from either typical thermal-type or the ignition-type explosions, and only traces could be detected by X-ray diffraction. In the ignition-type explosion, it is possible however that some oxidic material, probably the smaller particles, was lost during the flooding that occurred as the chamber failed. Both bubble analyses and the absence of appreciable oxide in the debris suggest that themore » ignition-type steam explosion was not very efficient, probably involving the combustion of only a small fraction of the original molten aluminum globule.« less
17次蒸汽爆炸实验用2到10克的熔融高纯度铝滴下。7次成功地用水下爆炸桥索启动。熔体释放温度高达1400{°}C (1673 K)时,仅发生中等热爆炸,产生体积约为1l的气泡。随着Al的阈值点火,熔体温度在1400-1525{°}C(1673—1798 K)范围内气泡的生长加剧。在这个范围内,其中一次爆炸发出闪光,产生了一个气泡,气泡迅速增长到大约14升,冲破水面,摧毁了测试室。后一种气泡的膨胀速度和在水下点燃一根0.6克炸药雷管所产生的气泡一样快,我们把它的行为归因于一种点火式的蒸汽爆炸。从典型的热型爆炸或点火型爆炸中回收的碎片中无法肉眼检测到氧化铝,只能通过x射线衍射检测到微量氧化铝。然而,在点火型爆炸中,有可能是一些氧化物质,可能是较小的颗粒,在腔室失效时发生的洪水中丢失了。气泡分析和碎片中没有明显的氧化物都表明,点火式蒸汽爆炸不是很有效,可能只燃烧了一小部分原始熔融铝球。«少
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引用次数: 6
Development of a risk-based approach to Hanford site cleanup 开发基于风险的汉福德场地清理方法
Pub Date : 1995-06-01 DOI: 10.2172/120008
W. Hesser
In response to a request from Thomas Grumbly, Assistant Secretary of Energy for Environmental Management, the Hanford Site contractors developed a set of risk-based cleanup strategies that (a) protect the public, workers, and environment from unacceptable risks; (b) are executable technically; and (c) fit within the currently expected annual funding profile. These strategies were developed because (1) the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and Hanford site budgets are being reduced (2) stakeholders are dissatisfied with the perceived rate of cleanup (3) the U.S. Congress and the DOE are increasingly focusing on risk and risk-reduction activities (4) the present strategy is not integrated across the site and is inconsistent in its treatment of similar hazards (5) the present cleanup strategy is not cost-effective from a risk-reduction or future land-use perspective (6) the milestones and activities in the Tri-Party Agreement cannot be achieved with an anticipated funding of $1.05 billion, or less, annually.
应负责环境管理的能源部助理部长托马斯·格鲁姆比的要求,汉福德核电站的承包商制定了一套基于风险的清理策略,以(a)保护公众、工人和环境免受不可接受的风险;(b)在技术上可执行;以及(c)符合目前预期的年度资助情况。制定这些战略的原因是:(1)美国能源部(DOE)和汉福德现场预算正在减少;(2)利益相关者对预期的清理速度不满意;(3)美国国会和DOE越来越关注风险和降低风险的活动;(4)目前的战略没有整合到整个现场,并且在处理类似危害方面不一致;(5)目前的清理战略从降低风险或未来的土地利用角度来看并不具有成本效益预计每年10.5亿美元或更少的资金是无法实现《三方协定》中的里程碑和活动的。
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引用次数: 2
Homogeneous critical Monte Carlo eigenvalue calculations with revised ENDF/B-VI data sets 修正ENDF/B-VI数据集的齐次临界蒙特卡罗特征值计算
Pub Date : 1995-04-01 DOI: 10.2172/48679
A. Kahler
The revised ENDF/B-VI data set is discussed. The low capture resonance integral is primarily responsible for the large eigenvalue trend with epithermal fission rate, and a modification of the uranium 235 evaluation will yield a significantly improved evaluated data set.
讨论了修订后的ENDF/B-VI数据集。低俘获共振积分是造成超热裂变率大特征值趋势的主要原因,对铀235评价的修正将产生显著改进的评价数据集。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Transactions of the American Nuclear Society
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