Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1177/23978473211005562
M. Malmir, M. Mehranjani, T. Faraji, S. N. Noreini
Among researchers, environmental pollutants and their contribution to male fertility are still being discussed. The use of antioxidants manages to boost the reproductive system with the scavenging of free radicals. This study aimed to investigate the inhibiting function of Vitamin E (VE) on Bisphenol-A (BPA) toxicity in the male rats’ reproductive system. Male rats were divided into 4 groups: control (negative control) group, BPA group treated by 250 mg/kg/day (positive control), VE group treated by 150 mg/kg/day (comparative control) and BPA + VE group that received both doses at the same time (Oral treatment by gavage; 56 days). Sperm parameters, testicular tissue morphometric and biochemical tests were evaluated. Sperm count, motility, viability, normal morphology, sperm tail length, spermatogenesis index and serum testosterone levels significantly decreased in the BPA group compared to the control group. Versus a significant enhancement in the positive-TUNEL germinal cells and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were observed. Moreover, BPA exhibited no effect on sperm maturity and DNA integrity. In the simultaneous treatment group (BPA + EV), VE could improve and regulate all the mentioned parameters within the control group range. As mentioned, there was a significant difference in the results in the positive control group compared to the negative control group. But these data improved significantly in the BPA + VE. It can be concluded that in this group, VE was able to overcome the toxicity caused by positive control in their simultaneous treatment and maintain the data at the negative control group range. Therefore, no significant change was observed in the BPA + VE group compared to the negative control group.
{"title":"Antioxidant effect of Vitamin E on the male rat reproductive system by a high oral dose of Bisphenol-A","authors":"M. Malmir, M. Mehranjani, T. Faraji, S. N. Noreini","doi":"10.1177/23978473211005562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23978473211005562","url":null,"abstract":"Among researchers, environmental pollutants and their contribution to male fertility are still being discussed. The use of antioxidants manages to boost the reproductive system with the scavenging of free radicals. This study aimed to investigate the inhibiting function of Vitamin E (VE) on Bisphenol-A (BPA) toxicity in the male rats’ reproductive system. Male rats were divided into 4 groups: control (negative control) group, BPA group treated by 250 mg/kg/day (positive control), VE group treated by 150 mg/kg/day (comparative control) and BPA + VE group that received both doses at the same time (Oral treatment by gavage; 56 days). Sperm parameters, testicular tissue morphometric and biochemical tests were evaluated. Sperm count, motility, viability, normal morphology, sperm tail length, spermatogenesis index and serum testosterone levels significantly decreased in the BPA group compared to the control group. Versus a significant enhancement in the positive-TUNEL germinal cells and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were observed. Moreover, BPA exhibited no effect on sperm maturity and DNA integrity. In the simultaneous treatment group (BPA + EV), VE could improve and regulate all the mentioned parameters within the control group range. As mentioned, there was a significant difference in the results in the positive control group compared to the negative control group. But these data improved significantly in the BPA + VE. It can be concluded that in this group, VE was able to overcome the toxicity caused by positive control in their simultaneous treatment and maintain the data at the negative control group range. Therefore, no significant change was observed in the BPA + VE group compared to the negative control group.","PeriodicalId":23155,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Research and Application","volume":"25 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83726177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1177/23978473211033034
A. Dayan, Joshua Dayan
In 1820, Frederick Accum published a book, best known by its biblical subtitle ‘Death in the Pot', showing the widespread fraudulent and dangerous adulteration of common foods and drinks bought in London. Despite its brief popularity, there was no effective legislation in Britain until 1875 after more extensive analytical surveys by Hassall and Letheby in 1855 and a parliamentary enquiry had confirmed the frauds and risks to public health. There were similar surveys and legal action against food adulteration in France and Germany towards the end of the 19th century. In the USA, campaigning by Harvey Wiley and others revealed the same risks and frauds and led to the Pure Foods and Drugs Act in 1906 and formation of the FDA. We should have celebrated Accum’s bicentennial in 2020 to recognise his achievement and to remind us of the continuing dangers of food adulteration today.
1820年，Frederick Accum出版了一本书，最著名的是它的圣经副标题“锅中的死亡”，展示了在伦敦购买的普通食品和饮料普遍存在的欺诈和危险掺假。尽管它短暂流行，但直到1875年，在Hassall和Letheby于1855年进行了更广泛的分析调查和议会调查后，英国才有了有效的立法，证实了欺诈行为和对公众健康的风险。19世纪末，法国和德国也有类似的调查和针对食品掺假的法律行动。在美国，哈维·威利(Harvey Wiley)等人发起的运动揭露了同样的风险和欺诈行为，并导致了1906年的《纯净食品和药品法》(Pure Foods and Drugs Act)和FDA的成立。我们应该在2020年庆祝Accum诞辰200周年，以表彰他的成就，并提醒我们今天食品掺假的持续危险。
{"title":"Accum and food adulteration: A forgotten bicentennial","authors":"A. Dayan, Joshua Dayan","doi":"10.1177/23978473211033034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23978473211033034","url":null,"abstract":"In 1820, Frederick Accum published a book, best known by its biblical subtitle ‘Death in the Pot', showing the widespread fraudulent and dangerous adulteration of common foods and drinks bought in London. Despite its brief popularity, there was no effective legislation in Britain until 1875 after more extensive analytical surveys by Hassall and Letheby in 1855 and a parliamentary enquiry had confirmed the frauds and risks to public health. There were similar surveys and legal action against food adulteration in France and Germany towards the end of the 19th century. In the USA, campaigning by Harvey Wiley and others revealed the same risks and frauds and led to the Pure Foods and Drugs Act in 1906 and formation of the FDA. We should have celebrated Accum’s bicentennial in 2020 to recognise his achievement and to remind us of the continuing dangers of food adulteration today.","PeriodicalId":23155,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Research and Application","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82385685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1177/2397847320988496
G. Phillips, L. Czekala, H. Behrsing, K. Amin, J. Budde, M. Stevenson, R. Wieczorek, Tanvir Walele, L. Simms
The use of electronic vapour products (EVPs) continues to increase worldwide and with advances in cell culture systems, molecular biology and the computational sciences there is also accumulating evidence of their potential reduced toxicity and reduced potential harm when compared to cigarette smoke. To further understand the potential risks and health effects associated with exposure to EVP aerosols we have assessed the cellular and transcriptomic response from a commercially available lung tissue culture system (MucilAirTM) following a single sub-cytotoxic exposure to cigarette smoke and the equivalent nicotine delivered dose of EVP aerosol. The transcriptomic, cellular (cilia beat frequency (CBF) and percent active area (%AA), trans epithelial electrical resistance (TEER), histology) and cytokine release were assessed at 4- and 48- hours following recovery from air, EVP aerosol (8.4% V/V: mybluTM blueberry flavour, 2.4% nicotine) and 3R4F smoke (3.5% V/V: exposure). No pathological changes were observed at either recovery time point from any exposure. Air and EVP aerosol exposure had no effect on CBF, %AA nor TEER at 48 hours. Exposure to cigarette smoke resulted in a decrease in TEER, an increase in CBF and the release of proinflammatory cytokines at both recovery time points. Although the number of significantly expressed genes was minimal following exposure to EVP aerosol, exposure to 3R4F smoke resulted in a significant upregulation of several disease relevant pathways. These data provide evidence that following an acute exposure to EVP aerosol there is significantly less damage to lung cells in culture than the equivalent, nicotine based, dose of cigarette smoke.
{"title":"Acute electronic vapour product whole aerosol exposure of 3D human bronchial tissue results in minimal cellular and transcriptomic responses when compared to cigarette smoke","authors":"G. Phillips, L. Czekala, H. Behrsing, K. Amin, J. Budde, M. Stevenson, R. Wieczorek, Tanvir Walele, L. Simms","doi":"10.1177/2397847320988496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2397847320988496","url":null,"abstract":"The use of electronic vapour products (EVPs) continues to increase worldwide and with advances in cell culture systems, molecular biology and the computational sciences there is also accumulating evidence of their potential reduced toxicity and reduced potential harm when compared to cigarette smoke. To further understand the potential risks and health effects associated with exposure to EVP aerosols we have assessed the cellular and transcriptomic response from a commercially available lung tissue culture system (MucilAirTM) following a single sub-cytotoxic exposure to cigarette smoke and the equivalent nicotine delivered dose of EVP aerosol. The transcriptomic, cellular (cilia beat frequency (CBF) and percent active area (%AA), trans epithelial electrical resistance (TEER), histology) and cytokine release were assessed at 4- and 48- hours following recovery from air, EVP aerosol (8.4% V/V: mybluTM blueberry flavour, 2.4% nicotine) and 3R4F smoke (3.5% V/V: exposure). No pathological changes were observed at either recovery time point from any exposure. Air and EVP aerosol exposure had no effect on CBF, %AA nor TEER at 48 hours. Exposure to cigarette smoke resulted in a decrease in TEER, an increase in CBF and the release of proinflammatory cytokines at both recovery time points. Although the number of significantly expressed genes was minimal following exposure to EVP aerosol, exposure to 3R4F smoke resulted in a significant upregulation of several disease relevant pathways. These data provide evidence that following an acute exposure to EVP aerosol there is significantly less damage to lung cells in culture than the equivalent, nicotine based, dose of cigarette smoke.","PeriodicalId":23155,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Research and Application","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80731498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1177/23978473211019490
J. Gujral, Jim Carr, D. Tonucci, C. Darwen, V. L. Grotz
Regulatory agencies around the world have found sucralose to be a safe ingredient for use in food. A recent review by the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) hypothesized that sucralose use in foods heated during their manufacture might pose a health risk, by resulting in the formation of certain chlorinated compounds; specifically, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinateddibenzofurans (PCDFs) and/or free or bound 3-monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD), some of which are considered potential carcinogens. The BfR further encouraged the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), which is in the process of conducting a staged re-evaluation of a range of food additives, including sucralose, to specifically address their hypothesis. This paper reports the results of new studies requested by EFSA to analyze for the presence of PCDDs, PCDFs and 3-MCPDs in a range of foods. As requested, foods were prepared with typical sucralose use levels and thermally processed under typical food processing conditions. The presence of the compounds of interest were analyzed using validated and accepted analytical methods (e.g. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS)). The results of these new analytical studies show no evidence for the formation of these compounds due to sucralose presence. This paper also reports a critical analysis of the studies cited in the BfR review as the basis for its hypothesis. This analysis shows that the cited studies do not represent food manufacturing conditions and are thus not reliable for predicting the fate of sucralose in foods. This work reaffirms that sucralose is safe for use in food manufacture, including when heating is required.
{"title":"Use of sucralose in foods heated during manufacturing does not pose a risk to human health","authors":"J. Gujral, Jim Carr, D. Tonucci, C. Darwen, V. L. Grotz","doi":"10.1177/23978473211019490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23978473211019490","url":null,"abstract":"Regulatory agencies around the world have found sucralose to be a safe ingredient for use in food. A recent review by the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) hypothesized that sucralose use in foods heated during their manufacture might pose a health risk, by resulting in the formation of certain chlorinated compounds; specifically, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinateddibenzofurans (PCDFs) and/or free or bound 3-monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD), some of which are considered potential carcinogens. The BfR further encouraged the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), which is in the process of conducting a staged re-evaluation of a range of food additives, including sucralose, to specifically address their hypothesis. This paper reports the results of new studies requested by EFSA to analyze for the presence of PCDDs, PCDFs and 3-MCPDs in a range of foods. As requested, foods were prepared with typical sucralose use levels and thermally processed under typical food processing conditions. The presence of the compounds of interest were analyzed using validated and accepted analytical methods (e.g. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS)). The results of these new analytical studies show no evidence for the formation of these compounds due to sucralose presence. This paper also reports a critical analysis of the studies cited in the BfR review as the basis for its hypothesis. This analysis shows that the cited studies do not represent food manufacturing conditions and are thus not reliable for predicting the fate of sucralose in foods. This work reaffirms that sucralose is safe for use in food manufacture, including when heating is required.","PeriodicalId":23155,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Research and Application","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86693996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1177/23978473211025467
D. Oyeniran, A. Ojewale, P. Jewo, E. Ashamu, O. Adeniyi, S. Adelakun
Transfluthrin is a fast-acting insecticide used in household and hygiene products, mainly against flying insects, such as mosquito and flies, and in agriculture material pests. Its uses in these areas have not been without health risk to humans and the ecosystem. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate the effect of smoke emanating from Transfluthrin Coated Insecticide Paper (TCIP) on adult Wistar rats’ testicular functions. The rats were grouped into three. Group A was exposed to normal environmental air. Group B and C rats were exposed via whole-body inhalation to smoke emanating from 6 g and 12 g of TCIP every day for 8 weeks. The entire groups contained eight rats each. At the end of the exposure, body and organs weight, semen analysis, biochemical assay and histological examination were evaluated and determined. The results show that the exposure significantly altered the testicular cytoarchitecture, sperm quality, hormonal profile and oxidative parameters with an increase in exposure to TCIP. This study revealed that exposure to transfluthrin is detrimental to the reproductive functions of male rats.
氟氯菊酯是一种速效杀虫剂，用于家庭和卫生用品，主要用于防治蚊子和苍蝇等飞虫以及农业物质害虫。它在这些领域的使用对人类和生态系统并非没有健康风险。因此，本研究旨在探讨经氟氯菊酯涂杀虫纸(TCIP)产生的烟雾对成年Wistar大鼠睾丸功能的影响。老鼠被分成三组。A组暴露于正常环境空气中。B组和C组大鼠每天通过全身吸入6 g和12 g TCIP产生的烟雾，持续8周。每组8只大鼠。暴露结束时，评估和测定体、器官重量、精液分析、生化化验和组织学检查。结果表明，随着TCIP暴露量的增加，睾丸细胞结构、精子质量、激素谱和氧化参数显著改变。本研究表明，暴露于氟氯菊酯对雄性大鼠的生殖功能有害。
{"title":"Infertility: A product of smoke emanating from Transfluthrin coated insecticide paper (TCIP)","authors":"D. Oyeniran, A. Ojewale, P. Jewo, E. Ashamu, O. Adeniyi, S. Adelakun","doi":"10.1177/23978473211025467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23978473211025467","url":null,"abstract":"Transfluthrin is a fast-acting insecticide used in household and hygiene products, mainly against flying insects, such as mosquito and flies, and in agriculture material pests. Its uses in these areas have not been without health risk to humans and the ecosystem. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate the effect of smoke emanating from Transfluthrin Coated Insecticide Paper (TCIP) on adult Wistar rats’ testicular functions. The rats were grouped into three. Group A was exposed to normal environmental air. Group B and C rats were exposed via whole-body inhalation to smoke emanating from 6 g and 12 g of TCIP every day for 8 weeks. The entire groups contained eight rats each. At the end of the exposure, body and organs weight, semen analysis, biochemical assay and histological examination were evaluated and determined. The results show that the exposure significantly altered the testicular cytoarchitecture, sperm quality, hormonal profile and oxidative parameters with an increase in exposure to TCIP. This study revealed that exposure to transfluthrin is detrimental to the reproductive functions of male rats.","PeriodicalId":23155,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Research and Application","volume":"2 Suppl A 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83646148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1177/2397847321999302
G. Forcados, VO Adamu, MT Abdulsalam, N. Aminu, TM Anjuwon, M. Otor, JR Riki, A. Muhammad
In most parts of West Africa and other developing countries, herbal medicines are sometimes used by patients concomitantly receiving conventional drugs, which can result in potentially serious adverse effects. This study examined in vivo cytotoxic effects of Azadirachta indica extracts followed by artesunate administration on some markers of liver and kidney toxicity. Serum ALT, GGT, urea, creatinine, interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor α, tissue malondialdehyde and glutathione levels and liver and kidney histology in healthy male Wistar rats administered 100 and 200 mg/kg A. indica for 5 days followed by 10 mg/kg Artesunate for 5 days was determined. Results showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher serum ALT, GGT, urea, creatinine, interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor α levels with proportional increase of 16.5, 21.7, 9.2, 6.9, 9.1 and 9.1% respectively when compared to normal control was observed. Malondialdehyde levels were significantly (p < 0.05) higher with a proportional increase of 57.8%, while glutathione levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower with a proportional decrease of 13.4% in liver homogenates of the treated rats relative to normal control. Histological examination of the liver and kidney of the co-treated rats showed vascular congestion and necrosis. Collectively, the results suggest that administration of A. indica followed by artesunate could predispose to liver and kidney associated cytotoxicity. These findings could have implications for people who habitually use herbal preparations and conventional drugs in sequential fashion.
{"title":"Toxicological implications of sequential administration of herbal and conventional medicines: Evidence from an in vivo study on Azadirachta indica and artesunate in male Wistar rats","authors":"G. Forcados, VO Adamu, MT Abdulsalam, N. Aminu, TM Anjuwon, M. Otor, JR Riki, A. Muhammad","doi":"10.1177/2397847321999302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2397847321999302","url":null,"abstract":"In most parts of West Africa and other developing countries, herbal medicines are sometimes used by patients concomitantly receiving conventional drugs, which can result in potentially serious adverse effects. This study examined in vivo cytotoxic effects of Azadirachta indica extracts followed by artesunate administration on some markers of liver and kidney toxicity. Serum ALT, GGT, urea, creatinine, interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor α, tissue malondialdehyde and glutathione levels and liver and kidney histology in healthy male Wistar rats administered 100 and 200 mg/kg A. indica for 5 days followed by 10 mg/kg Artesunate for 5 days was determined. Results showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher serum ALT, GGT, urea, creatinine, interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor α levels with proportional increase of 16.5, 21.7, 9.2, 6.9, 9.1 and 9.1% respectively when compared to normal control was observed. Malondialdehyde levels were significantly (p < 0.05) higher with a proportional increase of 57.8%, while glutathione levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower with a proportional decrease of 13.4% in liver homogenates of the treated rats relative to normal control. Histological examination of the liver and kidney of the co-treated rats showed vascular congestion and necrosis. Collectively, the results suggest that administration of A. indica followed by artesunate could predispose to liver and kidney associated cytotoxicity. These findings could have implications for people who habitually use herbal preparations and conventional drugs in sequential fashion.","PeriodicalId":23155,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Research and Application","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79223493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1177/2397847321997523
E. Agoro, C. G. Ikimi, Tommy Edidiong
Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated drowning as the leading cause of unintentional death in the world, with 372,000 deaths reported annually. Not all drowning are unintentional; some could be disguised to cover up an act of heinous criminality. This study was aimed at using some vitreous renal function biochemical parameters as a discriminant of postmortem fresh water drowning. Twelve albino rabbits constituted the sample size as validated by Mead’s formula. The study was divided into three groups; the control, postmortem-drowned and truly drowned as mimicked using an artificial fresh water pond. Vitreous humours were extracted using Coe method. The vitreous renal chemistries were analysed using diacetyl monoxime, Jaffe’s test, uricase and ion-selective electrode (ISE) methods respectively. Result: The mean of vitreous creatinine, urea, uric acid, Na+, K+, Cl−, Ca2+, glucose and CO2 of the control, postmortem-drowned and truly drowned groups were compared using One-way Anova (post-hoc-LSD) with the aid of SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA; Version 18–21 package. The findings revealed a significant increase in concentrations of vitreous creatinine, glucose, Ca2+ and K+ of the drowned death group, whereas vitreous concentrations of CO2 and urea significantly decreased when compared to the controls and/or postmortem-drowned death. Conclusion: The study has shown that some of the studied vitreous biochemical parameters could be used as an ancillary tool in discriminating death due to fresh water drowning from that of disguised or postmortem-drowned death.
背景:世界卫生组织(世卫组织)估计，溺水是世界上非故意死亡的主要原因，每年报告的死亡人数为37.2万人。并非所有的溺水都是无意的;有些人可能会伪装，以掩盖令人发指的犯罪行为。本研究旨在利用一些玻璃体肾功能生化参数作为死后淡水溺水的鉴别指标。12只白化兔构成了米德公式验证的样本量。研究分为三组;对照组采用人工淡水池模拟死后溺水和真正溺水。采用Coe法提取玻璃体体液。分别用二乙酰单肟法、Jaffe试验法、尿酸酶法和离子选择电极法分析玻璃体肾的化学成分。结果:对照组、死后溺死组和真溺死组玻璃体肌酐、尿素、尿酸、Na+、K+、Cl−、Ca2+、葡萄糖和CO2的平均值采用单因素方差分析(posthoc - lsd)， SPSS Inc.， Chicago, IL, USA;版本18-21包。研究结果显示，溺水死亡组玻璃体肌酐、葡萄糖、Ca2+和K+浓度显著升高，而玻璃体CO2和尿素浓度与对照组和/或死后溺水死亡组相比显著降低。结论:玻璃体生化指标可作为区分淡水溺水死亡与伪装溺水或死后溺水死亡的辅助工具。
{"title":"The use of vitreous renal chemistries in the discrimination of postmortem fresh water drowning","authors":"E. Agoro, C. G. Ikimi, Tommy Edidiong","doi":"10.1177/2397847321997523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2397847321997523","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated drowning as the leading cause of unintentional death in the world, with 372,000 deaths reported annually. Not all drowning are unintentional; some could be disguised to cover up an act of heinous criminality. This study was aimed at using some vitreous renal function biochemical parameters as a discriminant of postmortem fresh water drowning. Twelve albino rabbits constituted the sample size as validated by Mead’s formula. The study was divided into three groups; the control, postmortem-drowned and truly drowned as mimicked using an artificial fresh water pond. Vitreous humours were extracted using Coe method. The vitreous renal chemistries were analysed using diacetyl monoxime, Jaffe’s test, uricase and ion-selective electrode (ISE) methods respectively. Result: The mean of vitreous creatinine, urea, uric acid, Na+, K+, Cl−, Ca2+, glucose and CO2 of the control, postmortem-drowned and truly drowned groups were compared using One-way Anova (post-hoc-LSD) with the aid of SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA; Version 18–21 package. The findings revealed a significant increase in concentrations of vitreous creatinine, glucose, Ca2+ and K+ of the drowned death group, whereas vitreous concentrations of CO2 and urea significantly decreased when compared to the controls and/or postmortem-drowned death. Conclusion: The study has shown that some of the studied vitreous biochemical parameters could be used as an ancillary tool in discriminating death due to fresh water drowning from that of disguised or postmortem-drowned death.","PeriodicalId":23155,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Research and Application","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84957880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1177/23978473211049085
T. Osimitz, W. Droege
Quaternary ammonium compounds are antimicrobial chemicals that provide significant public health benefits by controlling bacteria and viruses that cause infections such as colds, flu, and COVID. The benefits of antimicrobial QACs are seen in increased quality-of-life measures, such as reduced time away from work and school and reduced medical costs. As active antimicrobial agents, QACs and QAC-containing consumer and professional products are highly regulated by authorities such as the US Environmental Protection Agency and the European Chemicals Agency. A complete database of guideline safety studies, covering human and environmental health, is available and has been reviewed by multiple regulatory agencies globally. The conclusions of regulatory agencies from these studies indicate no concerns regarding reproductive effects, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, or other systemic adverse effects. In contrast, some published academic studies provide mixed findings on lipid synthesis, reproductive effects, and asthma. However, many of these studies have been found not to be robust in design and lacked appropriate controls to support conclusions of a clear and direct association with an adverse effect. The hazard data for the QACs show that their primary critical effects are point-of-contact effects such as irritation, which exhibit a threshold and occur in a dose–response manner. This review compares toxicity information for QACs, examines human exposures, and quantifies the risks estimated from QAC product use. QACs are an important cleaning and hygiene tool, and the abundance of safety data generated for them provides assurance they can be safely used in professional and household products.
{"title":"Quaternary ammonium compounds: perspectives on benefits, hazards, and risk","authors":"T. Osimitz, W. Droege","doi":"10.1177/23978473211049085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23978473211049085","url":null,"abstract":"Quaternary ammonium compounds are antimicrobial chemicals that provide significant public health benefits by controlling bacteria and viruses that cause infections such as colds, flu, and COVID. The benefits of antimicrobial QACs are seen in increased quality-of-life measures, such as reduced time away from work and school and reduced medical costs. As active antimicrobial agents, QACs and QAC-containing consumer and professional products are highly regulated by authorities such as the US Environmental Protection Agency and the European Chemicals Agency. A complete database of guideline safety studies, covering human and environmental health, is available and has been reviewed by multiple regulatory agencies globally. The conclusions of regulatory agencies from these studies indicate no concerns regarding reproductive effects, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, or other systemic adverse effects. In contrast, some published academic studies provide mixed findings on lipid synthesis, reproductive effects, and asthma. However, many of these studies have been found not to be robust in design and lacked appropriate controls to support conclusions of a clear and direct association with an adverse effect. The hazard data for the QACs show that their primary critical effects are point-of-contact effects such as irritation, which exhibit a threshold and occur in a dose–response manner. This review compares toxicity information for QACs, examines human exposures, and quantifies the risks estimated from QAC product use. QACs are an important cleaning and hygiene tool, and the abundance of safety data generated for them provides assurance they can be safely used in professional and household products.","PeriodicalId":23155,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Research and Application","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91469059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1177/23978473211022267
D. Thorne, R. Wieczorek, Toshiro Fukushima, Han-Jae Shin, R. Leverette, M. Ballantyne, Xiang Li, B. Bombick, K. Yoshino
During a Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA) meeting, the in vitro toxicity testing Sub-Group (IVT SG) met to discuss the evolving field of aerosol exposure research. Given the diversity of exposure parameters and biological endpoints being used, it was considered a high priority to investigate and contextualise the responses obtained. This is particularly driven by the inability to compare between studies on different exposure systems due to user preferences and protocol differences. Twelve global tobacco and contract research companies met to discuss this topic and formulate an aligned approach on how this diverging field of research could be appropriately compared. Something that is becoming increasingly important, especially in the light of more focused regulatory scrutiny. A detailed and comprehensive survey was conducted on over 40 parameters ranging from aerosol generation, dilution and data analysis across eight geographically independent laboratories. The survey results emphasise the diversity of in vitro exposure parameters and methodologies employed across the IVT SG and highlighted pockets of harmonisation. For example, many of the biological protocol parameters are consistent across the Sub-Group. However, variables such as cell type and exposure time remain largely inconsistent. The next steps for this work will be to map parameters and system data against biological findings and investigate whether the observed inconsistencies translate into increased biological variability. The results from the survey provide improved awareness of parameters and nuances, that may be of substantial benefit to scientists in intersecting fields and in the development of harmonised approaches.
{"title":"A survey of aerosol exposure systems relative to the analysis of cytotoxicity: A Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA) perspective","authors":"D. Thorne, R. Wieczorek, Toshiro Fukushima, Han-Jae Shin, R. Leverette, M. Ballantyne, Xiang Li, B. Bombick, K. Yoshino","doi":"10.1177/23978473211022267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23978473211022267","url":null,"abstract":"During a Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA) meeting, the in vitro toxicity testing Sub-Group (IVT SG) met to discuss the evolving field of aerosol exposure research. Given the diversity of exposure parameters and biological endpoints being used, it was considered a high priority to investigate and contextualise the responses obtained. This is particularly driven by the inability to compare between studies on different exposure systems due to user preferences and protocol differences. Twelve global tobacco and contract research companies met to discuss this topic and formulate an aligned approach on how this diverging field of research could be appropriately compared. Something that is becoming increasingly important, especially in the light of more focused regulatory scrutiny. A detailed and comprehensive survey was conducted on over 40 parameters ranging from aerosol generation, dilution and data analysis across eight geographically independent laboratories. The survey results emphasise the diversity of in vitro exposure parameters and methodologies employed across the IVT SG and highlighted pockets of harmonisation. For example, many of the biological protocol parameters are consistent across the Sub-Group. However, variables such as cell type and exposure time remain largely inconsistent. The next steps for this work will be to map parameters and system data against biological findings and investigate whether the observed inconsistencies translate into increased biological variability. The results from the survey provide improved awareness of parameters and nuances, that may be of substantial benefit to scientists in intersecting fields and in the development of harmonised approaches.","PeriodicalId":23155,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Research and Application","volume":"516 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77107506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1177/2397847321998282
Tayyaba Bibi, T. Khan
A large volume of antibiotics is used in fish farms to treat diseases because the farmed fish are fully affected by diseases and parasites in the aquaculture and particularly in the ocean environment where disease pathogens multiply quickly. The frequent use of these antibiotics in aquaculture has resulted in animal; stress, infection, and their dissemination in the form of antibiotic resistant genes to other bacteria including human and animal pathogens. The problems arising with antibiotics can be overcome by using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) due to their physiochemical properties and low toxicity. So AgNPs could be combined with antibiotics to induce infections in fish cell lines and to protect dissemination of antibiotics in the form of antibiotics resistant genes. We expose AgNPs on fish cell lines as a new nano-antibacterial agent to investigate and obtain findings in terms of the cell viability and toxicity. The experimental data is analyzed to examine the antibacterial effects of nanosilver as a replacement agent and discuss the complex scenario, drawbacks, techniques, methods, main mechanisms, and procedures to perform antibacterial tests of exposed AgNPs. There would be an attempt to deal with the AgNPs antibacterial therapies for the fish cell lines.
{"title":"Assessment of engineered nanosilver as an alternative nano-antibiotic in marine water pollution using biomarker of fish cell line","authors":"Tayyaba Bibi, T. Khan","doi":"10.1177/2397847321998282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2397847321998282","url":null,"abstract":"A large volume of antibiotics is used in fish farms to treat diseases because the farmed fish are fully affected by diseases and parasites in the aquaculture and particularly in the ocean environment where disease pathogens multiply quickly. The frequent use of these antibiotics in aquaculture has resulted in animal; stress, infection, and their dissemination in the form of antibiotic resistant genes to other bacteria including human and animal pathogens. The problems arising with antibiotics can be overcome by using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) due to their physiochemical properties and low toxicity. So AgNPs could be combined with antibiotics to induce infections in fish cell lines and to protect dissemination of antibiotics in the form of antibiotics resistant genes. We expose AgNPs on fish cell lines as a new nano-antibacterial agent to investigate and obtain findings in terms of the cell viability and toxicity. The experimental data is analyzed to examine the antibacterial effects of nanosilver as a replacement agent and discuss the complex scenario, drawbacks, techniques, methods, main mechanisms, and procedures to perform antibacterial tests of exposed AgNPs. There would be an attempt to deal with the AgNPs antibacterial therapies for the fish cell lines.","PeriodicalId":23155,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Research and Application","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85732784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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