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IV.—Supplementary Report on the Hydroids of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition 四、关于苏格兰国家南极考察队水螅类的补充报告
Pub Date : 2010-10-13 DOI: 10.1017/S0080456800011881
J. Ritchie, W. S. Bruce
Since the report on the Hydroids collected by the Scotia was completed, almost three years ago, I have had an opportunity, thanks to the kindness of Dr W. S. Bruce, of looking through the enormous mass of material brought together by him during his Antarctic voyages. The search, begun in the hope of finding a few minute species—which, since many are epizoic on other forms of marine life, might readily be overlooked on cursory examination—has resulted in the addition of no less than 25 forms to the 36 already recorded. Deducting from this total of 61 forms two varieties, it appears that the Scotia collection contains in all 59 distinct species. Few, indeed, of these have been obtained in truly Antarctic latitudes—subantarctic or temperate seas having furnished the greater number—but this result is in accordance with the findings of the majority of the recent Antarctic expeditions. Dr Billard, in summarising the results of the Belgian, Swedish, and French expeditions, states that the known Hydroid fauna of Antarctic regions comprises only 32 species. But from his list he has, I think unjustly, excluded South Georgian records. His list, moreover, published before the valuable paper by Professor Hickson and Mr Gravely on the Discovery Hydroids was issued, necessarily makes no reference to the large number of forms recorded by them from Victoria Land.
自从斯各脱亚号所收集的水螅虫报告差不多在三年前完成以后,由于布鲁斯博士的好意,我才有机会查阅他在南极航行中所收集的大量资料。搜寻工作的开始是希望能找到一些微小的物种——由于其中许多物种对其他形式的海洋生物是兽性的,很容易在粗略的检查中被忽视——结果在已经记录的36种物种基础上又增加了不少于25种。从这总共61个品种中,再加上两个品种,斯各脱亚的标本似乎包括了全部59个不同的品种。事实上,在真正的南极纬度地区很少有这样的发现——亚南极或温带海域提供了更多的数量——但这一结果与最近大多数南极探险的发现是一致的。比拉德博士在总结比利时、瑞典和法国考察的结果时指出,南极地区已知的水螅类动物只有32种。但是我认为他把南格鲁吉亚的记录排除在外是不公正的。此外,他的名单是在希克森教授和格雷夫利先生关于发现水样的宝贵论文发表之前发表的,必然没有提到他们从维多利亚土地记录的大量表格。
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引用次数: 13
XIV.—Apparatus for Measuring Strain and Applying Stress, with an Account of some Experiments on the Behaviour of Iron and Steel under Stress 十四。应变和施加应力的测量装置,并附关于钢铁在应力作用下行为的一些实验的说明
Pub Date : 2010-08-09 DOI: 10.1017/s0080456800034323
E. G. Coker
The behaviour of metals under stress has long been the subject of investigation, both by mathematicians and physicists, so that the laws of strength are tolerably complete. Owing to the importance of iron and steel in construction, these materials have been subjected to very extensive tests, particularly in simple tension and compression. Numerous tests of cylindrical iron and steel bars in torsion are also available, the bulk of these being tests to destruction of samples of material used in actual machines and structures designed by engineers. In such tests scientific accuracy is not of much importance, the chief consideration being the obtaining of sufficient data for use in design. The most accurate torsional work upon iron and steel has been the work of physicists, and nearly all their investigations have been conducted upon specimens of very small sectional area; the reasons for this, no doubt, being that such specimens in the form of wires are easily obtainable, and of great uniformity in size and quality, while large test pieces are costly to prepare, and, moreover, cause considerable difficulty in testing, because of the magnitude of the forces involved. Owing to the mode of manufacture, the physical properties of wire often differ to a considerable extent from turned specimens of iron and steel. These differences may be caused by the hardening effect of the drawing, minute cracks in the wires, want of roundness, and the like. It therefore appeared probable that experiments on the lines indicated by physicists would be of some service, and it was with this idea that the investigation was commenced.
长期以来,数学家和物理学家一直在研究金属在压力下的行为,因此,强度定律是相当完整的。由于钢铁在建筑中的重要性,这些材料经受了非常广泛的试验,特别是简单的拉伸和压缩试验。还有许多圆柱形铁和钢筋的扭转试验,其中大部分是对工程师设计的实际机器和结构中使用的材料样品的破坏试验。在这种试验中,科学的准确性不是很重要,主要考虑的是获得足够的数据以供设计使用。物理学家对钢铁所做的最精确的扭转作用,他们几乎所有的研究都是在非常小的截面积的试样上进行的;毫无疑问,这样做的原因是,这种电线形式的样品很容易获得,并且在尺寸和质量上都很均匀,而大型测试件的准备成本很高,而且由于所涉及的力的大小,在测试中会造成相当大的困难。由于制造方式的不同,金属丝的物理性能往往与钢和铁的试样有很大的不同。这些差异可能是由于拉丝的硬化作用、线材的微小裂纹、圆度的不足等原因造成的。因此,在物理学家所指出的路线上进行实验似乎可能会有所帮助,正是带着这种想法,这项研究开始了。
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引用次数: 0
XIV. On the Specific Heat of the Gases 十四。论气体的比热
Pub Date : 2009-07-27 DOI: 10.1017/S0080456800024261
W. Esq.
The experiments which I now submit to the Royal Society are repetitions of those I made many months ago, for the purpose of ascertaining the Specific Heats of the Gases. The importance of the subject so impressed my mind, that I determined to spare no pains in the prosecution of the inquiry, and therefore I willingly withheld my first experiments from the public eye, until, by a fresh series, I might present them with the greater confidence. The apparatus employed in these experiments was calculated to operate upon greater quantities of the Gases than the former one, and as every precaution which had been suggested was adopted, they have, perhaps, given even more decisive results than the last. The results themselves, however, are in every important particular exactly the same. It is also but justice to myself to state, that the conclusions which the former experiments led to, were exactly the reverse of what I had anticipated, and that they seemed at the time totally opposed to the doctrines of Black and Crawford, which I am still disposed to credit to a limited degree.
我现在向皇家学会提交的实验是我几个月前为确定气体比热所做的重复实验。这个问题的重要性给我留下了深刻的印象,我决定不遗余力地进行调查,因此我愿意把我的第一次实验瞒着公众的眼睛,直到有了新的系列,我可以向他们展示更大的信心。在这些实验中使用的仪器被计算为比前一个操作更多的气体,并且由于采取了建议的每一个预防措施,他们可能会得到比前一个更决定性的结果。然而,结果本身在每个重要的细节上都是完全相同的。为了公正起见,我也要说,前面的实验得出的结论与我的预期完全相反,它们当时似乎与布莱克和克劳福德的理论完全相反,我仍然倾向于在一定程度上相信布莱克和克劳福德的理论。
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引用次数: 0
XI. Description of a Barometer, which marks the Rise and Fall of the Mercury from two different Times of Observation 西。气压计的描述,从两个不同的观测时间标记水星的上升和下降
Pub Date : 2009-05-18 DOI: 10.1017/S0080456800030842
A. Edin.
In August last, I read to this Society the Description of an Air Thermometer intended to record the various degrees of heat at every instant; and mentioned my intention of constructing a barometer, which would, in the same manner, record the variations of the weight of the atmosphere: Both which I proposed to adapt to one piece of clock-work. This piece of machinery appearing too complicated and expensive for general use, I contrived a thermometer, which marks the extreme points of heat and cold from any two times of observation. Of which instrument I also lately read an account, and produced the machine itself.
去年八月,我向这个学会读了一篇关于空气温度计的说明,用来记录每一个瞬间的不同温度;我还提到我打算造一个气压计,用同样的方法来记录大气重量的变化。我建议把这两种方法都用在一个钟表装置上。这种机器看起来太复杂,太昂贵,不能普遍使用,我就设计了一个温度计,可以通过任意两次的观察来标记冷热的极端点。我最近也读到一份关于这种仪器的报告,并制造了机器本身。
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引用次数: 1
X. Description of a Thermometer, which marks the greatest Degree of Heat and Cold, from one Time of Observation to another, and may also register its own Height at every Instant 十、对温度计的描述,它可以标记从一个观测时间到另一个观测时间的最大冷热度,也可以记录它自己在每一个瞬间的高度
Pub Date : 2009-05-18 DOI: 10.1080/14786449808676878
A. Edin.
Thermometers have hitherto been defective for meteorological purposes, in so far as they only point out the degree of heat at the moment of inspecting them, but do not show what the difference of temperature has been, from the time of one observation to that of another: Nor has any instrument been yet constructed, so far as I have been able to learn, which will record the intermediate degrees of heat. The ingenious Robert Hook, in the end of the last century, mentions his intention of making a thermometer for the above purpose ; but it does not appear that it was ever executed: Neither does he explain how it was to have been done.
迄今为止,温度计在气象用途上是有缺陷的,因为它们只能在检查它们的时候指出热量的程度,而不能显示从一次观测到另一次观测的温度差异。就我所能了解的而言,还没有任何仪器被制造出来,可以记录中间的热量。聪明的罗伯特·胡克,在上世纪末,提到他打算为上述目的制作一个温度计;但似乎从来没有执行过,他也没有解释是怎么做的。
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引用次数: 2
XXXII. On the Products of the Destructive Distillation of Animal Substances. Part I 第十七届。动物物质破坏蒸馏产物的研究。第一部分
Pub Date : 2009-04-30 DOI: 10.1017/S0080456800022432
T. A. Esq.
In April 1846, I communicated to the Royal Society a paper on a new organic base, to which I gave the name of Picoline, and which occurs in coal-tar, associated with the Pyrrol, Kyanol, and Leukol of Runge. In that paper I pointed out that the properties of picoline resembled, in many respects, those of a base which Unverdorben had previously extracted from Dippel's animal oil, and described under the name of Odorine; and more especially mentioned their solubility in water, and property of forming crystallisable salts with chloride of gold, as characters in which these substances approximated very closely to one another. And further, I detailed a few experiments on the odorine of Unverdorben extracted from Dippel's oil, with the view of ascertaining whether or not they were actually identical, but on too small a scale to admit of a definite solution of the question.
1846年4月,我向皇家学会提交了一篇关于一种新的有机碱的论文,我把它命名为吡啶,它存在于煤焦油中,与龙格的吡咯、炔醇和Leukol有关。在那篇论文中,我指出,吡啶的性质在许多方面与昂弗多本先前从迪佩尔的动物油中提取的一种碱的性质相似,这种碱被称为多啉;特别提到了它们在水中的溶解度,以及与金氯形成可结晶盐的性质,因为这些物质彼此非常接近。此外,我还详细地做了一些实验,从迪佩尔的油中提取了乌尔多本的气味,以确定它们是否实际上是相同的,但规模太小,无法确定这个问题的确切解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
Index 指数
Pub Date : 2008-01-01 DOI: 10.12987/9780300231618-009
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引用次数: 0
On the Diurnal Variations of the Barometer 气压计的日变化
Pub Date : 2007-07-06 DOI: 10.1002/QJ.4970021107
F.R.A.S. John Knox Laugrton
A Comparison of some Observations on the Diurnal Variations of the Barometer, made in Peyrouse's Voyage round the world, with those made at Calcutta by Dr Balfour was read by Professor Playfair.
普莱费尔教授宣读了佩鲁斯环球航行中对气压计日变化的一些观测结果与巴尔弗博士在加尔各答所作的观测结果的比较。
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引用次数: 0
Index 指数
Pub Date : 2006-10-26 DOI: 10.12987/9780300128253-015
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引用次数: 0
Index 指数
Pub Date : 2005-03-21 DOI: 10.1515/9781503618954-014
J. Dougall
Abdomen, infections of, fluoroquinolones in, 724-725 injuries of, infection following, antibiotics for, 787 Acne, treatment, 553 Acylaminopenicillin(s), 661-665. See also Ureidopenicillinis). Age, as factor in antibacterial agent effects in children, 562 Alpha phase, 486 Aminoglycoside(s), pharmacokinetics of, 487 in pregnancy, 643-644 in renal failure, 595, 606 resistance to, 512-518 Aminopenicillin, 655 Amoxicillin, in children, 566 Amoxicillin-elavulanic acid, 671-673 administration of, 673 clinical use of, 673 pharmacokinetics of, 672 spectrum of activity of, 671-672 toxicity of, 672 Ampicillin, in children, 566 Ampicillin-sulbactam, 674-676 administration of, 675-676 clinical use of, 675 pharmacokinetics of, 674-675 spectrum of activity of, 674 toxicity of, 675 Anaerobe(s), susceptibility testing of, 464 Antibacterial agents. See Antibiotics. Antibiotics, activity of, 484-486 adjuncts to, 769-781 bactericidal activity of, 534-535 blockers of inflammatory response in sepsis, 778 in children, 561-574. See also Children, antibacterial agents in. in CNS infections, 615-627 in the elderly, 575-590. See also Elderly, antibiotics in. failure of, 542 fetal effects, 641 in infection prevention, 783-804 endocarditis, 796-800 during surgical procedures, 783-789 inhibitory activity of, 532-534 determination of, 465 MBC of, 484-486 in meningitis, 615-627. See also Meningitis, antibiotics in. MIC of, 484-486, 532-534 monitoring of, 541-542 in ocular infections, 627-634. See also Evei»), infections of antibiotics in. pathogens resistant to, 497-530 hospital-acquired, 510-518 mechanisms of dissemination of resistance genes, 501-502 mechanisms of resistance, 497-500 types of resistance, 498 pharmacodynamics of, 489-494, 540-541 classification based on, 483 pharmacokinetics of, 486-488, 535-539 in pregnancy, 639-651. See also Pregnancy, antibiotics in. in renal failure, 591-614 selection and uses of, principles of, 531545 susceptibility testing of, 463-481, 532535. See also Susceptibility testing, of antibiotics. topical, 547-559 Antifungal agents, susceptibility testing of, 464-465 Antimicrobial agents. See Antibiotics. Antiseptics, description and uses of, 554 Apalcillin, 665 Appendectomy, antibiotics for infection prevention during, 786-787 Aural infections, treatment, 553-554 Azithromycin,731-745
腹部,感染,氟喹诺酮类药物,724-725,损伤,感染后,抗生素,787,痤疮,治疗,553,阿片氨苄青霉素(s), 661-665。另见脲霉素)。年龄,作为影响儿童抗菌药作用的因素,562 α期、486氨基糖苷(s)、药代动力学、487妊娠期、643-644肾衰竭期、595、606耐药、512-518氨苄西林、655阿莫西林、儿童期、566阿莫西林-艾拉维酸、671-673给药、673临床使用、673药代动力学、672活性谱、671-672毒性、672氨苄西林、儿童期、566氨苄西林-舒巴坦、674-676给药、675-676的临床应用、675的药代动力学、674的活性谱、674的毒性、675的厌氧菌、464种抗菌药物的药敏试验。看到抗生素。抗生素,活性为484-486,辅助,769-781,抗菌活性为534-535,脓毒症炎症反应阻滞剂,778,儿童,561-574。又见儿童抗菌剂中。中枢神经系统感染,615-627例老年人,575-590例。参见老年人,抗生素。542例胎儿影响,641例感染预防,783-804例心内膜炎,796-800例手术过程中,783-789例抑制活性,532-534测定,465例MBC, 484-486例脑膜炎,615-627。参见脑膜炎,抗生素。眼部感染的MIC为484-486;532-534;541-542;627-634。另见Evei»),抗生素感染。病原菌耐药,497-530医院获得性,510-518耐药基因传播机制,501-502耐药机制,497-500耐药类型,498药效学,489-494,540-541分类依据,483药代动力学,486-488,535-539妊娠期,639-651。参见妊娠,抗生素。在肾功能衰竭方面,591-614的选择和使用、原则、531545的药敏试验、463-481、532535。另见抗生素敏感性测试。局部,547-559抗菌药物,药敏试验,464-465抗菌药物。看到抗生素。554阿帕西林,665阑尾切除术,预防感染的抗生素,786-787耳部感染,治疗,553-554阿奇霉素,731-745
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Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
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