Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/0035919X.2022.2072016
Diemba Espoir Divengele, I. D. Seipone, E. Ndebia
Esophageal cancer (EC) is the ninth most common cancer worldwide, with 604,100 new cases each year and ranking sixth in terms of mortality. Individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have a higher prevalence of certain malignancies compared with the general population. There have been reports suggesting an increased risk of EC among people living with HIV infection. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of HIV infection among EC patients in rural Africa. This is a records-based retrospective descriptive study of patients presenting with EC referred from surrounding hospitals in the Eastern Cape to Frere Hospital from January 2016 to December 2018. A total of 125 EC cases were recorded during this period. Information collected from patients’ records included age, sex, ethnic group, HIV status, tumour location and stage of the disease. Fourteen patients were diagnosed with HIV, translating to a prevalence of 11% (95% confidence interval (CI): 5–15). There was no relationship between the risk of HIV infection and the stages of EC (p = .122). In addition to this, the risk of HIV infection showed no relationship to tumour location (p = .531). In summary, we found that the overall prevalence of HIV infection in EC patients was 11% and this was not associated with the stage or location of cancer at diagnosis in this rural population.
{"title":"HIV prevalence among oesophageal cancer patients in rural South Africa","authors":"Diemba Espoir Divengele, I. D. Seipone, E. Ndebia","doi":"10.1080/0035919X.2022.2072016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0035919X.2022.2072016","url":null,"abstract":"Esophageal cancer (EC) is the ninth most common cancer worldwide, with 604,100 new cases each year and ranking sixth in terms of mortality. Individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have a higher prevalence of certain malignancies compared with the general population. There have been reports suggesting an increased risk of EC among people living with HIV infection. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of HIV infection among EC patients in rural Africa. This is a records-based retrospective descriptive study of patients presenting with EC referred from surrounding hospitals in the Eastern Cape to Frere Hospital from January 2016 to December 2018. A total of 125 EC cases were recorded during this period. Information collected from patients’ records included age, sex, ethnic group, HIV status, tumour location and stage of the disease. Fourteen patients were diagnosed with HIV, translating to a prevalence of 11% (95% confidence interval (CI): 5–15). There was no relationship between the risk of HIV infection and the stages of EC (p = .122). In addition to this, the risk of HIV infection showed no relationship to tumour location (p = .531). In summary, we found that the overall prevalence of HIV infection in EC patients was 11% and this was not associated with the stage or location of cancer at diagnosis in this rural population.","PeriodicalId":23255,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of South Africa","volume":"77 1","pages":"113 - 117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42498054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/0035919X.2022.2088635
C. Vernon, W. Dean
Mute Swans Cygnus olor were introduced, either deliberately or “self-introduced” to various water bodies from ca 1920 to ca 1965 in the southern parts of South Africa, and in some cases survived for more than a decade. The success of local populations, their survival and subsequent extinctions are discussed, together with possible reasons for their demise. An attempt, on a much smaller scale, to introduce Black Swans Cygnus atratus was also made at about the same time, and this was not at all successful, with no breeding attempts and almost no survivors of initial introductions. The largest number of Mute Swans in one area was at the Kromme River complex in the Eastern Cape Province, where the introduction of the original Mute Swans to the area is fraught with conjecture and speculation. The facts and the dates of the introduction cannot be verified, but the best guess on circumstantial evidence is that the swans arrived on a dam near the Kromme River via an escape from a crate on deck that was washed overboard from a ship during a storm. Subsequent introductions of Mute Swans to Groenvlei (Goukamma Nature Reserve) and the Wilderness-Sedgefield-Lakes-Complex in the Western Cape and to other localities in that province were of swans caught at the Kromme and other waters. None of the populations of swans survived beyond the early 1980s, and their demise is as mysterious as are the origins of the founder population at the Kromme River.
{"title":"A saga of swans: an episode of cultural and natural history","authors":"C. Vernon, W. Dean","doi":"10.1080/0035919X.2022.2088635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0035919X.2022.2088635","url":null,"abstract":"Mute Swans Cygnus olor were introduced, either deliberately or “self-introduced” to various water bodies from ca 1920 to ca 1965 in the southern parts of South Africa, and in some cases survived for more than a decade. The success of local populations, their survival and subsequent extinctions are discussed, together with possible reasons for their demise. An attempt, on a much smaller scale, to introduce Black Swans Cygnus atratus was also made at about the same time, and this was not at all successful, with no breeding attempts and almost no survivors of initial introductions. The largest number of Mute Swans in one area was at the Kromme River complex in the Eastern Cape Province, where the introduction of the original Mute Swans to the area is fraught with conjecture and speculation. The facts and the dates of the introduction cannot be verified, but the best guess on circumstantial evidence is that the swans arrived on a dam near the Kromme River via an escape from a crate on deck that was washed overboard from a ship during a storm. Subsequent introductions of Mute Swans to Groenvlei (Goukamma Nature Reserve) and the Wilderness-Sedgefield-Lakes-Complex in the Western Cape and to other localities in that province were of swans caught at the Kromme and other waters. None of the populations of swans survived beyond the early 1980s, and their demise is as mysterious as are the origins of the founder population at the Kromme River.","PeriodicalId":23255,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of South Africa","volume":"77 1","pages":"145 - 157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48372611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/0035919X.2022.2102687
A. Ogundajo, S. Adeboye, Abib Olatunde, Wahab Badmus, M. Owolabi
The study investigates the chemical composition and antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of Cyanomentra vogelii Hook. F. Hexane, ethylacetate and methanol extracts of C. vogelii were obtained using a cold extraction method. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts was achieved using standard methods: in vitro assays were employed to assess antioxidant activities while antidiabetic potentials were evaluated against the action of ?-amylase and ?-glucosidase. The chemical composition of the extract was identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The methanol extract of C. vogelii displayed the highest quantity of phenol (68.93 mg gallic acid g-1) and flavonoids (74.84 mg quercetin g-1), while the ethylacetate extract exhibited the highest content of proanthocyanidins (33.21 mg catechin g-1). The methanol extract exhibited significantly potent inhibition (P < .05) – more than hexane and ethylacetate extracts – against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl (OH) and 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline (ABTS) radicals at half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 0.58, 0.19 and 0.46 mg/mL, respectively, while hexane extract showed higher metal chelating activity (P < .05) at 0.06 mg/mL. Hexane extract displayed better antidiabetic activities, as revealed by its moderate ?-amylase (2.54 mg/mL) and potent ?-glucosidase (0.53 mg/mL) inhibition compared to other extracts and acarbose. Mixed non-competitive and competitive modes of inhibition were elicited by the hexane extract against the activity of ?-amylase and ?-glucosidase, respectively. The major chemical components with reported antioxidant and antidiabetic activities identified from GC-MS analysis of the methanol extract include phytol (7.26%), n-hexadecanoic acid (5.95%), caryophyllene (1.70%) and nerolidol (2.22%). Cyanomentra vogelii extract contains active phytochemicals with therapeutic potential in the management of diabetes and oxidative stress-related diseases.
{"title":"Chemical compositions, in vitro assessments of antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of Cyanomentra vogelii Hook. F.","authors":"A. Ogundajo, S. Adeboye, Abib Olatunde, Wahab Badmus, M. Owolabi","doi":"10.1080/0035919X.2022.2102687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0035919X.2022.2102687","url":null,"abstract":"The study investigates the chemical composition and antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of Cyanomentra vogelii Hook. F. Hexane, ethylacetate and methanol extracts of C. vogelii were obtained using a cold extraction method. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts was achieved using standard methods: in vitro assays were employed to assess antioxidant activities while antidiabetic potentials were evaluated against the action of ?-amylase and ?-glucosidase. The chemical composition of the extract was identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The methanol extract of C. vogelii displayed the highest quantity of phenol (68.93 mg gallic acid g-1) and flavonoids (74.84 mg quercetin g-1), while the ethylacetate extract exhibited the highest content of proanthocyanidins (33.21 mg catechin g-1). The methanol extract exhibited significantly potent inhibition (P < .05) – more than hexane and ethylacetate extracts – against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl (OH) and 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline (ABTS) radicals at half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 0.58, 0.19 and 0.46 mg/mL, respectively, while hexane extract showed higher metal chelating activity (P < .05) at 0.06 mg/mL. Hexane extract displayed better antidiabetic activities, as revealed by its moderate ?-amylase (2.54 mg/mL) and potent ?-glucosidase (0.53 mg/mL) inhibition compared to other extracts and acarbose. Mixed non-competitive and competitive modes of inhibition were elicited by the hexane extract against the activity of ?-amylase and ?-glucosidase, respectively. The major chemical components with reported antioxidant and antidiabetic activities identified from GC-MS analysis of the methanol extract include phytol (7.26%), n-hexadecanoic acid (5.95%), caryophyllene (1.70%) and nerolidol (2.22%). Cyanomentra vogelii extract contains active phytochemicals with therapeutic potential in the management of diabetes and oxidative stress-related diseases.","PeriodicalId":23255,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of South Africa","volume":"77 1","pages":"159 - 168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48307455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/0035919X.2022.2079156
T. Musasa, T. Marambanyika
The study assesses the nexus between the drivers of wetland utilisation patterns, land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) and the current status of provisioning and cultural services in Driefontein and Intunjambili wetlands, Zimbabwe. A total of 280 household questionnaires were administered together with semi-structured interviews conducted with key informants in the two wetlands. Qualitative data were analysed using the content analysis method whereas descriptive and inferential statistics were used for quantitative data. LULCC was assessed using Landsat and Sentinel data for the years 1999, 2009 and 2019. Supervised classification was performed using the Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) algorithm in ArcMap 10.5. Eighty-six percent of Driefontein and 75% of Intunjambili households indicated that wetland use for horticulture farming was the predominant activity, but for different reasons in the two areas. In Intunjambili wetland, horticultural farming was mainly for subsistence use due to the prevailing semi-arid conditions. This was different from Driefontein, where market availability for horticultural produce was the major factor behind commercialised wetland use. Results of the LULCC analysis showed an increase in the spatial extent of the cultivated area in the two wetland areas, at the expense of vegetation and water and some of the associated ecosystem services. The studied wetlands provide cultural services since they are used as sites for research and academic excursions. The variations in the anthropogenic drivers of wetland use in Driefontein and Intunjambili show that location-specific wetland studies are important to inform appropriate wetland scale utilisation and management policies and strategies that result in the maintenance of ecosystem services.
{"title":"The nexus between drivers of wetland utilisation patterns, land use/land cover change and ecosystem services in two wetlands, Zimbabwe","authors":"T. Musasa, T. Marambanyika","doi":"10.1080/0035919X.2022.2079156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0035919X.2022.2079156","url":null,"abstract":"The study assesses the nexus between the drivers of wetland utilisation patterns, land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) and the current status of provisioning and cultural services in Driefontein and Intunjambili wetlands, Zimbabwe. A total of 280 household questionnaires were administered together with semi-structured interviews conducted with key informants in the two wetlands. Qualitative data were analysed using the content analysis method whereas descriptive and inferential statistics were used for quantitative data. LULCC was assessed using Landsat and Sentinel data for the years 1999, 2009 and 2019. Supervised classification was performed using the Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) algorithm in ArcMap 10.5. Eighty-six percent of Driefontein and 75% of Intunjambili households indicated that wetland use for horticulture farming was the predominant activity, but for different reasons in the two areas. In Intunjambili wetland, horticultural farming was mainly for subsistence use due to the prevailing semi-arid conditions. This was different from Driefontein, where market availability for horticultural produce was the major factor behind commercialised wetland use. Results of the LULCC analysis showed an increase in the spatial extent of the cultivated area in the two wetland areas, at the expense of vegetation and water and some of the associated ecosystem services. The studied wetlands provide cultural services since they are used as sites for research and academic excursions. The variations in the anthropogenic drivers of wetland use in Driefontein and Intunjambili show that location-specific wetland studies are important to inform appropriate wetland scale utilisation and management policies and strategies that result in the maintenance of ecosystem services.","PeriodicalId":23255,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of South Africa","volume":"77 1","pages":"119 - 131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42797104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-16DOI: 10.1080/0035919X.2022.2045383
A. Fitchett, Phuluphedziso Rambuwani
The construction industry contributes significantly to a country’s economy, but at the same time it tends to be a large contributor of waste generation. It is imperative that construction waste be controlled and managed effectively to reduce the negative impacts on the environment. There are various factors that cause waste, so this study aimed to determine these, and to understand the types of waste. A review of the literature indicates that the adoption of lean construction principles could play a positive role, so this was interrogated through a survey of construction managers on ten sites in the Gauteng region, the economic hub of South Africa. The most prevalent waste was found to be brick and concrete, attributed to the lack of skill of the subcontractors’ labour. The most common strategy to manage waste was through training and raising awareness. The two most common forms of lean waste were found to be defects and over-production, with the most prevalent lean tools being JIT and process mapping. The greatest challenges to the implementation of lean construction lie in poor supervisory capacity, low levels of skills in the labour force, cultural diversity in establishing levels of quality, late issue of information and shortage of material.
{"title":"Waste control in South African construction projects","authors":"A. Fitchett, Phuluphedziso Rambuwani","doi":"10.1080/0035919X.2022.2045383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0035919X.2022.2045383","url":null,"abstract":"The construction industry contributes significantly to a country’s economy, but at the same time it tends to be a large contributor of waste generation. It is imperative that construction waste be controlled and managed effectively to reduce the negative impacts on the environment. There are various factors that cause waste, so this study aimed to determine these, and to understand the types of waste. A review of the literature indicates that the adoption of lean construction principles could play a positive role, so this was interrogated through a survey of construction managers on ten sites in the Gauteng region, the economic hub of South Africa. The most prevalent waste was found to be brick and concrete, attributed to the lack of skill of the subcontractors’ labour. The most common strategy to manage waste was through training and raising awareness. The two most common forms of lean waste were found to be defects and over-production, with the most prevalent lean tools being JIT and process mapping. The greatest challenges to the implementation of lean construction lie in poor supervisory capacity, low levels of skills in the labour force, cultural diversity in establishing levels of quality, late issue of information and shortage of material.","PeriodicalId":23255,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of South Africa","volume":"77 1","pages":"105 - 112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45865980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/0035919X.2022.2036263
S. E. Nkosi, E. Adam, A. Barrett, L. Brown
The impact of African elephant (Loxodonta africana) on selected woody plants varies from local extirpation to persistence amid continuous utilisation. Species generally selected by elephants and the way they are foraged makes them vulnerable to high utilisation levels. This paper studied the spatial and temporal distribution of Vachellia stuhlmannii in Venetia-Limpopo Nature Reserve using SPOT ( S ytéme Pour l’Observation de la Terre) imagery. The spatial pattern distribution of the species was computed using the Spatial Point Pattern Analysis (SPPA) and the Complete Spatial Randomness (CSR) of the species was tested using the Nearest Neighbour Ripley’s K(r) function. Results indicate a significant decrease in the area covered by V. stuhlmannii between 2013 and 2017, with a subsequent decrease in the density of the species. This result was positively correlated (Pearson correlation r 3 = 0.796, P = 0.634) to a decrease in annual rainfall. V. stuhlmannii follows an aggregated spatial pattern, which led to the rejection of the null hypothesis (H o) test of complete spatial randomness. Limitation of this study is that the results are based on five-year data between 2013 and 2017. This was influenced by the SPOT data used that is made available commercially. It is recommended that further studies evaluate the species distribution and density prior to 2013 to determine whether the decrease is because of other browsers, diseases, elephant impact, decreasing annual rainfall or combination of factors.
非洲象（Loxodonta africana）对选定木本植物的影响从局部灭绝到持续利用不等。大象通常选择的物种及其觅食方式使它们容易受到高利用率的影响。本文利用SPOT（S ytéme Pour l‘Observation de la Terre）图像研究了Venetia Limpopo自然保护区内的瓦赫氏菌的时空分布。使用空间点模式分析（SPPA）计算物种的空间模式分布，并使用最近邻居Ripley的K（r）函数测试物种的完全空间随机性（CSR）。结果表明，在2013年至2017年间，斯图尔曼尼猪笼草覆盖的面积显著减少，随后物种密度下降。该结果呈正相关（Pearson相关r 3 = 0.796，P = 0.634）导致年降雨量减少。V.stuhlmanini遵循聚集的空间模式，这导致了对完全空间随机性的零假设（H o）检验的拒绝。本研究的局限性在于，研究结果基于2013年至2017年的五年数据。这受到了商业上可用的SPOT数据的影响。建议在2013年之前对物种分布和密度进行进一步研究，以确定减少是因为其他浏览器、疾病、大象影响、年降雨量减少还是多种因素的组合。
{"title":"Spatio-temporal distribution of Vachellia stuhlmannii (Taub.) in Venetia-Limpopo nature reserve – SPOT-imagery","authors":"S. E. Nkosi, E. Adam, A. Barrett, L. Brown","doi":"10.1080/0035919X.2022.2036263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0035919X.2022.2036263","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of African elephant (Loxodonta africana) on selected woody plants varies from local extirpation to persistence amid continuous utilisation. Species generally selected by elephants and the way they are foraged makes them vulnerable to high utilisation levels. This paper studied the spatial and temporal distribution of Vachellia stuhlmannii in Venetia-Limpopo Nature Reserve using SPOT ( S ytéme Pour l’Observation de la Terre) imagery. The spatial pattern distribution of the species was computed using the Spatial Point Pattern Analysis (SPPA) and the Complete Spatial Randomness (CSR) of the species was tested using the Nearest Neighbour Ripley’s K(r) function. Results indicate a significant decrease in the area covered by V. stuhlmannii between 2013 and 2017, with a subsequent decrease in the density of the species. This result was positively correlated (Pearson correlation r 3 = 0.796, P = 0.634) to a decrease in annual rainfall. V. stuhlmannii follows an aggregated spatial pattern, which led to the rejection of the null hypothesis (H o) test of complete spatial randomness. Limitation of this study is that the results are based on five-year data between 2013 and 2017. This was influenced by the SPOT data used that is made available commercially. It is recommended that further studies evaluate the species distribution and density prior to 2013 to determine whether the decrease is because of other browsers, diseases, elephant impact, decreasing annual rainfall or combination of factors.","PeriodicalId":23255,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of South Africa","volume":"77 1","pages":"63 - 72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49665913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/0035919X.2022.2036264
M. Khan, D. Shallcross, T. Harrison, A. M. Booth, A. Bacak, C. Percival, D. Beukes, M. Davies-Coleman
The selected acyclic halogenated monoterpenes derived from red macroalgae are investigated in terms of their isolation, their reactions with oxidants (ozone, OH radical) and the impacts of the first-generation oxidation products on the atmosphere. The yields of these monoterpenes from marine algae are small and highly variable (0.01–6.7%), the fractions can then enter the atmosphere through different meteorologically driven processes. The loss of the monoterpenes is mostly driven by OH radical, however, 1,6-dibromo-2,7-dichloro-3,7-dimethyl-oct-3-ene and 4-bromo-8-chloro-3,7-dimethyl-octa-2,6-dienal undergo significant loss via reaction with ozone (>50%). The atmospheric lifetimes of the compounds investigated range from ca. 1.5–10 h. Given their short lifetimes, these compounds can be rapidly oxidised to form a range of stable compounds. The investigation of first-generation products from the OH-initiated oxidation of 5,6-dichloro-2-dichloromethyl-6-methyl-octa-1,3,7-triene, 1,6-dibromo-2,7-dichloro-3,7-dimethyl-oct-3-ene and 4-bromo-8-chloro-3,7-dimethyl-octa-2,6-dienal showed the formation of stable organic hydroperoxides, alcohols and carbonyl compounds which can have significant impact on cloud condensation nuclei as contributors of secondary organic aerosols. Release of free halogen can occur from subsequent product oxidation, notably photolysis of carbonyl type species and these are briefly considered.
{"title":"Acyclic halogenated monoterpenes from marine macroalgae: Estimated atmospheric lifetimes, potential degradation products, and their atmospheric impacts","authors":"M. Khan, D. Shallcross, T. Harrison, A. M. Booth, A. Bacak, C. Percival, D. Beukes, M. Davies-Coleman","doi":"10.1080/0035919X.2022.2036264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0035919X.2022.2036264","url":null,"abstract":"The selected acyclic halogenated monoterpenes derived from red macroalgae are investigated in terms of their isolation, their reactions with oxidants (ozone, OH radical) and the impacts of the first-generation oxidation products on the atmosphere. The yields of these monoterpenes from marine algae are small and highly variable (0.01–6.7%), the fractions can then enter the atmosphere through different meteorologically driven processes. The loss of the monoterpenes is mostly driven by OH radical, however, 1,6-dibromo-2,7-dichloro-3,7-dimethyl-oct-3-ene and 4-bromo-8-chloro-3,7-dimethyl-octa-2,6-dienal undergo significant loss via reaction with ozone (>50%). The atmospheric lifetimes of the compounds investigated range from ca. 1.5–10 h. Given their short lifetimes, these compounds can be rapidly oxidised to form a range of stable compounds. The investigation of first-generation products from the OH-initiated oxidation of 5,6-dichloro-2-dichloromethyl-6-methyl-octa-1,3,7-triene, 1,6-dibromo-2,7-dichloro-3,7-dimethyl-oct-3-ene and 4-bromo-8-chloro-3,7-dimethyl-octa-2,6-dienal showed the formation of stable organic hydroperoxides, alcohols and carbonyl compounds which can have significant impact on cloud condensation nuclei as contributors of secondary organic aerosols. Release of free halogen can occur from subsequent product oxidation, notably photolysis of carbonyl type species and these are briefly considered.","PeriodicalId":23255,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of South Africa","volume":"77 1","pages":"73 - 88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41849952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/0035919X.2021.2011800
S. Washaya, W. Bvirwa, G. Nyamushamba
The objective of this study was to evaluate the population dynamics and phenotypic parameters of indigenous beef breeds as well as constraints affecting their conservation in Gokwe North, Zimbabwe. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to identify participants from three wards (13, 15 and 36), which were randomly selected from five villages (Rusere, Zvichemo, Matendere, Kwashira and Chigova). Purposive sampling was employed to select 155 (60% male and 40% female) households practising beef production. The generalised linear model procedure of SAS (2010) was used to investigate the phenotypic parameters. Results showed that Mashona (60%) was the dominant breed, followed by Tuli (14%), Afrikaner (18%) and their crosses (4%). The average herd sizes were 7.8 ± 0.96, 7.3 ± 0.96 4.8 ± 0.71 for wards 36, 13 and 15, respectively. Lack of grazing, lack of drinking water, low fertility and diseases were the major (P < 0.05) constraints limiting production. Tuli animals had higher (P < 0.05) values of 147.3 ± 0.38, 489.1 ± 0.46, 169.3 ± 0.37, 135.6 ± 0.72 and 35.7 ± 0.28 for body length (BL), body weight (BW), heart girth (HG), height at withers (HW) and shank circumference (SC), respectively. Mature cows weighed up to 301, 322 and 342 kg, whereas the bulls weighed up to 413, 525 and 630 kg for Mashona, Africander and Tuli, respectively. It can be concluded that phenotypic characteristics of indigenous beef breeds vary widely and there is evidence of genetic purity indicated by a lack of variation among wards. It is recommended that breeding programmes target the improvement of maternal traits to suit climatic conditions.
{"title":"Herd dynamics, phenotypic characteristics of indigenous beef cattle breeds (Bos indicus) in Gokwe North","authors":"S. Washaya, W. Bvirwa, G. Nyamushamba","doi":"10.1080/0035919X.2021.2011800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0035919X.2021.2011800","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to evaluate the population dynamics and phenotypic parameters of indigenous beef breeds as well as constraints affecting their conservation in Gokwe North, Zimbabwe. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to identify participants from three wards (13, 15 and 36), which were randomly selected from five villages (Rusere, Zvichemo, Matendere, Kwashira and Chigova). Purposive sampling was employed to select 155 (60% male and 40% female) households practising beef production. The generalised linear model procedure of SAS (2010) was used to investigate the phenotypic parameters. Results showed that Mashona (60%) was the dominant breed, followed by Tuli (14%), Afrikaner (18%) and their crosses (4%). The average herd sizes were 7.8 ± 0.96, 7.3 ± 0.96 4.8 ± 0.71 for wards 36, 13 and 15, respectively. Lack of grazing, lack of drinking water, low fertility and diseases were the major (P < 0.05) constraints limiting production. Tuli animals had higher (P < 0.05) values of 147.3 ± 0.38, 489.1 ± 0.46, 169.3 ± 0.37, 135.6 ± 0.72 and 35.7 ± 0.28 for body length (BL), body weight (BW), heart girth (HG), height at withers (HW) and shank circumference (SC), respectively. Mature cows weighed up to 301, 322 and 342 kg, whereas the bulls weighed up to 413, 525 and 630 kg for Mashona, Africander and Tuli, respectively. It can be concluded that phenotypic characteristics of indigenous beef breeds vary widely and there is evidence of genetic purity indicated by a lack of variation among wards. It is recommended that breeding programmes target the improvement of maternal traits to suit climatic conditions.","PeriodicalId":23255,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of South Africa","volume":"77 1","pages":"27 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48166475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/0035919X.2021.2025167
Vivienne L. Williams, A. Burness, M. Byrne
South Africa hosts >1.2 million immigrants, 75% from Africa. The inter- and intra-continental diaspora of immigrant groups, and the movement of biological commodities, effects a parallel biological diaspora of plants, animals, and pathogens to regions where they are non-native, and an allied diaspora of traditional practices associated with commodity use. Plants with dual purposes of food and medicine are repeatedly introduced into new countries by waves of immigration. The motivation for species selection may reflect cultural importance, geographic origin, and diseases associated with migration. With this in mind, this study aimed to investigate medicinal plants, and their uses, which are imported by immigrant traditional healthcare traders in Johannesburg, and highlight routes of alien plant introduction. Semi-structured interviews with 25 immigrant traders originally from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Ghana, Nigeria and Somalia were conducted. Sixty-six species were recorded (60 alien to South Africa) that treated conditions in 15 broad biomedical categories. Species were primarily imported to treat non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with the most frequently cited being for diabetes, back pain, influenza, stomach pain, haemorrhoids, and male sexual performance. The use of medicinal plants from ‘home’ is assumed to strengthen an immigrant’s sense of cultural identity in a new country, with some plants seemingly too important to leave behind; the diseases linked to these selections were affiliated more with ‘disease of transition’, including NCDs. Some imported species require assessments of risk to becoming invasive. These results flag the international traditional medicine trade as an introduction pathway for alien plants.
{"title":"Medicinal plants sold by West, Central and East African immigrants in Johannesburg, South Africa","authors":"Vivienne L. Williams, A. Burness, M. Byrne","doi":"10.1080/0035919X.2021.2025167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0035919X.2021.2025167","url":null,"abstract":"South Africa hosts >1.2 million immigrants, 75% from Africa. The inter- and intra-continental diaspora of immigrant groups, and the movement of biological commodities, effects a parallel biological diaspora of plants, animals, and pathogens to regions where they are non-native, and an allied diaspora of traditional practices associated with commodity use. Plants with dual purposes of food and medicine are repeatedly introduced into new countries by waves of immigration. The motivation for species selection may reflect cultural importance, geographic origin, and diseases associated with migration. With this in mind, this study aimed to investigate medicinal plants, and their uses, which are imported by immigrant traditional healthcare traders in Johannesburg, and highlight routes of alien plant introduction. Semi-structured interviews with 25 immigrant traders originally from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Ghana, Nigeria and Somalia were conducted. Sixty-six species were recorded (60 alien to South Africa) that treated conditions in 15 broad biomedical categories. Species were primarily imported to treat non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with the most frequently cited being for diabetes, back pain, influenza, stomach pain, haemorrhoids, and male sexual performance. The use of medicinal plants from ‘home’ is assumed to strengthen an immigrant’s sense of cultural identity in a new country, with some plants seemingly too important to leave behind; the diseases linked to these selections were affiliated more with ‘disease of transition’, including NCDs. Some imported species require assessments of risk to becoming invasive. These results flag the international traditional medicine trade as an introduction pathway for alien plants.","PeriodicalId":23255,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of South Africa","volume":"77 1","pages":"47 - 62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48272613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/0035919X.2021.2025166
V. Ramborun, S. Facknath, B. Lalljee
Soil is considered as one of the most important environmental factors for plant growth. However, the challenge is quantifying the sustainability of soil in agro-ecological systems. Presently, no soil quality assessment has been carried out in the island Mauritius or Small Island Developing States (SIDS) which would help to provide more scientific and precise advice to farmers for fertilisation and/or amendment of the soil. This is a particular handicap when recommendations need to be formulated to shift from conventional agricultural practices to a more sustainable and ecosystem-based approach. The present study attempted to determine the limiting factors of soil quality characterisation following different treatments comprising of mulch, no-mulch, N-based fertiliser, no fertiliser, tillage and no-tillage, and thereafter compare the differences in soil quality with conventional practices. In the present study, soil organic carbon (SOC), bulk density (BD), exchangeable potassium (Ex. K), exchangeable calcium (Ex. Ca), exchangeable magnesium (Ex. Mg), available phosphorous (Av. P), total nitrogen (Total N) and pH were selected as part of the Total Dataset (TDS) and the weighted additive Soil Quality Index (SQIw) of each of the eight treatments was calculated and compared. The study revealed that the SQIs ranged between 0.269 and 0.387 among all treatments, which suggest a low soil quality irrespective of the treatment. On a comparative basis, treatments no-till x mulch x fertiliser, no-till x no-mulch x fertiliser, and tillage x mulch x no-fertiliser are three options that can replace the conventional method tillage x no-mulch x fertiliser (control) based on the SQI.
{"title":"Estimation of soil quality under different soil management practices in the Oxisols soil of Mauritius","authors":"V. Ramborun, S. Facknath, B. Lalljee","doi":"10.1080/0035919X.2021.2025166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0035919X.2021.2025166","url":null,"abstract":"Soil is considered as one of the most important environmental factors for plant growth. However, the challenge is quantifying the sustainability of soil in agro-ecological systems. Presently, no soil quality assessment has been carried out in the island Mauritius or Small Island Developing States (SIDS) which would help to provide more scientific and precise advice to farmers for fertilisation and/or amendment of the soil. This is a particular handicap when recommendations need to be formulated to shift from conventional agricultural practices to a more sustainable and ecosystem-based approach. The present study attempted to determine the limiting factors of soil quality characterisation following different treatments comprising of mulch, no-mulch, N-based fertiliser, no fertiliser, tillage and no-tillage, and thereafter compare the differences in soil quality with conventional practices. In the present study, soil organic carbon (SOC), bulk density (BD), exchangeable potassium (Ex. K), exchangeable calcium (Ex. Ca), exchangeable magnesium (Ex. Mg), available phosphorous (Av. P), total nitrogen (Total N) and pH were selected as part of the Total Dataset (TDS) and the weighted additive Soil Quality Index (SQIw) of each of the eight treatments was calculated and compared. The study revealed that the SQIs ranged between 0.269 and 0.387 among all treatments, which suggest a low soil quality irrespective of the treatment. On a comparative basis, treatments no-till x mulch x fertiliser, no-till x no-mulch x fertiliser, and tillage x mulch x no-fertiliser are three options that can replace the conventional method tillage x no-mulch x fertiliser (control) based on the SQI.","PeriodicalId":23255,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of South Africa","volume":"77 1","pages":"37 - 46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46685094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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