In Britain, unlike France, cartoons are often regarded as infantile, and therefore not worthy subjects for serious scholarly enquiry. Despite the heritage of Hogarth and Cruikshank, and the undoubted sophistication of message that cartoons can contain, a paper on cartoons is probably read as light relief rather than as a source of novel insight. However there are good reasons for the historian to attend to cartoons. First, cartoons are, and have been, an important component of popular culture. Historians of technology can take a lead here from historians of science, who in recent years have moved away from regarding popular science as a watered-down trivial version of the ‘real thing’, and instead have argued in favour of a much more subtle and complex model. Cartoons reveal popular interests, tastes, concerns, anxieties, all of which shape how a technology is perceived and marketed, and, indeed, how they might be conceived and designed. Although not to the extent of advertising, cartoons are part of a visual culture of which people now and in the past have been competent contributors. More people will see a cartoon than will ever read a treatise on technology. This popular visual aspect provides the second reason for attending to cartoons, since they provide insights into the place of technology within society that cannot be accessed through more traditional texts. The etymology of an alternative word, ‘caricature’, reinforces this point. ‘Caricature’ entered into the English language in the eighteenth century from an Italian word meaning ‘overload’, in the sense of an exaggeration of characteristics. The attitudes toward the subject matter, as intended by the caricaturist, were unmistakeable. The cartoonist John Jensen has argued that cartoons and caricature both reflect and are produced by the flow of events.2 As a technique of reportage, drawing offered means of visually representing such flow that even the advent of news photography in the mid to late nineteenth century did not seriously challenge. Indeed before cinema, cartoons and caricature were the primary techniques that could capture or respond to this flow. Furthermore, they had an immediacy that the more expensive cinema did not have: editorial cartoons, in particular, might be sketched, drawn, printed and distributed in a day. By the late twentieth century, however, as Jensen notes, the work of cartoonists and caricaturists in responding to the flow of events had been:
{"title":"Technology and British Cartoonists in the Twentieth Century","authors":"J. Agar","doi":"10.1179/tns.2004.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/tns.2004.012","url":null,"abstract":"In Britain, unlike France, cartoons are often regarded as infantile, and therefore not worthy subjects for serious scholarly enquiry. Despite the heritage of Hogarth and Cruikshank, and the undoubted sophistication of message that cartoons can contain, a paper on cartoons is probably read as light relief rather than as a source of novel insight. However there are good reasons for the historian to attend to cartoons. First, cartoons are, and have been, an important component of popular culture. Historians of technology can take a lead here from historians of science, who in recent years have moved away from regarding popular science as a watered-down trivial version of the ‘real thing’, and instead have argued in favour of a much more subtle and complex model. Cartoons reveal popular interests, tastes, concerns, anxieties, all of which shape how a technology is perceived and marketed, and, indeed, how they might be conceived and designed. Although not to the extent of advertising, cartoons are part of a visual culture of which people now and in the past have been competent contributors. More people will see a cartoon than will ever read a treatise on technology. This popular visual aspect provides the second reason for attending to cartoons, since they provide insights into the place of technology within society that cannot be accessed through more traditional texts. The etymology of an alternative word, ‘caricature’, reinforces this point. ‘Caricature’ entered into the English language in the eighteenth century from an Italian word meaning ‘overload’, in the sense of an exaggeration of characteristics. The attitudes toward the subject matter, as intended by the caricaturist, were unmistakeable. The cartoonist John Jensen has argued that cartoons and caricature both reflect and are produced by the flow of events.2 As a technique of reportage, drawing offered means of visually representing such flow that even the advent of news photography in the mid to late nineteenth century did not seriously challenge. Indeed before cinema, cartoons and caricature were the primary techniques that could capture or respond to this flow. Furthermore, they had an immediacy that the more expensive cinema did not have: editorial cartoons, in particular, might be sketched, drawn, printed and distributed in a day. By the late twentieth century, however, as Jensen notes, the work of cartoonists and caricaturists in responding to the flow of events had been:","PeriodicalId":232627,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the Newcomen Society","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130223860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From Manufacturer to Prosumer in Two Hundred and Fifty Years","authors":"Neil Cossons","doi":"10.1179/tns.2004.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/tns.2004.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":232627,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the Newcomen Society","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131357846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The benefits of lubrication have been understood since the beginning of the machine age. The need for a proper supply of oil to diminish the friction of moving parts was self-evident. A small container, called an oil cup, was attached to the bearing so that lubricant was applied in a steady but not too generous manner. So long as the cup’s oil supply was replenished, the lubrication was automatic or self-acting. Just who applied the first oil cup is not recorded so far as I can find; however, there is considerable evidence to show that such devices were in use at an early date and that many individuals were active in their introduction. Railway lubrication has received little attention from historians of technology. Charles Singer’s five-volume work on the history of technology barely mentions it. The same is true for the other general works that we all consult from time to time. Some will give space to petroleum or the production of vegetable oils but not to the ubiquitous, yet humble, oil cup. I can find no historical articles or monographs on the subject. Perhaps a reader will correct my oversight if I have missed such a treatise. Yet material on lubricators can be found in many readily available sources, such as the patent record, trade journals and early engineering books. I will summarise what I found after a relatively short search of about six months. Please understand that my research was done primarily in a provincial setting and not in a major research centre such as London or Washington.
{"title":"Some Notes on Early Railway Lubrication","authors":"John H. White","doi":"10.1179/TNS.2004.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/TNS.2004.017","url":null,"abstract":"The benefits of lubrication have been understood since the beginning of the machine age. The need for a proper supply of oil to diminish the friction of moving parts was self-evident. A small container, called an oil cup, was attached to the bearing so that lubricant was applied in a steady but not too generous manner. So long as the cup’s oil supply was replenished, the lubrication was automatic or self-acting. Just who applied the first oil cup is not recorded so far as I can find; however, there is considerable evidence to show that such devices were in use at an early date and that many individuals were active in their introduction. Railway lubrication has received little attention from historians of technology. Charles Singer’s five-volume work on the history of technology barely mentions it. The same is true for the other general works that we all consult from time to time. Some will give space to petroleum or the production of vegetable oils but not to the ubiquitous, yet humble, oil cup. I can find no historical articles or monographs on the subject. Perhaps a reader will correct my oversight if I have missed such a treatise. Yet material on lubricators can be found in many readily available sources, such as the patent record, trade journals and early engineering books. I will summarise what I found after a relatively short search of about six months. Please understand that my research was done primarily in a provincial setting and not in a major research centre such as London or Washington.","PeriodicalId":232627,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the Newcomen Society","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123732695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
(2004). Some Historical Steps in the Development of the Common Rail Injection System. Transactions of the Newcomen Society: Vol. 74, No. 1, pp. 89-107.
{"title":"Some Historical Steps in the Development of the Common Rail Injection System","authors":"W. Knecht","doi":"10.1179/tns.2004.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/tns.2004.005","url":null,"abstract":"(2004). Some Historical Steps in the Development of the Common Rail Injection System. Transactions of the Newcomen Society: Vol. 74, No. 1, pp. 89-107.","PeriodicalId":232627,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the Newcomen Society","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129570216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Construction of Dry Docks to World War I: The Evidence of The Engineer","authors":"R. Otter","doi":"10.1179/tns.2004.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/tns.2004.013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":232627,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the Newcomen Society","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129844154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Le developpement de l'approvisionnement en eau pure a Londres au XIX e siecle etait fonde sur un procede d'extraction dans la craie qui servait alors d'aquifere
19世纪伦敦纯净水供应的发展是基于白垩的提取过程，当时白垩被用作蓄水层。
{"title":"The Chalk-Water Controversy in Early Victorian London","authors":"B. Harper","doi":"10.1179/tns.2003.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/tns.2003.015","url":null,"abstract":"Le developpement de l'approvisionnement en eau pure a Londres au XIX e siecle etait fonde sur un procede d'extraction dans la craie qui servait alors d'aquifere","PeriodicalId":232627,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the Newcomen Society","volume":"7 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131722688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ritchie (H.C.) est a l'origine de deux brevets britanniques concernant un systeme ameliore de beton arme a partir d'une armature metallique en fer ou en acier pour les constructions des reservoirs et des chateaux d'eau
{"title":"The Ritchie System of Reinforced Concrete","authors":"M. Gould","doi":"10.1179/tns.2003.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/tns.2003.014","url":null,"abstract":"Ritchie (H.C.) est a l'origine de deux brevets britanniques concernant un systeme ameliore de beton arme a partir d'une armature metallique en fer ou en acier pour les constructions des reservoirs et des chateaux d'eau","PeriodicalId":232627,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the Newcomen Society","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124096053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Deux disciples de Maudslay (H.), Lewis (F.) et Nasmyth (G.) ont joue un role important dans le developpement des machines et des outils industriels en Grande-Bretagne au XIX e siecle
{"title":"Two Maudslay Protégés : Francis Lewis and George Nasmyth","authors":"J. A. Cantrell","doi":"10.1179/TNS.2003.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/TNS.2003.013","url":null,"abstract":"Deux disciples de Maudslay (H.), Lewis (F.) et Nasmyth (G.) ont joue un role important dans le developpement des machines et des outils industriels en Grande-Bretagne au XIX e siecle","PeriodicalId":232627,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the Newcomen Society","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126880052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
(2003). Patents as Indicators of Technological Change and Innovation — An Historical Analysis of the Patent Data 1830–1914. Transactions of the Newcomen Society: Vol. 73, No. 2, pp. 179-208.
{"title":"Patents as Indicators of Technological Change and Innovation — An Historical Analysis of the Patent Data 1830–1914","authors":"I. Inkster","doi":"10.1179/TNS.2003.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/TNS.2003.010","url":null,"abstract":"(2003). Patents as Indicators of Technological Change and Innovation — An Historical Analysis of the Patent Data 1830–1914. Transactions of the Newcomen Society: Vol. 73, No. 2, pp. 179-208.","PeriodicalId":232627,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the Newcomen Society","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127366738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Durant le XIX e siecle, la Grande-Bretagne avait une position maritime importante qui a conduit a la construction de cales seches pour la maintenance et la reparation des bateaux
在19世纪，英国拥有重要的海上地位，这导致了干船坞的建造，以维护和修理船只
{"title":"The Construction of Dry Docks: Some Nineteenth-Century Perspectives","authors":"R. Otter","doi":"10.1179/tns.2003.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/tns.2003.012","url":null,"abstract":"Durant le XIX e siecle, la Grande-Bretagne avait une position maritime importante qui a conduit a la construction de cales seches pour la maintenance et la reparation des bateaux","PeriodicalId":232627,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the Newcomen Society","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125128848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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