Pub Date : 1955-06-01DOI: 10.1109/TCT.1955.1085232
D. Pederson
AN IMPORTANT aspect of transistor switching and pulse circuits is the exact manner in which the transistor switches from one state to another. Generally one state will involve transistor operation in or near saturation and the other state will involve transistor cutoff. For simple circuits, such as elementary pulse amplifiers, the switching action is under direct control of the input and is readily understandable.1 The situation is not as simple for relaxation type of circuits such as multivibrators, flip-flops, and blocking oscillators. For these circuits, the input serves as a trigger to raise the circuit into an unstable region of operation. The instability is due to a positive feedback circuit arrangement, and the regenerative process which results produces the change of state of the transistors.
{"title":"Regeneration analysis of junction transistor multivibrators","authors":"D. Pederson","doi":"10.1109/TCT.1955.1085232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCT.1955.1085232","url":null,"abstract":"AN IMPORTANT aspect of transistor switching and pulse circuits is the exact manner in which the transistor switches from one state to another. Generally one state will involve transistor operation in or near saturation and the other state will involve transistor cutoff. For simple circuits, such as elementary pulse amplifiers, the switching action is under direct control of the input and is readily understandable.1 The situation is not as simple for relaxation type of circuits such as multivibrators, flip-flops, and blocking oscillators. For these circuits, the input serves as a trigger to raise the circuit into an unstable region of operation. The instability is due to a positive feedback circuit arrangement, and the regenerative process which results produces the change of state of the transistors.","PeriodicalId":232856,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Circuit Theory","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1955-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128333088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1955-06-01DOI: 10.1109/TCT.1955.1085236
R. Tomovich
IN RECENT developments of transmission systems use has been made of circuits with the so-called quantized feedback,1 in which the feedback path is actually closed only at a discrete set of time intervals, the feedback signal changing in a quantized manner. Another type of electronic circuit that could be included under the above classification, has been described in connection with analog computing technique.2
{"title":"Circuits with quantized feedback","authors":"R. Tomovich","doi":"10.1109/TCT.1955.1085236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCT.1955.1085236","url":null,"abstract":"IN RECENT developments of transmission systems use has been made of circuits with the so-called quantized feedback,1 in which the feedback path is actually closed only at a discrete set of time intervals, the feedback signal changing in a quantized manner. Another type of electronic circuit that could be included under the above classification, has been described in connection with analog computing technique.2","PeriodicalId":232856,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Circuit Theory","volume":"100 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1955-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131776048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1955-06-01DOI: 10.1109/TCT.1955.6373423
P. Drouilhet
A CONVENIENT starting point for any consideration of the transistor as a circuit element is the adoption of an equivalent circuit. Much has been written on this subject, and many different equivalent circuits proposed. Since an equivalent circuit which specified the transistor over the whole possible operating range would be impractically complex, it is necessary to make approximations, thereby restricting the region of usefulness of the equivalent circuit.
{"title":"Predictions based on the maximum oscillator frequency of a transistor","authors":"P. Drouilhet","doi":"10.1109/TCT.1955.6373423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCT.1955.6373423","url":null,"abstract":"A CONVENIENT starting point for any consideration of the transistor as a circuit element is the adoption of an equivalent circuit. Much has been written on this subject, and many different equivalent circuits proposed. Since an equivalent circuit which specified the transistor over the whole possible operating range would be impractically complex, it is necessary to make approximations, thereby restricting the region of usefulness of the equivalent circuit.","PeriodicalId":232856,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Circuit Theory","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1955-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122342974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1955-06-01DOI: 10.1109/TCT.1955.6373418
F. Hohn
IN THIS PAPER we shall be concerned first with multiple-output combinational relay switching circuits, that is, circuits which may be represented symbolically as in Fig. 1. The n coils X1, X2, ..., Xn determine respectively the conditions x1, x2, ..., xn of the contacts in the box. We call x1, x2, ..., xn the input variables of the circuit. The output variables are the interconnections between the terminals 1, 2, ..., p resulting from energization of certain of the coils. It is assumed that the coils are controlled independently of the circuitry in the box. It is this absence of feedback that makes the circuit “combinational.”
{"title":"A matrix method for the design of relay circuits","authors":"F. Hohn","doi":"10.1109/TCT.1955.6373418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCT.1955.6373418","url":null,"abstract":"IN THIS PAPER we shall be concerned first with multiple-output combinational relay switching circuits, that is, circuits which may be represented symbolically as in Fig. 1. The n coils X1, X2, ..., Xn determine respectively the conditions x1, x2, ..., xn of the contacts in the box. We call x1, x2, ..., xn the input variables of the circuit. The output variables are the interconnections between the terminals 1, 2, ..., p resulting from energization of certain of the coils. It is assumed that the coils are controlled independently of the circuitry in the box. It is this absence of feedback that makes the circuit “combinational.”","PeriodicalId":232856,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Circuit Theory","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1955-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132025681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1955-06-01DOI: 10.1109/TCT.1955.1085227
G. Knausenberger
TRANSISTORS are frequently described by impedance matrices. For good physical reasons the currents are taken as independent variables, i.e.
晶体管通常用阻抗矩阵来描述。由于良好的物理原因，电流被视为独立变量，即。
{"title":"A note on the scattering matrix of an active linear two-terminal pair network","authors":"G. Knausenberger","doi":"10.1109/TCT.1955.1085227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCT.1955.1085227","url":null,"abstract":"TRANSISTORS are frequently described by impedance matrices. For good physical reasons the currents are taken as independent variables, i.e.","PeriodicalId":232856,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Circuit Theory","volume":"196 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1955-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134412862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1955-06-01DOI: 10.1109/TCT.1955.1085217
R. Pritchard
SMALL-SIGNAL parameters are very useful for determining the electric-circuit performance of a transistor. However, for a junction transistor these parameters are not independent of frequency as is now fairly well known. One type of frequency variation in the parameters occurs because of the feedback mechanism and the effect of collector capacity as described by J. M. Early.1 A second type of frequency variation occurs because of the diffusion process by which junction transistors operate. Frequency variations of parameters due to the diffusion process for the ideal one-dimensional model introduced by Shockley have been calculated independently by the writer,2 by J. M. Early3 and by H. O. Johnson.4 Addition of a constant base-spreading resistance to the base lead of the one-dimensional model completes the over-all theoretical model commonly used. In practice, this model applies fairly well to alloy, or fused junction, transistors.6 On the other hand, for grown-junction transistors, the distributed nature of the transistor parameters in the transverse direction of the base region must be taken into account. Analysis of such a two-dimensional model6 has shown that under simplifying conditions such a transistor may be represented by the usual one-dimensional ideal model plus a complex frequency-dependent base impedance in series with the base lead. Hence, the grown-junction transistor can be represented by the same type of model as that used for the fused-junction transistor, but with the constant base-spreading resistance of the latter model replaced by a more general complex base impedance. In practice, this two-dimensional model applies fairly well to grown-junction transistors having a base connection that approximates a line contact. For grown-junction transistors in which the base connection is not a line type of contact, the base impedance may be partly resistive and partly complex.
小信号参数对于确定晶体管的电路性能非常有用。然而，对于结型晶体管，这些参数并不像现在所知的那样与频率无关。如j.m. early所述，参数的一种频率变化是由反馈机制和集电极容量的影响引起的。1第二种频率变化是由结型晶体管工作时的扩散过程引起的。作者、J. M. Early3和H. O. johnson分别独立计算了肖克利引入的理想一维模型中由于扩散过程引起的参数频率变化。4在一维模型的基引线上加入恒定的基扩展电阻，完成了常用的整体理论模型。实际上，这个模型相当适用于合金晶体管或熔结晶体管另一方面，对于长结晶体管，必须考虑晶体管参数在基极区横向上的分布特性。对这种二维模型的分析表明，在简化条件下，这种晶体管可以用通常的一维理想模型加上与基极引线串联的复频率相关基极阻抗来表示。因此，生长结晶体管可以用与熔结晶体管相同类型的模型来表示，但后者模型的恒定基极扩展电阻被更一般的复杂基极阻抗所取代。实际上，这种二维模型相当适用于具有近似线接触的基极连接的生长结晶体管。对于基极连接不是线型接触的生长结晶体管，基极阻抗可能部分是电阻性的，部分是复杂的。
{"title":"Frequency response of theoretical models of junction transistors","authors":"R. Pritchard","doi":"10.1109/TCT.1955.1085217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCT.1955.1085217","url":null,"abstract":"SMALL-SIGNAL parameters are very useful for determining the electric-circuit performance of a transistor. However, for a junction transistor these parameters are not independent of frequency as is now fairly well known. One type of frequency variation in the parameters occurs because of the feedback mechanism and the effect of collector capacity as described by J. M. Early.1 A second type of frequency variation occurs because of the diffusion process by which junction transistors operate. Frequency variations of parameters due to the diffusion process for the ideal one-dimensional model introduced by Shockley have been calculated independently by the writer,2 by J. M. Early3 and by H. O. Johnson.4 Addition of a constant base-spreading resistance to the base lead of the one-dimensional model completes the over-all theoretical model commonly used. In practice, this model applies fairly well to alloy, or fused junction, transistors.6 On the other hand, for grown-junction transistors, the distributed nature of the transistor parameters in the transverse direction of the base region must be taken into account. Analysis of such a two-dimensional model6 has shown that under simplifying conditions such a transistor may be represented by the usual one-dimensional ideal model plus a complex frequency-dependent base impedance in series with the base lead. Hence, the grown-junction transistor can be represented by the same type of model as that used for the fused-junction transistor, but with the constant base-spreading resistance of the latter model replaced by a more general complex base impedance. In practice, this two-dimensional model applies fairly well to grown-junction transistors having a base connection that approximates a line contact. For grown-junction transistors in which the base connection is not a line type of contact, the base impedance may be partly resistive and partly complex.","PeriodicalId":232856,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Circuit Theory","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1955-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124807338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1955-06-01DOI: 10.1109/TCT.1955.1085215
M. Reed
IN THE PAST, great precision or breadth in techniques for establishing the equations for electrical networks has not been of too great importance since the large scale use of systems of equations for computations or even for theoretical investigations has not been of major interest. At the present time, however, two factors are appearing which alter this situation. First, computers are making it entirely feasible to design and study, by way of very extensive numerical calculations, electrical networks of considerable complexity. The effective use of computers requires that the defining equations must be formed with precision and complete assurance. Second, the complexity of the transient response problems (analysis and synthesis) now being encountered makes it imperative that the broadest and most general formulation of network equations be established.
{"title":"Generalized mesh and node systems of equations","authors":"M. Reed","doi":"10.1109/TCT.1955.1085215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCT.1955.1085215","url":null,"abstract":"IN THE PAST, great precision or breadth in techniques for establishing the equations for electrical networks has not been of too great importance since the large scale use of systems of equations for computations or even for theoretical investigations has not been of major interest. At the present time, however, two factors are appearing which alter this situation. First, computers are making it entirely feasible to design and study, by way of very extensive numerical calculations, electrical networks of considerable complexity. The effective use of computers requires that the defining equations must be formed with precision and complete assurance. Second, the complexity of the transient response problems (analysis and synthesis) now being encountered makes it imperative that the broadest and most general formulation of network equations be established.","PeriodicalId":232856,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Circuit Theory","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1955-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116331456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1955-06-01DOI: 10.1109/TCT.1955.1085229
R. Pantell
The Transfer Function in Terms of the General Circuit Parameters
基于一般电路参数的传递函数
{"title":"Minimum-phase Transfer-Function synthesis","authors":"R. Pantell","doi":"10.1109/TCT.1955.1085229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCT.1955.1085229","url":null,"abstract":"The Transfer Function in Terms of the General Circuit Parameters","PeriodicalId":232856,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Circuit Theory","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1955-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130882448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1955-06-01DOI: 10.1109/TCT.1955.1085223
W. Kautz
{"title":"Review of 'Synthesis of Distributed Amplifiers for Prescribed Amplitude Response'","authors":"W. Kautz","doi":"10.1109/TCT.1955.1085223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCT.1955.1085223","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":232856,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Circuit Theory","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1955-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133852419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1955-06-01DOI: 10.1109/TCT.1955.1085237
V. Belevitch
{"title":"Review of ́Extension de la Methode du Diagramme de Phase Géné-ralisé dans ĺétude de la Stabilité des Systèmes Linéaireś","authors":"V. Belevitch","doi":"10.1109/TCT.1955.1085237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCT.1955.1085237","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":232856,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Circuit Theory","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1955-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124763573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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