Pub Date : 2025-08-15DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2025.07.009
Jian Zhang,Siwen Zhang,Liheng Du,Yian Zhao,Di Wang
The small intestine has a pivotal role in nutrient absorption, host defense, and endocrine functions, with the maintenance of its homeostasis relying on the synergistic interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. These encompass a highly organized spatiotemporal microenvironment, characterized by a regionalized histological architecture, functionally specialized cell populations, and spatially rhythmic nutrient gradient environments shaped by dietary patterns. While the link between small intestinal dysfunction and a wide range of systemic diseases has been well established, recent advances in spatial omics and dietary interventions have provided unprecedented new insights. Here, we review recent studies to systematically summarize the spatiotemporal regulatory mechanisms of small intestinal physiology, highlighting their important implications for the progression of inflammatory and metabolic diseases.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal coordination between local flux and systemic homeostasis in the small intestine.","authors":"Jian Zhang,Siwen Zhang,Liheng Du,Yian Zhao,Di Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.tem.2025.07.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2025.07.009","url":null,"abstract":"The small intestine has a pivotal role in nutrient absorption, host defense, and endocrine functions, with the maintenance of its homeostasis relying on the synergistic interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. These encompass a highly organized spatiotemporal microenvironment, characterized by a regionalized histological architecture, functionally specialized cell populations, and spatially rhythmic nutrient gradient environments shaped by dietary patterns. While the link between small intestinal dysfunction and a wide range of systemic diseases has been well established, recent advances in spatial omics and dietary interventions have provided unprecedented new insights. Here, we review recent studies to systematically summarize the spatiotemporal regulatory mechanisms of small intestinal physiology, highlighting their important implications for the progression of inflammatory and metabolic diseases.","PeriodicalId":23301,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144860121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-13DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2025.07.003
Andrew E Hogan,Cian Davis,Benjamin J Jenkins,Nicholas Jones,Donal O'Shea
Dysregulation of bodyweight systemic metabolism is intrinsically linked to an inflammatory phenotype, with each underpinning the other. Over the past decade, new classes of drug, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-based therapies and sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, have entered the clinical management of bodyweight and metabolic disease with great success. With their expanded use, it is emerging that the benefits of these drugs extend beyond metabolic improvements into changes in chronic inflammation, potentially independent of those in metabolism. In this review, we discuss the impact of metabolic drugs on inflammatory comorbidities of metabolic disorders and beyond. We highlight the molecular mechanisms via which these drugs exert their anti-inflammatory actions and discuss their potential repurposing as direct anti-inflammatory agents.
{"title":"Repurposing metabolic drugs as anti-inflammatory agents.","authors":"Andrew E Hogan,Cian Davis,Benjamin J Jenkins,Nicholas Jones,Donal O'Shea","doi":"10.1016/j.tem.2025.07.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2025.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"Dysregulation of bodyweight systemic metabolism is intrinsically linked to an inflammatory phenotype, with each underpinning the other. Over the past decade, new classes of drug, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-based therapies and sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, have entered the clinical management of bodyweight and metabolic disease with great success. With their expanded use, it is emerging that the benefits of these drugs extend beyond metabolic improvements into changes in chronic inflammation, potentially independent of those in metabolism. In this review, we discuss the impact of metabolic drugs on inflammatory comorbidities of metabolic disorders and beyond. We highlight the molecular mechanisms via which these drugs exert their anti-inflammatory actions and discuss their potential repurposing as direct anti-inflammatory agents.","PeriodicalId":23301,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144850838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a compelling therapeutic target against metabolic diseases. Mechanical cues regulate BAT function and may offer novel, non-pharmacological therapeutic approaches. Herein, we discuss the biomechanical pathways underlying BAT activation, highlight advances in mechanotherapeutic strategies, and consider how emerging technologies may enhance these interventions.
{"title":"Mechanomedicine targeting brown adipose tissue for metabolic health.","authors":"Hui Yang,Shanshan Zhu,Zhe Yang,Bin Gao,Shaoyong Xu,Feng Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.tem.2025.07.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2025.07.007","url":null,"abstract":"Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a compelling therapeutic target against metabolic diseases. Mechanical cues regulate BAT function and may offer novel, non-pharmacological therapeutic approaches. Herein, we discuss the biomechanical pathways underlying BAT activation, highlight advances in mechanotherapeutic strategies, and consider how emerging technologies may enhance these interventions.","PeriodicalId":23301,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144850920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-11DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2025.07.004
Junjun Liu,Xiude Fan,Yongfeng Song,Jiajun Zhao
Since the introduction of the concept of 'lipotoxicity' 30 years ago, it has become widely accepted that ectopic triglyceride deposition is a key contributor to metabolic diseases. Subsequently, clinical observations have also revealed that triglyceride deposition can occur in a wide range of tissues and organs, including liver, pancreas, kidney, bone, thyroid and sex glands. However, these ectopic triglycerides were long regarded as inert reservoirs. Recently, progress in the field has continued to demonstrate the pathogenic potential of ectopic triglycerides within their deposition sites. Thus, lipotoxicity-related disorders have been extended to include pancreatitis, renal disease, osteoporosis, hypothyroidism, and infertility. In this review, we aim to provide an updated summary on the contribution of triglyceride-based lipotoxicity to chronic diseases.
{"title":"Triglyceride-based lipotoxicity in the pathophysiology of chronic diseases.","authors":"Junjun Liu,Xiude Fan,Yongfeng Song,Jiajun Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.tem.2025.07.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2025.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"Since the introduction of the concept of 'lipotoxicity' 30 years ago, it has become widely accepted that ectopic triglyceride deposition is a key contributor to metabolic diseases. Subsequently, clinical observations have also revealed that triglyceride deposition can occur in a wide range of tissues and organs, including liver, pancreas, kidney, bone, thyroid and sex glands. However, these ectopic triglycerides were long regarded as inert reservoirs. Recently, progress in the field has continued to demonstrate the pathogenic potential of ectopic triglycerides within their deposition sites. Thus, lipotoxicity-related disorders have been extended to include pancreatitis, renal disease, osteoporosis, hypothyroidism, and infertility. In this review, we aim to provide an updated summary on the contribution of triglyceride-based lipotoxicity to chronic diseases.","PeriodicalId":23301,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144825462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-09DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2025.07.005
Abel Plaza-Florido,Malene E Lindholm,Pedro Carrera-Bastos,Alejandro Santos-Lozano,Pedro L Valenzuela,Carmen Fiuza-Luces,Shlomit Radom-Aizik,Alejandro Lucia
Physical exercise can play an important role both in primary and secondary cardiovascular disease prevention by virtue of its multisystem effects. These beneficial adaptations at the whole-body level include improvements in mitochondrial health, vascular function, and autonomic balance, together with attenuation of inflammation and the release of 'exerkines' with pleiotropic effects. Thus, several research groups have attempted to develop so-called 'exercise pills' or 'exercise mimetics': that is, substances that are theoretically capable of reproducing some of the cardiometabolic benefits associated with regular exercise. In this review we summarize pharmacological and phytochemical agents which, when used alone or in combination with exercise, may improve cardiometabolic health. We also discuss the current gaps and future steps needed to translate these findings into therapeutic applications.
{"title":"Exercise pills for cardiometabolic health cannot mimic the exercise milieu.","authors":"Abel Plaza-Florido,Malene E Lindholm,Pedro Carrera-Bastos,Alejandro Santos-Lozano,Pedro L Valenzuela,Carmen Fiuza-Luces,Shlomit Radom-Aizik,Alejandro Lucia","doi":"10.1016/j.tem.2025.07.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2025.07.005","url":null,"abstract":"Physical exercise can play an important role both in primary and secondary cardiovascular disease prevention by virtue of its multisystem effects. These beneficial adaptations at the whole-body level include improvements in mitochondrial health, vascular function, and autonomic balance, together with attenuation of inflammation and the release of 'exerkines' with pleiotropic effects. Thus, several research groups have attempted to develop so-called 'exercise pills' or 'exercise mimetics': that is, substances that are theoretically capable of reproducing some of the cardiometabolic benefits associated with regular exercise. In this review we summarize pharmacological and phytochemical agents which, when used alone or in combination with exercise, may improve cardiometabolic health. We also discuss the current gaps and future steps needed to translate these findings into therapeutic applications.","PeriodicalId":23301,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144813066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2025.07.002
Dishu Zhou,Roberto E López-Valiente,Samer G Mattar,Dongyin Guan
The digestive system is essential for nutrient absorption, processing, and waste elimination. The expression of many genes and physiological processes within this system exhibits a 24-h rhythmicity. However, modern lifestyle factors, such as jet lag, shift work, and irregular eating patterns, significantly disrupt these rhythms, triggering various stress responses and contributing to numerous digestive disorders. Here, we focus on emerging studies on noncanonical clock regulators involved in stress responses, integrate these novel findings into the established model of the core circadian clock, and highlight recent advances in the development of novel therapeutics targeting these 24-h regulators. In addition, we discuss the optimized timing of dietary interventions and drug administration, collectively known as chronotherapy, as a promising approach for managing digestive diseases.
{"title":"Noncanonical clock regulators control stress responses in digestive diseases.","authors":"Dishu Zhou,Roberto E López-Valiente,Samer G Mattar,Dongyin Guan","doi":"10.1016/j.tem.2025.07.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2025.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"The digestive system is essential for nutrient absorption, processing, and waste elimination. The expression of many genes and physiological processes within this system exhibits a 24-h rhythmicity. However, modern lifestyle factors, such as jet lag, shift work, and irregular eating patterns, significantly disrupt these rhythms, triggering various stress responses and contributing to numerous digestive disorders. Here, we focus on emerging studies on noncanonical clock regulators involved in stress responses, integrate these novel findings into the established model of the core circadian clock, and highlight recent advances in the development of novel therapeutics targeting these 24-h regulators. In addition, we discuss the optimized timing of dietary interventions and drug administration, collectively known as chronotherapy, as a promising approach for managing digestive diseases.","PeriodicalId":23301,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144765999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Frailty, characterized by reduced resilience and increased vulnerability, is a growing public health concern in aging populations. It is increasingly recognized as a dynamic and potentially reversible condition, with transitions between non-frail, pre-frail, and frail states. Recent research has advanced our understanding of frailty through improved multidimensional assessment instruments, trajectories and transitions, and recognition of key risk factors. Here, we synthesize current epidemiological evidence, emphasizing the fluctuating nature of frailty and the potential for early intervention to halt or reverse its progression. We discuss both modifiable and non-modifiable contributors and highlight intervention strategies focused on physical activity, nutrition, and social and environmental support, and aim to inform future directions from a dynamic perspective for prevention and precision management of frailty.
{"title":"A multidimensional epidemiological perspective on frailty dynamics and prevention.","authors":"Meijie Jiang,Peifeng Guo,Shuzhen Liu,Hao Wang,Jiansheng Cai,Jian Qin,Xu Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.tem.2025.07.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2025.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"Frailty, characterized by reduced resilience and increased vulnerability, is a growing public health concern in aging populations. It is increasingly recognized as a dynamic and potentially reversible condition, with transitions between non-frail, pre-frail, and frail states. Recent research has advanced our understanding of frailty through improved multidimensional assessment instruments, trajectories and transitions, and recognition of key risk factors. Here, we synthesize current epidemiological evidence, emphasizing the fluctuating nature of frailty and the potential for early intervention to halt or reverse its progression. We discuss both modifiable and non-modifiable contributors and highlight intervention strategies focused on physical activity, nutrition, and social and environmental support, and aim to inform future directions from a dynamic perspective for prevention and precision management of frailty.","PeriodicalId":23301,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144763537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-21DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2025.06.008
Yi Ju,Kequan Xu,Xi Chen,Tiangen Wu,Yufeng Yuan
As a pivotal immunotherapy modality, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have demonstrated significant clinical efficacy in a variety of malignant tumors, including viral hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, metabolic-associated steatohepatitis-related hepatocellular carcinoma (MASH-HCC) is significantly resistant to ICI, its metabolic-immune crosstalk mechanisms have not been systematically defined, and methods to improve the efficacy of ICI in this context are lacking. Thus, here we elucidate the microenvironmental features of MASH-HCC, focusing on tumor metabolic-immune crosstalk mechanisms such as metabolic reprogramming, metabolic stress, fibrosis, and the gut-liver axis, and summarize clinical and preclinical studies currently assessing whether metabolic drugs may help with overcoming ICI resistance and improving clinical efficacy against MASH-HCC.
{"title":"Metabolic-immune microenvironment crosstalk mediating ICI resistance in MASH-HCC.","authors":"Yi Ju,Kequan Xu,Xi Chen,Tiangen Wu,Yufeng Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.tem.2025.06.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2025.06.008","url":null,"abstract":"As a pivotal immunotherapy modality, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have demonstrated significant clinical efficacy in a variety of malignant tumors, including viral hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, metabolic-associated steatohepatitis-related hepatocellular carcinoma (MASH-HCC) is significantly resistant to ICI, its metabolic-immune crosstalk mechanisms have not been systematically defined, and methods to improve the efficacy of ICI in this context are lacking. Thus, here we elucidate the microenvironmental features of MASH-HCC, focusing on tumor metabolic-immune crosstalk mechanisms such as metabolic reprogramming, metabolic stress, fibrosis, and the gut-liver axis, and summarize clinical and preclinical studies currently assessing whether metabolic drugs may help with overcoming ICI resistance and improving clinical efficacy against MASH-HCC.","PeriodicalId":23301,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":"143 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144684117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-18DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2025.06.007
Yehua Li, Xiaodong Wang
Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element that plays a fundamental role in various biological processes, including electron transfer and enzymatic reactions. Cu homeostasis is tightly regulated by transporters, including CTR1 and ZnT1, that mediate Cu uptake, as well as by intracellular Cu chaperones and exporters such as ATP7A and ATP7B. Excessive accumulation of Cu can lead to cuproptosis, a form of regulated cell death characterized by Cu-induced lipoylated protein aggregation and degradation of Fe–S cluster proteins. We discuss how recent insights into Cu metabolism and cuproptosis have expanded our understanding of Cu homeostasis, and present new opportunities for the treatment of human diseases involving Cu imbalance, including Menkes and Wilson's diseases, neurodegenerative conditions, and cancer.
{"title":"A metabolic perspective on cuproptosis","authors":"Yehua Li, Xiaodong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.tem.2025.06.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2025.06.007","url":null,"abstract":"Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element that plays a fundamental role in various biological processes, including electron transfer and enzymatic reactions. Cu homeostasis is tightly regulated by transporters, including CTR1 and ZnT1, that mediate Cu uptake, as well as by intracellular Cu chaperones and exporters such as ATP7A and ATP7B. Excessive accumulation of Cu can lead to cuproptosis, a form of regulated cell death characterized by Cu-induced lipoylated protein aggregation and degradation of Fe–S cluster proteins. We discuss how recent insights into Cu metabolism and cuproptosis have expanded our understanding of Cu homeostasis, and present new opportunities for the treatment of human diseases involving Cu imbalance, including Menkes and Wilson's diseases, neurodegenerative conditions, and cancer.","PeriodicalId":23301,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144664773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-17DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2025.06.002
Yi Jia Liow,Amar Sarkar,Rachel N Carmody
The gut microbiome is an important participant in the gut-brain axis and a key mediator of host-diet interactions that shape feeding behavior. These effects occur through microbial metabolism of dietary components - fiber, sugar, fat, and protein - into bioactive metabolites that influence microbiome-gut-brain signaling. Industrialized diets are enriched in highly processed, energy-dense foods characterized by elevated fat and sugar content and reduced fiber content. These diets have been implicated in altered eating behaviors involving the microbiome-gut-brain axis. We propose that different ratios of dietary substrates in industrialized diets perturb the microbiome-gut-brain axis, thereby driving changes in microbial metabolite production and downstream signaling with behavioral consequences. Integration of microbiome and neuroscience methodologies will help to delineate the causal mechanisms by which diet shapes interoceptive signaling and eating behavior.
{"title":"Industrialized diets modulate host eating behavior via the microbiome-gut-brain axis.","authors":"Yi Jia Liow,Amar Sarkar,Rachel N Carmody","doi":"10.1016/j.tem.2025.06.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2025.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"The gut microbiome is an important participant in the gut-brain axis and a key mediator of host-diet interactions that shape feeding behavior. These effects occur through microbial metabolism of dietary components - fiber, sugar, fat, and protein - into bioactive metabolites that influence microbiome-gut-brain signaling. Industrialized diets are enriched in highly processed, energy-dense foods characterized by elevated fat and sugar content and reduced fiber content. These diets have been implicated in altered eating behaviors involving the microbiome-gut-brain axis. We propose that different ratios of dietary substrates in industrialized diets perturb the microbiome-gut-brain axis, thereby driving changes in microbial metabolite production and downstream signaling with behavioral consequences. Integration of microbiome and neuroscience methodologies will help to delineate the causal mechanisms by which diet shapes interoceptive signaling and eating behavior.","PeriodicalId":23301,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144664262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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