Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.13189/UJP.2016.040505
Merima Zukic, Nermin Đapo, Dženana Husremović
The aims of this study were to assess the factor structure of a new instrument for the measurement of intrinsic, extraneous and germane cognitive load in a Bosnian sample, to determine the internal consistency of this instrument and to determine whether the instrument predicts learning outcomes. The participants were 75 undergraduate students from the Department of Psychology, University of Sarajevo. Data was collected using the Questionnaire for the Measurement of Intrinsic, Extraneous and Germane Load developed by Leppink, Pass, Van der Vleuten, Van Gog & Van Merrienboer [15] and a Brief Test of Knowledge developed for the purpose of the present study. Results of a confirmatory factor analysis support a three-dimensional model, with the item loadings in the expected manner. The factor structure obtained in our study is consistent with the factor structure reported by Leppink et al. [15]. In addition, the scale items showed good internal consistencies. The results obtained in our study suggest that low intrinsic in combination with high germane scores contribute to learning outcome. High complexity of learning material in combination with not well-organized prerequisite knowledge causes lower investment of germane cognitive resources, i.e. learning process, and consequently lower learning outcome. Overall, despite a relatively small sample size, the results of our study show a clear three-factor structure that corresponded to intrinsic, extraneous and germane cognitive load. The questionnaire could be an important instrument for research practice in domain of CLT. Moreover, the instrument has significant practical value. Educational practitioner can use the instrument in researching and planning their teaching to maximise learning.
本研究的目的是评估波斯尼亚样本中用于测量内在、外在和相关认知负荷的新工具的因素结构，以确定该工具的内部一致性，并确定该工具是否预测学习结果。参与者是来自萨拉热窝大学心理学系的75名本科生。数据收集使用Leppink、Pass、Van der Vleuten、Van Gog和Van Merrienboer[15]开发的“内在、外在和相关负荷测量问卷”和为本研究目的开发的“知识简短测试”。验证性因子分析的结果支持一个三维模型，项目加载在预期的方式。本研究获得的因子结构与Leppink等[15]报道的因子结构一致。此外，量表项目具有良好的内部一致性。本研究结果表明，低内禀分数与高相关性分数相结合有助于学习效果。学习材料的高度复杂性加上前提知识组织不完善，导致相关认知资源(即学习过程)的投入减少，从而导致学习效果降低。总体而言，尽管样本量相对较小，但我们的研究结果显示了一个明确的三因素结构，对应于内在、外在和相关的认知负荷。问卷调查可以成为CLT领域研究实践的重要工具。该仪器具有重要的实用价值。教育从业者可以使用该工具在研究和规划他们的教学，以最大限度地提高学习。
{"title":"Construct and Predictive Validity of an Instrument for Measuring Intrinsic, Extraneous and Germane Cognitive Load","authors":"Merima Zukic, Nermin Đapo, Dženana Husremović","doi":"10.13189/UJP.2016.040505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/UJP.2016.040505","url":null,"abstract":"The aims of this study were to assess the factor structure of a new instrument for the measurement of intrinsic, extraneous and germane cognitive load in a Bosnian sample, to determine the internal consistency of this instrument and to determine whether the instrument predicts learning outcomes. The participants were 75 undergraduate students from the Department of Psychology, University of Sarajevo. Data was collected using the Questionnaire for the Measurement of Intrinsic, Extraneous and Germane Load developed by Leppink, Pass, Van der Vleuten, Van Gog & Van Merrienboer [15] and a Brief Test of Knowledge developed for the purpose of the present study. Results of a confirmatory factor analysis support a three-dimensional model, with the item loadings in the expected manner. The factor structure obtained in our study is consistent with the factor structure reported by Leppink et al. [15]. In addition, the scale items showed good internal consistencies. The results obtained in our study suggest that low intrinsic in combination with high germane scores contribute to learning outcome. High complexity of learning material in combination with not well-organized prerequisite knowledge causes lower investment of germane cognitive resources, i.e. learning process, and consequently lower learning outcome. Overall, despite a relatively small sample size, the results of our study show a clear three-factor structure that corresponded to intrinsic, extraneous and germane cognitive load. The questionnaire could be an important instrument for research practice in domain of CLT. Moreover, the instrument has significant practical value. Educational practitioner can use the instrument in researching and planning their teaching to maximise learning.","PeriodicalId":23456,"journal":{"name":"Universal Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75229061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.13189/ujp.2016.040504
T. Vandiver
The goal of the present study was to examine the relationship of social justice beliefs, gender, religiousness, and ethnicity on environmental attitudes among college students at a private university. Participants in the current research with higher scores on social justice measures also had higher scores on three environmental measures: attitudes toward the environment, conscientiousness about the environment and involvement in environment issues. Gender, race/ethnicity, and college major were not found to be statistically significant. Future research should examine the role of social justice beliefs on environmental attitudes in more general populations of college students.
{"title":"The Relationship of Social Justice Beliefs to Environmental Attitudes among Students at a Private University","authors":"T. Vandiver","doi":"10.13189/ujp.2016.040504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/ujp.2016.040504","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of the present study was to examine the relationship of social justice beliefs, gender, religiousness, and ethnicity on environmental attitudes among college students at a private university. Participants in the current research with higher scores on social justice measures also had higher scores on three environmental measures: attitudes toward the environment, conscientiousness about the environment and involvement in environment issues. Gender, race/ethnicity, and college major were not found to be statistically significant. Future research should examine the role of social justice beliefs on environmental attitudes in more general populations of college students.","PeriodicalId":23456,"journal":{"name":"Universal Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83211820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-01DOI: 10.13189/UJP.2016.040406
Jen-Wei Cheng, Y. Seih, Cheng-Ze Hung, Tzu-Wei Su
This paper aims to develop a model delineating the relationship between altruistic concern for prosocial motives/felt accountability for impression management motives of voice behavior and employees' career success. The model proposed in this study argues that the relationship between motives and career success depends on the voice behavior mediating mechanism and the moderating effect of supervisor-attributed motives on the relationship between voice behavior and career success. The results stress the importance of the context of supervisor attribution motives in linked voice behavior and career success. Overall, our model attempts to address these concerns by highlighting in particular the role of the perspective of supervisor attribution motives to advance the body of knowledge about voice behavior and career success. Practical and theoretical implications are addressed on the basis of the research findings as well as suggestions for future research in the employee voice behavior field.
{"title":"Voice Behavior and Career Success: The Moderating Role of Supervisor Attribution Motives","authors":"Jen-Wei Cheng, Y. Seih, Cheng-Ze Hung, Tzu-Wei Su","doi":"10.13189/UJP.2016.040406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/UJP.2016.040406","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to develop a model delineating the relationship between altruistic concern for prosocial motives/felt accountability for impression management motives of voice behavior and employees' career success. The model proposed in this study argues that the relationship between motives and career success depends on the voice behavior mediating mechanism and the moderating effect of supervisor-attributed motives on the relationship between voice behavior and career success. The results stress the importance of the context of supervisor attribution motives in linked voice behavior and career success. Overall, our model attempts to address these concerns by highlighting in particular the role of the perspective of supervisor attribution motives to advance the body of knowledge about voice behavior and career success. Practical and theoretical implications are addressed on the basis of the research findings as well as suggestions for future research in the employee voice behavior field.","PeriodicalId":23456,"journal":{"name":"Universal Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82322851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-01DOI: 10.13189/UJP.2016.040403
A. Frei
In February 2013, a 42 year-old worker in Central Switzerland shot four of his colleagues on his workplace in the canteen unexpectedly, wounded five more seriously and eventually he was shot during the event. This event called “amok” in the lay press can be classified as mass murder according to several authors. There was no apparent reason for this deed, and the perpetrator had not been a mobbing victim nor had he been treated unfairly by his supervisors at work. The district attorney ordered a psychological autopsy of the perpetrator which revealed that he had suffered from paranoid schizophrenia and acted according to his delusions of persecution. This paper discusses how to perform such an investigation. The application of psychological autopsy is strongly recommend in future similar cases.
{"title":"The Psychological Autopsy as a Means to Analyse Cases of Mass-murder and Homicide-suicide","authors":"A. Frei","doi":"10.13189/UJP.2016.040403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/UJP.2016.040403","url":null,"abstract":"In February 2013, a 42 year-old worker in Central Switzerland shot four of his colleagues on his workplace in the canteen unexpectedly, wounded five more seriously and eventually he was shot during the event. This event called “amok” in the lay press can be classified as mass murder according to several authors. There was no apparent reason for this deed, and the perpetrator had not been a mobbing victim nor had he been treated unfairly by his supervisors at work. The district attorney ordered a psychological autopsy of the perpetrator which revealed that he had suffered from paranoid schizophrenia and acted according to his delusions of persecution. This paper discusses how to perform such an investigation. The application of psychological autopsy is strongly recommend in future similar cases.","PeriodicalId":23456,"journal":{"name":"Universal Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81297154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-01DOI: 10.13189/UJP.2016.040401
Vera Angliani Juwita
It is complicated making career decision after undergraduate education, particularly for individuals who come from families with collectivistic culture. Preliminary findings study regarding the career maturity of 161 college students (73 men, 88 women, age average is 21 years) from fourth year-level at the University of Jenderal Achmad Yani, Cimahi, showed that 58.38% of respondents had a low level career maturity. Data measurements (reliability alpha = .884), based to the theory of career maturity from Crites (1978), shows the main obstacles that arise are related to the ability of goal-decision and self-efficacy in decision making. Interview's data shows that parents are still seen as the main figures that influence the decision-making of career choices.
{"title":"Is It Difficult to Decide? Preliminary Study for Career Maturity in University Students","authors":"Vera Angliani Juwita","doi":"10.13189/UJP.2016.040401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/UJP.2016.040401","url":null,"abstract":"It is complicated making career decision after undergraduate education, particularly for individuals who come from families with collectivistic culture. Preliminary findings study regarding the career maturity of 161 college students (73 men, 88 women, age average is 21 years) from fourth year-level at the University of Jenderal Achmad Yani, Cimahi, showed that 58.38% of respondents had a low level career maturity. Data measurements (reliability alpha = .884), based to the theory of career maturity from Crites (1978), shows the main obstacles that arise are related to the ability of goal-decision and self-efficacy in decision making. Interview's data shows that parents are still seen as the main figures that influence the decision-making of career choices.","PeriodicalId":23456,"journal":{"name":"Universal Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73616303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-01DOI: 10.13189/UJP.2016.040405
S. H. Mulyani, Haris Satria
A good education will drive someone has thought and insight. A woman should have a good education, as with educated he can set the management of his life and his family. Women also have equal rights with men, namely to be a leader. Behind it all, a woman should have a good education in social relations. Women have three roles in life: 1. W omen as a wife; 2. Woman as a mother; 3. Women as a w oman's career. Not all women in performing three functions in one time. It takes a good education through three female perspective. Education is the most important part in education and is a necessity for every human being including women. And this research is more directed to the psychology of education. Interpersonal communication is the most important part in determining the outcome.
{"title":"The Women in 3 Perspectives of World Education","authors":"S. H. Mulyani, Haris Satria","doi":"10.13189/UJP.2016.040405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/UJP.2016.040405","url":null,"abstract":"A good education will drive someone has thought and insight. A woman should have a good education, as with educated he can set the management of his life and his family. Women also have equal rights with men, namely to be a leader. Behind it all, a woman should have a good education in social relations. Women have three roles in life: 1. W omen as a wife; 2. Woman as a mother; 3. Women as a w oman's career. Not all women in performing three functions in one time. It takes a good education through three female perspective. Education is the most important part in education and is a necessity for every human being including women. And this research is more directed to the psychology of education. Interpersonal communication is the most important part in determining the outcome.","PeriodicalId":23456,"journal":{"name":"Universal Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91002110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-01DOI: 10.13189/UJP.2016.040404
Kamonmarn Virutsetazin
This study aimed to detect and propose solution to computer addicted obese students in grades 9-11. In phase I, 288 students (18 schools) were chosen to explore computer addiction and related factors, and 36 volunteers were recruited to brain storm and create strategic management. In phase II, 90 comparison groups (3 schools) and 82 experimental groups(3 schools) attended the training of constructing E-magazines to enhance their creative use of computers. The results showed that in phase I, the percentage of computer addiction was 7.39; that were more likely in males (2.20:1). There were statistically significant differences in the means of computer addiction regarding gender, education level, GPA. and parent's education. There were statistically significant correlations between academic performance, consumption, relaxation, exercise, heath status, and personality and computer addiction. Special and closer attention should be paid to these, and a risk-focus approach should be implemented in introversion-neuroticism personalities. In phrase II, the posttest indicated that there was a statistically significant decrease in computer game use, frequency of use and hours spent on a computer.
{"title":"Computer Addiction of Students in Schools under the Office of Basic Education Commission, Bangkok","authors":"Kamonmarn Virutsetazin","doi":"10.13189/UJP.2016.040404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/UJP.2016.040404","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to detect and propose solution to computer addicted obese students in grades 9-11. In phase I, 288 students (18 schools) were chosen to explore computer addiction and related factors, and 36 volunteers were recruited to brain storm and create strategic management. In phase II, 90 comparison groups (3 schools) and 82 experimental groups(3 schools) attended the training of constructing E-magazines to enhance their creative use of computers. The results showed that in phase I, the percentage of computer addiction was 7.39; that were more likely in males (2.20:1). There were statistically significant differences in the means of computer addiction regarding gender, education level, GPA. and parent's education. There were statistically significant correlations between academic performance, consumption, relaxation, exercise, heath status, and personality and computer addiction. Special and closer attention should be paid to these, and a risk-focus approach should be implemented in introversion-neuroticism personalities. In phrase II, the posttest indicated that there was a statistically significant decrease in computer game use, frequency of use and hours spent on a computer.","PeriodicalId":23456,"journal":{"name":"Universal Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82083170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-01DOI: 10.13189/UJP.2016.040402
I. Fredriksson
In every living being and organism there is an entire world as amazing as the one we see around us. In our body there are 100 trillion cells (10 12 ), and DNA that extends 10,000 kilometers. The base pairs in our DNA are held together by hydrogen. Maybe the hydrogen bonds in DNA´s base pairs that constitutes our immune system and our consciousness. There is water in the cells, and between them, and while large molecules have to go through membrane proteins to enter the cells, small molecules like H 2 O and O 2 can pass through the cell membrane without difficulty. In the spaces between the brain cells, at the end of every neuron, the basic unit of a brain cell is synapses, where chemical charges build up. In the same space dendrites - tiny filaments of nerve endings communicate with other neurons, sending out and receiving their own electrical wave impulses. This, together with the quantum hologram and non-local consciousness, provides an explanation and an exciting developmental phase in the illusion in which we live.
{"title":"Just Ordinary Water - A Necessity for All Forms of Life","authors":"I. Fredriksson","doi":"10.13189/UJP.2016.040402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/UJP.2016.040402","url":null,"abstract":"In every living being and organism there is an entire world as amazing as the one we see around us. In our body there are 100 trillion cells (10 12 ), and DNA that extends 10,000 kilometers. The base pairs in our DNA are held together by hydrogen. Maybe the hydrogen bonds in DNA´s base pairs that constitutes our immune system and our consciousness. There is water in the cells, and between them, and while large molecules have to go through membrane proteins to enter the cells, small molecules like H 2 O and O 2 can pass through the cell membrane without difficulty. In the spaces between the brain cells, at the end of every neuron, the basic unit of a brain cell is synapses, where chemical charges build up. In the same space dendrites - tiny filaments of nerve endings communicate with other neurons, sending out and receiving their own electrical wave impulses. This, together with the quantum hologram and non-local consciousness, provides an explanation and an exciting developmental phase in the illusion in which we live.","PeriodicalId":23456,"journal":{"name":"Universal Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77691190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-01DOI: 10.13189/UJP.2016.040303
S. H. Lai
This study explores whether the self-stigma in people with mental illness is moderated by value orientation -- collectivism and individualism. A model of value orientation and self-stigmatization was depicted and tested with data collected in Taiwan, where 182 subjects voluntarily participated in the survey. The model demonstrated the ideas that collectivism thoughts alleviate self-stigma, while individualism beliefs strengthen the stigmatization process. All the hypotheses, including a measurement structure, a causal path with covariate variable and two separate moderator effects, were significantly supported. Implications of the findings for academicians and practitioners in psychiatric rehabilitation were discussed.
{"title":"Value Orientation as a Moderator on Self-stigma in People with Mental Illness","authors":"S. H. Lai","doi":"10.13189/UJP.2016.040303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/UJP.2016.040303","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores whether the self-stigma in people with mental illness is moderated by value orientation -- collectivism and individualism. A model of value orientation and self-stigmatization was depicted and tested with data collected in Taiwan, where 182 subjects voluntarily participated in the survey. The model demonstrated the ideas that collectivism thoughts alleviate self-stigma, while individualism beliefs strengthen the stigmatization process. All the hypotheses, including a measurement structure, a causal path with covariate variable and two separate moderator effects, were significantly supported. Implications of the findings for academicians and practitioners in psychiatric rehabilitation were discussed.","PeriodicalId":23456,"journal":{"name":"Universal Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81359023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-01DOI: 10.13189/UJP.2016.040305
Surendra Singh Pokharna, Dilip K Bobra
This paper describes limitations of the scientific knowledge and the scientific formalism which is currently used to study living systems and human systems in general (1-7). It is suggested that there is a need to explore the General Systems Theory (GST) for better understanding of these issues (8-9). General Systems Theory (GST) is a generalized methodology to study properties of both the physical systems and the social systems (10-13). It is shown that the concept soul and soul-matter interaction of Jainism (14-16) and their concept that knowledge is structured in the consciousness needs to be examined in the modern context. Three examples are given which shows that the concept of knowledge of consciousness has a great meaning and it can be good example to be pursued by the scientists. They lead one to infer that there exist higher dimensions of knowledge including Extra Sensory Perception (ESP) which are not yet properly explored in a systematic way in the context of understanding soul (17-20) As a consequence of this, it is also mentioned that Darwin's principle of "Survival of the fittest" should be compared to a wider principle "Live and Let Live" of Jains based on higher dimensions of knowledge which put more emphasize more on underlying identify (common soul) among all living beings than differences among them (3, 21). This comparison could provide a new way of looking at the concept of evolution and so the concept of spiritual evolution should be also examined in the modern perspective. Ultimately it appears that the characteristics of a pure soul as described in Jainism may provide new ways and new concepts to the modern scientists in understanding the soul/consciousness. Their concept of pure knowledge seems to be quite close to the concept of Implicate Order of quantum mechanics as described by David Bohm (22). Finally it is proposed that the process of spiritual evolution as described in Jainism to achieve the highest state of soul may be accompanied by decrease in rate of entropy production at every stage and building up of some new type of order (3).
{"title":"General Systems Theory (GST) and Concepts of Indian Philosophy May Provide a Holistic View of Consciousness and Its Evolution","authors":"Surendra Singh Pokharna, Dilip K Bobra","doi":"10.13189/UJP.2016.040305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/UJP.2016.040305","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes limitations of the scientific knowledge and the scientific formalism which is currently used to study living systems and human systems in general (1-7). It is suggested that there is a need to explore the General Systems Theory (GST) for better understanding of these issues (8-9). General Systems Theory (GST) is a generalized methodology to study properties of both the physical systems and the social systems (10-13). It is shown that the concept soul and soul-matter interaction of Jainism (14-16) and their concept that knowledge is structured in the consciousness needs to be examined in the modern context. Three examples are given which shows that the concept of knowledge of consciousness has a great meaning and it can be good example to be pursued by the scientists. They lead one to infer that there exist higher dimensions of knowledge including Extra Sensory Perception (ESP) which are not yet properly explored in a systematic way in the context of understanding soul (17-20) As a consequence of this, it is also mentioned that Darwin's principle of \"Survival of the fittest\" should be compared to a wider principle \"Live and Let Live\" of Jains based on higher dimensions of knowledge which put more emphasize more on underlying identify (common soul) among all living beings than differences among them (3, 21). This comparison could provide a new way of looking at the concept of evolution and so the concept of spiritual evolution should be also examined in the modern perspective. Ultimately it appears that the characteristics of a pure soul as described in Jainism may provide new ways and new concepts to the modern scientists in understanding the soul/consciousness. Their concept of pure knowledge seems to be quite close to the concept of Implicate Order of quantum mechanics as described by David Bohm (22). Finally it is proposed that the process of spiritual evolution as described in Jainism to achieve the highest state of soul may be accompanied by decrease in rate of entropy production at every stage and building up of some new type of order (3).","PeriodicalId":23456,"journal":{"name":"Universal Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78665113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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