Pub Date : 2022-07-01Epub Date: 2022-07-15DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2022.33.2.7
Nining Irfanita, Widya Lestari, Mohamed Elwathig Saeed Mirghani, Irwandi Jaswir, Fitri Octavianti, Muhammad Salahuddin Haris
Muslims are prohibited from consuming products that contain pig products and their derivatives, including porcine gelatin. Medical and dental products are not exempt from the use of gelatin in their formulation. This study employs attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) coupled with principal component analysis (PCA) to detect and distinguish between porcine and bovine gelatins in dental materials. The results were further verified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Species-specific primers targeting the 212 bp porcine cytochrome b and 271 bp bovine cytochrome b genes were used to amplify DNA in nine dental material samples. Detection and distinction of gelatin standards (bovine and porcine) against gelatin present in the dental materials was achieved using ATR-FTIR combined with PCA within wavenumber 1756 cm-1-1584 cm-1 (Amide I and Amide II). The detection limit for DNA was 0.001 ng/μL and 0.0001 ng/μL for bovine and porcine gelatins, respectively. Using PCR, one sample, BDM 01, was found to contain both porcine and bovine DNA, while one sample (BDM 14) was found to be positive for bovine DNA. The findings suggest that ATR-FTIR combined with PCA and conventional PCR are applicable for the identification of porcine and bovine gelatin in dental materials.
{"title":"Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) Spectroscopy Coupled with Principal Component Analysis and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Assay for the Detection of Porcine and Bovine Gelatins in Dental Materials.","authors":"Nining Irfanita, Widya Lestari, Mohamed Elwathig Saeed Mirghani, Irwandi Jaswir, Fitri Octavianti, Muhammad Salahuddin Haris","doi":"10.21315/tlsr2022.33.2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/tlsr2022.33.2.7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Muslims are prohibited from consuming products that contain pig products and their derivatives, including porcine gelatin. Medical and dental products are not exempt from the use of gelatin in their formulation. This study employs attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) coupled with principal component analysis (PCA) to detect and distinguish between porcine and bovine gelatins in dental materials. The results were further verified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Species-specific primers targeting the 212 bp porcine cytochrome <i>b</i> and 271 bp bovine cytochrome <i>b</i> genes were used to amplify DNA in nine dental material samples. Detection and distinction of gelatin standards (bovine and porcine) against gelatin present in the dental materials was achieved using ATR-FTIR combined with PCA within wavenumber 1756 cm<sup>-1</sup>-1584 cm<sup>-1</sup> (Amide I and Amide II). The detection limit for DNA was 0.001 ng/μL and 0.0001 ng/μL for bovine and porcine gelatins, respectively. Using PCR, one sample, BDM 01, was found to contain both porcine and bovine DNA, while one sample (BDM 14) was found to be positive for bovine DNA. The findings suggest that ATR-FTIR combined with PCA and conventional PCR are applicable for the identification of porcine and bovine gelatin in dental materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":23477,"journal":{"name":"Tropical life sciences research","volume":"33 2","pages":"133-153"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9354898/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40413420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A study was carried out to determine the maturation period, quality and quantity of sperms production in Banana shrimp male broodstock, Penaeus merguiensis fed different natural diets. The three different natural diets namely; squid, fish and shrimp flesh used in this study were obtained from known sources and fed to the tested shrimp in triplicate groups. Based on the results obtained, squid seem to be the most effective natural diet as it enhances the sperms maturation within 20 days. Feeding fish and shrimp flesh as diets for the Banana shrimp broodstock resulted in the observation of maturation in 22 and 24 days, respectively. Similarly, squid diet also recorded the highest (p = 0.002; p < 0.05) sperms count (58.6 to 74.5) as compared to fish diet (44.0 to 61.3) or shrimp diet (28.0 to 42.8). Also, feeding squid diet resulted in a higher percentage of live sperms with ranged between 97.75% to 98.80%. On the other hand, broodstocks fed fish and squid flesh was observed with ranges of between 96% to 97.86% and 92.54% to 96.06%, respectively. It was therefore concluded that squid diet was most effective to improve sperm quality, quantity and maturation period in male broodstock of P. merguiensis. Further study should be carried on the reproductive performance of broodstock fed with squid as diets and it effect on the performances of post larvae obtained.
{"title":"Gonad Quality of Banana Shrimp Male Broodstock <i>Penaeus merguiensis (</i>De Man, 1888) Fed Different Natural Diets.","authors":"Nurul Amirah Matmor, Hidayah Manan, Nor Azman Kasan, Mohamad Jalilah, Adnan Amin-Safwan, Mhd Ikhwanuddin","doi":"10.21315/tlsr2022.33.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/tlsr2022.33.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A study was carried out to determine the maturation period, quality and quantity of sperms production in Banana shrimp male broodstock, <i>Penaeus merguiensis</i> fed different natural diets. The three different natural diets namely; squid, fish and shrimp flesh used in this study were obtained from known sources and fed to the tested shrimp in triplicate groups. Based on the results obtained, squid seem to be the most effective natural diet as it enhances the sperms maturation within 20 days. Feeding fish and shrimp flesh as diets for the Banana shrimp broodstock resulted in the observation of maturation in 22 and 24 days, respectively. Similarly, squid diet also recorded the highest (<i>p</i> = 0.002; <i>p</i> < 0.05) sperms count (58.6 to 74.5) as compared to fish diet (44.0 to 61.3) or shrimp diet (28.0 to 42.8). Also, feeding squid diet resulted in a higher percentage of live sperms with ranged between 97.75% to 98.80%. On the other hand, broodstocks fed fish and squid flesh was observed with ranges of between 96% to 97.86% and 92.54% to 96.06%, respectively. It was therefore concluded that squid diet was most effective to improve sperm quality, quantity and maturation period in male broodstock of <i>P. merguiensis</i>. Further study should be carried on the reproductive performance of broodstock fed with squid as diets and it effect on the performances of post larvae obtained.</p>","PeriodicalId":23477,"journal":{"name":"Tropical life sciences research","volume":"33 2","pages":"19-30"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9354901/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40697872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01Epub Date: 2022-03-31DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2022.33.1.11
Moo Chee Yuan, Hadura Abu Hasan
Malaysia like many other developing countries is facing the challenge of poor waste management. This research was conducted to determine the effect of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae in decomposing food waste, palm oil waste, fish waste and yard waste. The development time and waste reduction efficiency of four different organic materials were evaluated. In this study, BSF larvae were fed with all four types of waste at five feeding rates of 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00 g larva-1 day-1 with three replicates per feeding rate until the larvae reached the pre-pupae stage. During the study, larval development time, larval mortality, pre-pupae weight and waste reduction indexes (WRI) were determined. Food waste and yard waste achieved the highest WRI of 4.43 ± 0.06 and 0.71 ± 0.01, respectively at the feeding rate of 0.50 g larva-1 day-1 while palm oil waste and fish waste attained the highest WRI values at feeding rates of 1.00 g larva-1 day-1 (1.89 ± 0.02) and 0.25 g larva-1 day-1 (3.75 ± 0.24), respectively. The results showed that both variables significantly influenced the bioconversion process, but waste reduction efficiency was the most influential element.
{"title":"Effect of Feeding Rate on Growth Performance and Waste Reduction Efficiency of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Diptera: Stratiomyidae).","authors":"Moo Chee Yuan, Hadura Abu Hasan","doi":"10.21315/tlsr2022.33.1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/tlsr2022.33.1.11","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Malaysia like many other developing countries is facing the challenge of poor waste management. This research was conducted to determine the effect of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae in decomposing food waste, palm oil waste, fish waste and yard waste. The development time and waste reduction efficiency of four different organic materials were evaluated. In this study, BSF larvae were fed with all four types of waste at five feeding rates of 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00 g larva<sup>-1</sup> day<sup>-1</sup> with three replicates per feeding rate until the larvae reached the pre-pupae stage. During the study, larval development time, larval mortality, pre-pupae weight and waste reduction indexes (WRI) were determined. Food waste and yard waste achieved the highest WRI of 4.43 ± 0.06 and 0.71 ± 0.01, respectively at the feeding rate of 0.50 g larva<sup>-1</sup> day<sup>-1</sup> while palm oil waste and fish waste attained the highest WRI values at feeding rates of 1.00 g larva<sup>-1</sup> day<sup>-1</sup> (1.89 ± 0.02) and 0.25 g larva<sup>-1</sup> day<sup>-1</sup> (3.75 ± 0.24), respectively. The results showed that both variables significantly influenced the bioconversion process, but waste reduction efficiency was the most influential element.</p>","PeriodicalId":23477,"journal":{"name":"Tropical life sciences research","volume":"33 1","pages":"179-199"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9128650/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142078292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2022.33.1.12
O. V. Tosin, Ahmad Azfar Mohamed, Nur Asma Ariffin, A. Chowdhury, A. A. Bolong
This study was designed to characterise the cultured and wild populations of Anabas testudineus in Malaysia using morphological parameters. Fish samples from the East and West coast of the country were obtained from fishermen (wild samples) and well-recognised climbing perch farmers in Kedah, Kelantan, Johor and Selangor. The Truss network method was applied to obtain necessary data and analysed to examine phenotypic variation between the cultured and wild stocks. Results obtained suggest that each hatchery population belonged to a distinct stock as revealed by their separate clustering into individual unique groups. However, an extensive overlap was observed in the wild population suggesting similarity of origin. The most important morphological parameters for the discrimination of the two populations are the homologous landmark B (i.e., snout to insertion of the pelvic fin) and C (i.e., above the eye to insertion of the pelvic fin). Genetic characterisation of the A. testudineus is needed to complement the findings of this study and establish a baseline for the development of a selective breeding programme for the fish species in Malaysia.
{"title":"Morphological Variation between Hatchery Bred and Wild Caught Anabas testudineus in Malaysia","authors":"O. V. Tosin, Ahmad Azfar Mohamed, Nur Asma Ariffin, A. Chowdhury, A. A. Bolong","doi":"10.21315/tlsr2022.33.1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/tlsr2022.33.1.12","url":null,"abstract":"This study was designed to characterise the cultured and wild populations of Anabas testudineus in Malaysia using morphological parameters. Fish samples from the East and West coast of the country were obtained from fishermen (wild samples) and well-recognised climbing perch farmers in Kedah, Kelantan, Johor and Selangor. The Truss network method was applied to obtain necessary data and analysed to examine phenotypic variation between the cultured and wild stocks. Results obtained suggest that each hatchery population belonged to a distinct stock as revealed by their separate clustering into individual unique groups. However, an extensive overlap was observed in the wild population suggesting similarity of origin. The most important morphological parameters for the discrimination of the two populations are the homologous landmark B (i.e., snout to insertion of the pelvic fin) and C (i.e., above the eye to insertion of the pelvic fin). Genetic characterisation of the A. testudineus is needed to complement the findings of this study and establish a baseline for the development of a selective breeding programme for the fish species in Malaysia.","PeriodicalId":23477,"journal":{"name":"Tropical life sciences research","volume":"33 1","pages":"201 - 214"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46280942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01Epub Date: 2022-03-31DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2022.33.1.5
Naimah Husin, Zaiton Sapak
Bacterial heart rot (BHR) disease caused by pathogenic bacteria, Dickeya zeae, is one of the destructive diseases of pineapple worldwide. This study explored the potential of Bacillus cereus against the BHR pathogen in vitro and in vivo. The BHR causal pathogen was isolated from symptomatic pineapple plants, demonstrating water-soaked and rotten basal tissues. Biological control agent (BCA) was isolated from asymptomatic pineapple leaves, later confirmed as B. cereus, and subsequently tested for the antagonistic activity against the BHR pathogen via disc diffusion assay and glasshouse trial. B. cereus showed the ability to inhibit the growth of BHR pathogen with 18.10 ± 0.36 mm of inhibition zone in diameter. The ability of B. cereus against the BHR pathogen was further confirmed via the glasshouse trial with five treatments. The results showed that treatments with B. cereus inoculation recorded lower disease severity index of 0.04 ± 0.01 than the positive control treatment with pathogen alone (0.53 ± 0.04). This finding indicated that B. cereus has a great potential as BCA against BHR disease in pineapple var. MD2, however, the effectiveness of this isolate needs to be further tested under actual field conditions.
{"title":"<i>Bacillus cereus</i> for Controlling Bacterial Heart Rot in Pineapple var. MD2.","authors":"Naimah Husin, Zaiton Sapak","doi":"10.21315/tlsr2022.33.1.5","DOIUrl":"10.21315/tlsr2022.33.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacterial heart rot (BHR) disease caused by pathogenic bacteria, <i>Dickeya zeae</i>, is one of the destructive diseases of pineapple worldwide. This study explored the potential of <i>Bacillus cereus</i> against the BHR pathogen <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. The BHR causal pathogen was isolated from symptomatic pineapple plants, demonstrating water-soaked and rotten basal tissues. Biological control agent (BCA) was isolated from asymptomatic pineapple leaves, later confirmed as <i>B. cereus</i>, and subsequently tested for the antagonistic activity against the BHR pathogen via disc diffusion assay and glasshouse trial. <i>B. cereus</i> showed the ability to inhibit the growth of BHR pathogen with 18.10 ± 0.36 mm of inhibition zone in diameter. The ability of <i>B. cereus</i> against the BHR pathogen was further confirmed via the glasshouse trial with five treatments. The results showed that treatments with <i>B. cereus</i> inoculation recorded lower disease severity index of 0.04 ± 0.01 than the positive control treatment with pathogen alone (0.53 ± 0.04). This finding indicated that <i>B. cereus</i> has a great potential as BCA against BHR disease in pineapple var. MD2, however, the effectiveness of this isolate needs to be further tested under actual field conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23477,"journal":{"name":"Tropical life sciences research","volume":"33 1","pages":"77-89"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9128647/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45329296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2022.33.1.3
T. Atmowidi, T. S. Prawasti, P. Rianti, F. A. Prasojo, Nalendra B. Pradipta
Stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) are distributed in tropical and subtropical areas in the world. Stingless bees are potential pollinator to increase yield of various crops species. We measured the pollination effectiveness of stingless bees, i.e., Tetragonula laeviceps in strawberry (Fragaria x annanassa) and Heterotrigona itama in melon (Cucumis melo) in the greenhouse. Pollination effectiveness of stingless bees were measured based on their visiting activities, i.e., foraging rate and flower handling time using focal sampling method. Measurements of fruit set consist of the number of fruits per plant, the number of normal and abnormal fruits, and the size and weight of fruits. Results showed that visiting activity of T. laeviceps in strawberry flowers ranged 2.33–2.73 flowers/3 min, while H. itama in melon flowers ranged 1.77–7.12 flower/3 min. Peak activities of H. itama in melon (7.12 flowers/3 min) occurred at 9.00 a.m. to 10.00 a.m., while T. laeviceps in strawberry (2.73 flowers/3 min) occurred at 11.00 a.m. to 12.00 p.m. Pollination by T. laeviceps increased 78.9% of fruit formation and reduced 16.7% of abnormal fruits of strawberry. In melon, ratio between female and male flowers was 0.03. The number of fruits produced in melon with T. itama (6.1 fruits/plant) was higher than in open field (2.6 fruits/plant) and control plants (no pollination) (0.2 fruits/plant). Pollination by H. itama increased fruit formation of melon.
无刺蜂（Apidae:Meliponini）分布于世界热带和亚热带地区。无刺蜜蜂是提高各种作物产量的潜在传粉昆虫。我们在温室中测量了无刺蜜蜂的授粉效果，即草莓（Fragaria x annanassa）中的扁四角蜂和甜瓜（Cucumis melo）中的异三角蜂。采用焦点抽样法，根据无刺蜜蜂的访蜂活动，即觅食率和处理花朵的时间，测量了无刺蜜蜂授粉的有效性。坐果的测量包括每株植物的果实数量、正常和异常果实的数量以及果实的大小和重量。结果表明，草莓花中T.laeviceps的访视活性为2.33～2.73花/3min，甜瓜花中H.itama的访视活动为1.77～7.12花/3min。甜瓜花中H.itama的最高访视活性（7.12花/3 min）出现在上午9时至10时。，而草莓中的T.laeviceps（2.73花/3min）发生在上午11点至下午12点。用T.laevices授粉增加了78.9%的果实形成，减少了16.7%的异常果实。在甜瓜中，雌花和雄花的比例为0.03。有T.itama的甜瓜的果实数（6.1个果实/株）高于露地（2.6个果实/植株）和对照植物（不授粉）（0.2个果实/棵）。香菇授粉增加了甜瓜果实的形成。
{"title":"Stingless Bees Pollination Increases Fruit Formation of Strawberry (Fragaria x annanassa Duch) and Melon (Cucumis melo L.)","authors":"T. Atmowidi, T. S. Prawasti, P. Rianti, F. A. Prasojo, Nalendra B. Pradipta","doi":"10.21315/tlsr2022.33.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/tlsr2022.33.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) are distributed in tropical and subtropical areas in the world. Stingless bees are potential pollinator to increase yield of various crops species. We measured the pollination effectiveness of stingless bees, i.e., Tetragonula laeviceps in strawberry (Fragaria x annanassa) and Heterotrigona itama in melon (Cucumis melo) in the greenhouse. Pollination effectiveness of stingless bees were measured based on their visiting activities, i.e., foraging rate and flower handling time using focal sampling method. Measurements of fruit set consist of the number of fruits per plant, the number of normal and abnormal fruits, and the size and weight of fruits. Results showed that visiting activity of T. laeviceps in strawberry flowers ranged 2.33–2.73 flowers/3 min, while H. itama in melon flowers ranged 1.77–7.12 flower/3 min. Peak activities of H. itama in melon (7.12 flowers/3 min) occurred at 9.00 a.m. to 10.00 a.m., while T. laeviceps in strawberry (2.73 flowers/3 min) occurred at 11.00 a.m. to 12.00 p.m. Pollination by T. laeviceps increased 78.9% of fruit formation and reduced 16.7% of abnormal fruits of strawberry. In melon, ratio between female and male flowers was 0.03. The number of fruits produced in melon with T. itama (6.1 fruits/plant) was higher than in open field (2.6 fruits/plant) and control plants (no pollination) (0.2 fruits/plant). Pollination by H. itama increased fruit formation of melon.","PeriodicalId":23477,"journal":{"name":"Tropical life sciences research","volume":"33 1","pages":"43 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49517782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2022.33.1.9
Syarifah Ab Rashid, Nur Suhaili Mohamad Rosli, Teo Siew Hway, T. W. Yenn, L. C. Ring, F. A. M. Md Yusof, T. Wen-Nee
Food preservatives are commonly used to guarantee the safety and quality of food. Naturally-derived preservatives are preferred by the consumers as chemical preservatives are associated with adverse side effects. The application of naringenin as a food preservative is restricted due to its high volatility, albeit known for its good efficacy in inhibiting microbial growth on food. Thus, this study aimed to synthesis and characterise naringenin-grafted PVA (Na/PVA) nanoparticles as potential meat preservative. The nano-size of naringenin was characterised by transmission electron microscopy. Finally, the antibacterial efficiency of Na/PVA nanoparticles substance was evaluated on disc diffusion assay, broth microdilution assay and using fresh beef as food model. The naringenin nanoparticles appeared in globule and smooth structure, with an average size of less than 200 nm. In total, 11.08% of naringenin nanoparticles was successfully encapsulated into PVA nanoparticles. Based on Fourier transform infrared spectra, naringenin was successfully encapsulated into PVA nanoparticles. The release of naringenin from Na/PVA nanoparticles was slow and gradual, with an initial burst release effect observed. The property was ideal for application in food model. It gained a plateau at 48 h. The Na/PVA nanoparticles depicted its antibacterial efficiency on all the test foodborne bacteria, except E. coli. It was represented by the presence of inhibition zones, which were ranged from 10 mm to 14 mm. The activity was concentration-dependent, and a higher concentration of nanoparticles was needed to kill the test bacteria. The meat coated with Na/PVA nanoparticles displayed a 100% reduction in bacterial load, where no bacterial growth was detected at the sample throughout the incubation period. The coating of nanoparticles also improved the organoleptic property of fresh beef, by maintain the meat colour. The developed nanoparticles can be potentially used nano-preservative to maintain the microbiological quality of fresh beef.
{"title":"Naringenin-Grafted Polyvinyl Alcohol (Na/PVA) Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterisation and In Vitro Evaluation of Its Antimicrobial Efficiency on Fresh Beef","authors":"Syarifah Ab Rashid, Nur Suhaili Mohamad Rosli, Teo Siew Hway, T. W. Yenn, L. C. Ring, F. A. M. Md Yusof, T. Wen-Nee","doi":"10.21315/tlsr2022.33.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/tlsr2022.33.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"Food preservatives are commonly used to guarantee the safety and quality of food. Naturally-derived preservatives are preferred by the consumers as chemical preservatives are associated with adverse side effects. The application of naringenin as a food preservative is restricted due to its high volatility, albeit known for its good efficacy in inhibiting microbial growth on food. Thus, this study aimed to synthesis and characterise naringenin-grafted PVA (Na/PVA) nanoparticles as potential meat preservative. The nano-size of naringenin was characterised by transmission electron microscopy. Finally, the antibacterial efficiency of Na/PVA nanoparticles substance was evaluated on disc diffusion assay, broth microdilution assay and using fresh beef as food model. The naringenin nanoparticles appeared in globule and smooth structure, with an average size of less than 200 nm. In total, 11.08% of naringenin nanoparticles was successfully encapsulated into PVA nanoparticles. Based on Fourier transform infrared spectra, naringenin was successfully encapsulated into PVA nanoparticles. The release of naringenin from Na/PVA nanoparticles was slow and gradual, with an initial burst release effect observed. The property was ideal for application in food model. It gained a plateau at 48 h. The Na/PVA nanoparticles depicted its antibacterial efficiency on all the test foodborne bacteria, except E. coli. It was represented by the presence of inhibition zones, which were ranged from 10 mm to 14 mm. The activity was concentration-dependent, and a higher concentration of nanoparticles was needed to kill the test bacteria. The meat coated with Na/PVA nanoparticles displayed a 100% reduction in bacterial load, where no bacterial growth was detected at the sample throughout the incubation period. The coating of nanoparticles also improved the organoleptic property of fresh beef, by maintain the meat colour. The developed nanoparticles can be potentially used nano-preservative to maintain the microbiological quality of fresh beef.","PeriodicalId":23477,"journal":{"name":"Tropical life sciences research","volume":"33 1","pages":"143 - 161"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46623276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2022.33.1.8
Y. Alfiansah, J. Harder, M. Slater, A. Gärdes
Suspended particulate matter, phytoplankton and bacteria can be exploited to form larger aggregates, so-called bio-flocs. These serve as feeds for cultured shrimps, govern inorganic nutrients and load bacteria including pathogens. The current study aimed to simulate aggregate formation from available particulate matter in shrimp pond water and investigate quality of aggregates as well as possible impact to the pond water. Molasses was added to cylindrical tanks containing shrimp pond waters, and the tanks were rolled for 48 h. Besides water quality (inorganic nutrients and physical parameters), the researchers investigated and separated bacterial community compositions (BCC) to free-living (FL) and bio-flocs/particle-attached (PA) bacteria via 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, and measured macro-molecules contents (carbohydrates, lipids and proteins) in the bio-flocs. Molasses addition increased bacterial numbers in the bio-flocs to two-fold higher than the FL’s. Moreover, potential probiotics such as Halomonas, Psychrobacter, Mesonia and Chromohalobacter were detected associated to bio-flocs and dominated the BCC. In contrast, bio-flocs without molasses showed 4-fold less carbohydrates and harboured elevated potential pathogens such as Vibrio and Alteromonas. Results show that molasses (at C/N ratio 1:2) increases pH (to 8.2 ± 0.09 and 8.0 ± 0.04 after 24 h and 48 h, respectively) in pond water, improving beneficial biofloc formation. Molasses also increased carbohydrates and proteins in bio-flocs and maintained abundances of beneficial bacteria resulting in low inorganic nutrient concentrations. Thus, molasses is suitable for shrimp farming to improve rearing processes.
{"title":"Addition of Molasses Ameliorates Water and Bio-Floc Quality in Shrimp Pond Water","authors":"Y. Alfiansah, J. Harder, M. Slater, A. Gärdes","doi":"10.21315/tlsr2022.33.1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/tlsr2022.33.1.8","url":null,"abstract":"Suspended particulate matter, phytoplankton and bacteria can be exploited to form larger aggregates, so-called bio-flocs. These serve as feeds for cultured shrimps, govern inorganic nutrients and load bacteria including pathogens. The current study aimed to simulate aggregate formation from available particulate matter in shrimp pond water and investigate quality of aggregates as well as possible impact to the pond water. Molasses was added to cylindrical tanks containing shrimp pond waters, and the tanks were rolled for 48 h. Besides water quality (inorganic nutrients and physical parameters), the researchers investigated and separated bacterial community compositions (BCC) to free-living (FL) and bio-flocs/particle-attached (PA) bacteria via 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, and measured macro-molecules contents (carbohydrates, lipids and proteins) in the bio-flocs. Molasses addition increased bacterial numbers in the bio-flocs to two-fold higher than the FL’s. Moreover, potential probiotics such as Halomonas, Psychrobacter, Mesonia and Chromohalobacter were detected associated to bio-flocs and dominated the BCC. In contrast, bio-flocs without molasses showed 4-fold less carbohydrates and harboured elevated potential pathogens such as Vibrio and Alteromonas. Results show that molasses (at C/N ratio 1:2) increases pH (to 8.2 ± 0.09 and 8.0 ± 0.04 after 24 h and 48 h, respectively) in pond water, improving beneficial biofloc formation. Molasses also increased carbohydrates and proteins in bio-flocs and maintained abundances of beneficial bacteria resulting in low inorganic nutrient concentrations. Thus, molasses is suitable for shrimp farming to improve rearing processes.","PeriodicalId":23477,"journal":{"name":"Tropical life sciences research","volume":"33 1","pages":"121 - 141"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41948577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2022.33.1.7
Siti Maisarah Zakaria, C. Amri, N. Talip, A. Juhari, Mohamad Yusof Bin Abdul Rahman, A. Zohari, M. N. Ghazalli, Nordahlia Abdullah Siam, R. Shahari
Comparative leaf anatomy and micromorphology study was carried out on two selected species from the genus Thunbergia Retz. of Acanthaceae subfamily Thunbergioideae. These two investigated species were T. erecta and T. laurifolia from Peninsular Malaysia. The leaf anatomical study involve several methods such as cross-section using sliding microtome on the petioles, midribs, lamina and marginal, leaf epidermal peeling, leaf clearing and observation under a light microscope. The leaf micromorphology method involve the observation under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). This study aimed to investigate the taxonomic value of leaf anatomy and micromorphology characteristics of genus Thunbergia. The results have shown that there were five common characteristics present in both species studied and several variable characters that might be useful for species differentiation of T. erecta and T. laurifolia. The five common characteristics recorded were the presence of raphide, sinuous anticlinal walls, diacytic stomata, majority opened and minority closed venation in lamina and the presence of peltate glandular (unicellular terminal) trichome. The variable characteristics included were petiole, and marginal outlines, types of vascular bundles, the presence of druse, marginal venation, stomata occurrence, types of wax, cuticular sculpturing and types of trichomes. In conclusion, findings in this study showed that leaf anatomical and micromorphological characteristics possessed taxonomic value that can be used in the species identification for the genus Thunbergia specifically for T. erecta and T. laurifolia.
{"title":"Comparative Leaf Anatomy and Micromorphology of Thunbergia erecta (Benth.) T. Anderson and Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. in Peninsular Malaysia","authors":"Siti Maisarah Zakaria, C. Amri, N. Talip, A. Juhari, Mohamad Yusof Bin Abdul Rahman, A. Zohari, M. N. Ghazalli, Nordahlia Abdullah Siam, R. Shahari","doi":"10.21315/tlsr2022.33.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/tlsr2022.33.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"Comparative leaf anatomy and micromorphology study was carried out on two selected species from the genus Thunbergia Retz. of Acanthaceae subfamily Thunbergioideae. These two investigated species were T. erecta and T. laurifolia from Peninsular Malaysia. The leaf anatomical study involve several methods such as cross-section using sliding microtome on the petioles, midribs, lamina and marginal, leaf epidermal peeling, leaf clearing and observation under a light microscope. The leaf micromorphology method involve the observation under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). This study aimed to investigate the taxonomic value of leaf anatomy and micromorphology characteristics of genus Thunbergia. The results have shown that there were five common characteristics present in both species studied and several variable characters that might be useful for species differentiation of T. erecta and T. laurifolia. The five common characteristics recorded were the presence of raphide, sinuous anticlinal walls, diacytic stomata, majority opened and minority closed venation in lamina and the presence of peltate glandular (unicellular terminal) trichome. The variable characteristics included were petiole, and marginal outlines, types of vascular bundles, the presence of druse, marginal venation, stomata occurrence, types of wax, cuticular sculpturing and types of trichomes. In conclusion, findings in this study showed that leaf anatomical and micromorphological characteristics possessed taxonomic value that can be used in the species identification for the genus Thunbergia specifically for T. erecta and T. laurifolia.","PeriodicalId":23477,"journal":{"name":"Tropical life sciences research","volume":"33 1","pages":"105 - 119"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45178856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2022.33.1.1
T. Banjo, Omowunmi R. Oluwole, Victoria I. Nzei
Tomatoes are very important vegetable crops in the world but with a perishable nature. Due to its highly perishable nature, various methods have been investigated to increase its shelf life while still preserving its qualities. Therefore, this study investigated the potentials of the parts of Annona muricata and the calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa in the preservation of tomato fruits. Tomato fruits were washed and treated with powdered, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves, seeds, bark of the Annona muricata and calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa at different concentrations of 3%, 5%, 6%, 9% and 12% w/v. The tomato fruits were placed in well-aerated baskets for a period of 35 days during which organoleptic and microbial analysis were carried out. The different treatments with Annona muricata and Hibiscus sabdariffa had significant effects on the preservation of the tomato fruits at p < 0.05. The leaves of Annona muricata proved most effective preserving up to 50% of the tomatoes after the monitoring period. Moreover, 6% (w/v) of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Annona muricata resulted in a preservation rate of 75% of the tomato fruits. The spoilage microorganisms isolated from the tomato fruits are Candida krusei, Candida sp., Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus sp. The results of this research carried out shows that the extracts of Annona muricata and Hibiscus sabdariffa had significant preservative activities on the tomato fruits (p < 0.05), thus minimising wastes and economic loss to the farmers and country in general.
{"title":"Preservation of Lycopersicum esculentum (Tomatoes) with Extracts of Annona muricata (Soursop) and Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle Plant)","authors":"T. Banjo, Omowunmi R. Oluwole, Victoria I. Nzei","doi":"10.21315/tlsr2022.33.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21315/tlsr2022.33.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Tomatoes are very important vegetable crops in the world but with a perishable nature. Due to its highly perishable nature, various methods have been investigated to increase its shelf life while still preserving its qualities. Therefore, this study investigated the potentials of the parts of Annona muricata and the calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa in the preservation of tomato fruits. Tomato fruits were washed and treated with powdered, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves, seeds, bark of the Annona muricata and calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa at different concentrations of 3%, 5%, 6%, 9% and 12% w/v. The tomato fruits were placed in well-aerated baskets for a period of 35 days during which organoleptic and microbial analysis were carried out. The different treatments with Annona muricata and Hibiscus sabdariffa had significant effects on the preservation of the tomato fruits at p < 0.05. The leaves of Annona muricata proved most effective preserving up to 50% of the tomatoes after the monitoring period. Moreover, 6% (w/v) of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Annona muricata resulted in a preservation rate of 75% of the tomato fruits. The spoilage microorganisms isolated from the tomato fruits are Candida krusei, Candida sp., Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus sp. The results of this research carried out shows that the extracts of Annona muricata and Hibiscus sabdariffa had significant preservative activities on the tomato fruits (p < 0.05), thus minimising wastes and economic loss to the farmers and country in general.","PeriodicalId":23477,"journal":{"name":"Tropical life sciences research","volume":"33 1","pages":"1 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46643462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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