Vol 72, No 3 (2019)最新文献

英文中文

Optimization of spray drying parameters for the preparation of Carrot milk powder 胡萝卜奶粉喷雾干燥工艺参数的优化

Vol 72, No 3 (2019)

Pub Date : 2019-06-24 DOI: 10.33785/IJDS.2019.V72I03.004

Sravani Kandula, R. Narayanan

In this study a novel carotene enriched milk powder was developed using skim milk and carrots. In recent years, contributions of spray drying in food manufacturing has gained considerable interest compared to other conventional drying methods mainly due to their cost efficiency and enhanced shelf life of the product. In the present study, inclusion of 40 per cent of carrot juice to skim milk (CS 3 ) was adjudged as the optimum level based on sensory evaluation for the preparation of standardized mix. The mix was spray dried using laboratory model spray drier at different inlet temperatures viz., 165C, 170C and 175C with feed flow rates of 0.2 kg/hr, 0.25 kg/hr and 0.3 kg/hr respectively, keeping a constant outlet temperature of 60C and compressed air pressure of 2 kg/cm. The inlet and outlet air temperatures of 170C and 60C with feed flow rate of 0.25 kg/hr and compressed air pressure of 2 kg/cm were found optimum after assessing the moisture content of the powder. The physical properties of the spray dried carrot milk powder were 0.535±0.008 g/cc for loose density, 0.606±0.003 g/cc for packed density, 2.280±0.073 ml for insoluble index and 0.378± 0.003 for water activity. The nutrient composition of carrot milk powder for protein, fat and fibre were 28.54±0.278, 3.90±0.068 and 1.73±0.027 g/100g respectively. Beta carotene content was 2.038 mg/100g, Vitamin A was 0.01 mg/100g and Total Polyphenol Compounds (as Gallic acid) were 220 mg/100g. It can be concluded that this product serves as an instant carotene enriched powder that can be consumed by all age groups.

以脱脂牛奶和胡萝卜为原料，研制了一种新型的胡萝卜素强化奶粉。近年来，与其他传统干燥方法相比，喷雾干燥在食品制造中的贡献获得了相当大的兴趣，主要是因为它们的成本效率和产品的保质期延长。在本研究中，根据标准化混合物制备的感官评价，将40%的胡萝卜汁加入脱脂牛奶(cs3)被认为是最佳水平。采用实验室模型喷雾干燥机，分别在进口温度165C、170C和175C下进行喷雾干燥，进料流量分别为0.2 kg/hr、0.25 kg/hr和0.3 kg/hr，出口温度为60C，压缩空气压力为2 kg/cm。通过对粉体含水率的评定，得出了进料温度为170℃、出料温度为60℃、进料流量为0.25 kg/hr、压缩空气压力为2 kg/cm的最佳工艺条件。该喷雾干燥胡萝卜奶粉的物理性能为松散密度0.535±0.008 g/cc，堆积密度0.606±0.003 g/cc，不溶性指数2.280±0.073 ml，水活度0.378±0.003。胡萝卜奶粉的蛋白质、脂肪和纤维营养成分分别为28.54±0.278、3.90±0.068和1.73±0.027 g/100g。β -胡萝卜素含量为2.038 mg/100g，维生素A含量为0.01 mg/100g，总多酚化合物(如没食子酸)含量为220 mg/100g。由此可见，本产品是一种即食胡萝卜素浓缩粉，适合各年龄段人群食用。

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引用次数: 1

Application of qualitative tests for detection of adulterants in pasteurized milk and during its subsequent storage 定性试验在巴氏杀菌奶及其贮存过程中掺假物检测中的应用

Vol 72, No 3 (2019)

Pub Date : 2019-06-24 DOI: 10.33785/IJDS.2019.V72I03.006

K. Aparnathi, A. Agnihotri, Mp Chauhan, A. Shaikh, Si Patel

© Abstract: Effect of widely used heat treatments of milk on performance of selected qualitative tests for detection of common adulterants in the milk was carried out. Genuine and adulterated samples of milk were heated to 72°C for 16 sec for pasteurization. The samples of pasteurized milk were stored at temperature of 5±1ºC.The qualitative tests were performed for detection of adulterants at an interval of 24 h. The performance of the qualitative tests varied depending on type of heat treatment employed in processing of milk, length of storage period for which samples were stored and chemical nature of the target adulterant spiked in the

©摘要:本文研究了广泛使用的牛奶热处理方法对牛奶中常见掺假物定性检测性能的影响。将正品和掺假的牛奶样品加热至72°C 16秒进行巴氏消毒。巴氏奶样品保存温度为5±1℃。定性测试每隔24小时进行一次，以检测掺假物。定性测试的性能取决于牛奶加工中采用的热处理类型、样品储存的储存期长短以及目标掺假物的化学性质

引用次数: 0

Effect of habituation to milking and natural suckling on milking behaviour and milk production characteristics in primiparous Sahiwal cows 挤奶习惯和自然哺乳对初产萨希瓦尔奶牛挤奶行为和产奶特性的影响

Vol 72, No 3 (2019)

Pub Date : 2019-06-24 DOI: 10.33785/IJDS.2019.V72I03.012

Pranay Bharti, M. L. Kamboj

© Abstract: The present study was performed to investigate the influence of habituation to milking and natural suckling on milking behaviour and milk production characteristics in primiparous Sahiwal cows. For this experiment 18 late pregnant Sahiwal heifers were selected and divided into 3 groups viz. non-habituated to milking routine and weaned, control (C), habituated to milking routine and weaned (T1) and habituated to milking routine and suckled (T2) group. The mean let-down time (C: 91.48, T1: 82.37, T2: 59.85 sec), milking temperament score (C: 2.11, T1: 1.83, T2: 1.33) and frequency of defecation (C: 0.85, T1: 0.81, T2: 0.62) were significantly (P<0.05) lower in T2 as compared to C and T1 group of cows. The overall means of daily colostrum yield (C: 3.55, T1: 3.85, T2: 4.68 kg/day), daily milk yield (C: 4.82, T1: 5.31, T2: 6.84 kg/day) and milk flow rate (C: 0.595, T1: 0.623, T2: 0.732 kg/min) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in T2 cows as compared to C and T1. The mean plasma cortisol levels after milking were also significantly (P<0.05) higher in case of C group cows followed by T1 and T2 group of cows. It was concluded that the milking behaviour, milk let-down time and milk production performance were improved while stress level reduced in primiparous Sahiwal cows which were habituated to milking routine and allowed natural calf

©摘要:本试验旨在研究挤奶习惯和自然哺乳对初产Sahiwal奶牛挤奶行为和产奶特性的影响。本试验选取18头晚期妊娠Sahiwal母牛，将其分为3组，即未习惯挤奶并断奶组、对照组(C)、习惯挤奶并断奶组(T1)和习惯挤奶并哺乳组(T2)。T2组奶牛的平均落乳时间(C: 91.48, T1: 82.37, T2: 59.85秒)、泌乳气质评分(C: 2.11, T1: 1.83, T2: 1.33)和排便次数(C: 0.85, T1: 0.81, T2: 0.62)显著低于C和T1组(P<0.05)。T2组奶牛日初乳产奶量(C: 3.55, T1: 3.85, T2: 4.68 kg/d)、日产奶量(C: 4.82, T1: 5.31, T2: 6.84 kg/d)和产奶量(C: 0.595, T1: 0.623, T2: 0.732 kg/min)的总体平均值显著高于C和T1组(P<0.05)。C组奶牛挤奶后平均血浆皮质醇水平也显著(P<0.05)升高，其次是T1和T2组奶牛。综上所述，在适应挤奶常规和允许自然犊牛的条件下，Sahiwal奶牛的泌乳行为、泌乳时间和产奶量均有所改善，应激水平有所降低

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引用次数: 1

Analysis of constraints in dairy farming in Kerala-multi stakeholder perspective 喀拉拉邦奶牛养殖的制约因素分析——多利益相关者视角

Vol 72, No 3 (2019)

Pub Date : 2019-06-24 DOI: 10.33785/IJDS.2019.V72I03.016

S. Smitha, M. Devi, G. LethaDevi, S. Subash.

© Abstract: The study was undertaken in Kerala to evaluate the challenges of dairy farming at research, extension and farmers’ level. A total number of 200 respondent farmers and stakeholders from research and extension domain in the study area were selected randomly. Garret’s ranking technique was adopted to analyze the constraints faced by the stakeholders in the study area. The major constraint faced by the dairy farmers were the high cost of cattle feed and high cost of veterinary service and medicine was the second major constraint experienced by the farmers. The important constraints faced by the officials involved in extension services included implementation of large number of schemes in Panchayat and block level followed by lack of transportation facilities to make field visit. In research system, the major constraint was the prioritized mandate of teaching and extension followed by time constraint for technology

©摘要:本研究在喀拉拉邦进行，旨在评估奶牛养殖在研究、推广和农民层面面临的挑战。随机抽取研究区研究与推广领域的农户和利益相关者200人进行调查。采用Garret排序技术对研究区域内的利益相关者所面临的约束进行分析。奶农面临的主要制约因素是牛饲料成本高，兽医服务和药品成本高是奶农面临的第二大制约因素。参与推广服务的官员面临的重要限制包括在潘恰亚特和街区一级执行大量计划，然后缺乏进行实地访问的交通设施。在研究系统中，主要的约束是教学和推广的优先任务，其次是技术的时间约束

引用次数: 7

Motion and kinematics parameters of frozen-thawed bovine spermatozoa assessed by Biovis CASA 用Biovis CASA评价牛精子的运动和运动学参数

Vol 72, No 3 (2019)

Pub Date : 2019-06-24 DOI: 10.33785/IJDS.2019.V72I03.010

P. Pathak, A. Dhami, D. Chaudhari, J. Patel

This study was carried out on semen of nine healthy mature breeding bulls (3 each of Gir, Surti and Murrah breed) to evaluate the motion characteristics and kinematics of their frozenthawed sperms by using computer assisted semen analyzer (CASA). A total of 24 ejaculates from each breed were frozen in Tris fructose yolk glycerol extender using biofreezer. The motion characteristics of frozen-thawed semen assessed by CASA revealed same pattern as of fresh semen. The mean values of total motile vs. immotile sperms in Gir, Surti and Murrah bulls’ frozen-thawed semen were 58.22 ±1.71 vs. 41.95±1.71, 64.44±1.58 vs. 35.56±1.58, and 67.84±1.54 vs. 31.73±1.62%, respectively. The corresponding mean values of rapid, slow and non-progressive motile sperm in Gir, Surti and Murrah bulls’ semen were 17.93±1.56, 17.13±2.49 and 21.47±2.70 %; 23.90±1.70, 30.64±2.06 and 30.47±2.25 %; and 16.23±1.24, 16.70±1.58 and 15.90±1.52 %, respectively. The overall mean velocity/ kimematics parameters based on total motile sperms of Gir, Surti and Murrah bulls were: average path velocity (VAP) 42.14±1.21, 40.15±1.58 and 42.41±1.62 μm/s; curvilinear velocity (VCL) 78.22±2.01, 76.52±2.31 and 80.25±2.25 μm/s, straight line velocity (VSL) 35.60±1.18, 33.69±1.59 and 36.19 ±1.58 μm/s; linearity 45.21±1.62, 44.38±2.05 and 44.96±1.35 %; straightness 78.53±1.17, 78.75±1.40 and 80.24±1.13 %; wobbling index 57.86±1.69, 56.78±1.88 and 56.55±1.29 %; beatcross frequency (BCF) 11.77±0.67, 12.08±0.72 and 12.64±0.86 hz; amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH) 2.18±0.17, 2.30±0.15 and 2.35±0.15 μm; dancing frequency (DNC) 185.08 ±15.96, 183.90±14.22 and 198.44±15.64 μm/s, and dancing mean (DNM) 4.96±0.51, 5.35±0.54 and 5.32±0.51 μm/s, respectively. None of these traits differed significantly between breeds/ species or between bulls in any of the breed. The sperm velocity parameters recorded based on progressively motile sperms revealed almost similar pattern and variation to those found based on total motile sperms, but the values of all velocity parameters for progressive motile sperms were higher than those of total motile sperms in all three breeds when assessed through CASA. It was concluded that frozen-thawed sperm of cattle and buffalo breed show identical CASA traits.

本研究利用计算机辅助精液分析仪(CASA)对9头健康成年种公牛(吉尔、苏尔提和默拉种各3头)冷冻解冻精子的运动特性和运动学特性进行了评价。每个品种共24只射精用生物冷冻机在Tris果糖蛋黄甘油扩展器中冷冻。经CASA分析，冻融精液的运动特征与新鲜精液的运动特征相同。吉尔公牛、苏尔提公牛和默拉公牛冷冻解冻精液总活动精子数与不活动精子数的平均值分别为58.22±1.71∶41.95±1.71、64.44±1.58∶35.56±1.58、67.84±1.54∶31.73±1.62%。吉尔公牛、苏尔提公牛和默拉公牛精液中快速、缓慢和非进行性运动精子的平均值分别为17.93±1.56%、17.13±2.49%和21.47±2.70%;23.90±1.70、30.64±2.06、30.47±2.25%;分别为16.23±1.24、16.70±1.58、15.90±1.52%。吉尔、苏尔提和默拉公牛总运动精子的总体平均速度/动力学参数为:平均路径速度(VAP)分别为42.14±1.21、40.15±1.58和42.41±1.62 μm/s;曲线速度(VCL)分别为78.22±2.01、76.52±2.31和80.25±2.25 μm/s，直线速度(VSL)分别为35.60±1.18、33.69±1.59和36.19±1.58 μm/s;线性度分别为45.21±1.62%、44.38±2.05和44.96±1.35%;直线度78.53±1.17 %，78.75±1.40 %，80.24±1.13%;摆动指数分别为57.86±1.69、56.78±1.88和56.55±1.29%;串频(BCF)分别为11.77±0.67、12.08±0.72和12.64±0.86 hz;侧头位移幅度(ALH)分别为2.18±0.17、2.30±0.15和2.35±0.15 μm;跳频(DNC)分别为185.08±15.96、183.90±14.22和198.44±15.64 μm/s，平均跳频(DNM)分别为4.96±0.51、5.35±0.54和5.32±0.51 μm/s。这些特征在品种/物种之间或任何品种的公牛之间都没有显著差异。基于渐进式运动精子记录的精子速度参数与基于总运动精子记录的精子速度参数显示出几乎相似的模式和变化，但通过CASA评估时，三个品种的渐进式运动精子的所有速度参数值都高于总运动精子的值。结果表明，牛和水牛品种的冻融精子具有相同的CASA性状。

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引用次数: 1

Sensory characterization of pinni - a milk cereal based sweet using quantitativedescriptive analysis and principal component analysis 用定量描述分析和主成分分析对牛奶谷物甜味的感官表征

Vol 72, No 3 (2019)

Pub Date : 2019-06-24 DOI: 10.33785/IJDS.2019.V72I03.002

Ravinder Singh, W. Prasad, K. Khamrui

© Abstract: Pinni is a popular traditional milk-cereal based sweet of northern states of India viz., Punjab, Haryana and Delhi. Market samples were collected and were evaluated for various quality attributes. Quantitative Descriptive Analysis revealed significant difference (p<0.05) in sensorial, physico-chemical, textural attributes of pinni among the market samples. Principal Component Analysis identified key six components comprising of shape, crumbliness, cooked flavour, colour, firmness, oxidized flavour, gumminess, chewiness, cohesiveness, surface appearance and coating and moisture absorption, which governed 78.66% of the variation in the sensory scores of pinni . Hence, these attributes may be given prime importance while developing technology for industrial scale production of pinni

©摘要:Pinni是印度北部旁遮普邦、哈里亚纳邦和德里邦流行的传统牛奶谷物甜点。收集市场样本并对各种质量属性进行评估。定量描述性分析显示，不同市场样品在感官、理化、质地属性上存在显著差异(p<0.05)。主成分分析确定了形状、易碎性、熟味、颜色、硬度、氧化味、胶性、嚼劲、粘聚性、表面外观、涂层和吸湿性6个关键成分，这6个主要成分决定了pinni感官评分变化的78.66%。因此，在开发工业规模生产pinni的技术时，这些属性可能被赋予首要的重要性

引用次数: 2

Use of thyme essential oil as an antibacterial agent in raw milk intended for the production of farm cheese 百里香精油在生产农场奶酪的原料奶中用作抗菌剂

Vol 72, No 3 (2019)

Pub Date : 2019-06-24 DOI: 10.33785/IJDS.2019.V72I03.005

Y. Hachana, Bessma Ghandri, Halima Amari, Ismahane Saidi

© Abstract: This study aims to use thyme essential oil (TEO) as an antibacterial agent in raw milk intended for the production of farm cheese and to test its effect on bacteriological and sensory quality. Antibacterial activity of TEO was first tested in vitro on four strains of bacteria known for their pathogenicity such as Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus and then in situ on the total mesophilic aerobic flora (TMAF) in raw milk used to produce farm cheese. All tested bacteria were very sensitive to TEO with a higher sensitivity for Escherichia coli , followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa , then Staphylococcus aureus and finally Salmonella tiphymirium. In situ study showed that TEO has an effective effect on TMAF of raw milk. Monitoring bacteriological quality of TEO based farm cheese during 6 days of cold storage, revealed the effectiveness of TEO on TMAF, yeasts and moulds. Despite the good bacteriological quality of TEO-based farm cheese, the strong aroma characterizing this essential oil was not well appreciated by some tasters, which had a negative impact on the final score attributed to this cheese. Thyme essential oil can be used as an alternative solution to produce healthy farm cheese without needing heat treatment, while ensuring high nutritional value food

©摘要:本研究旨在将百里香精油(TEO)作为农场奶酪原料奶中的抗菌剂，并测试其对细菌和感官质量的影响。首先在体外测试了TEO对大肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌等四种已知致病性细菌的抑菌活性，然后在现场测试了TEO对用于生产农场奶酪的原料奶中的总中温需氧菌群(TMAF)的抑菌活性。所有被测细菌对TEO都非常敏感，其中大肠杆菌敏感性较高，其次是铜绿假单胞菌，其次是金黄色葡萄球菌，最后是鼠伤寒沙门氏菌。原位研究表明，TEO对原料奶的TMAF有有效的影响。在6天的冷藏过程中，对TEO农场奶酪的细菌质量进行了监测，揭示了TEO对TMAF、酵母和霉菌的有效性。尽管以teo为基础的农场奶酪具有良好的细菌质量，但这种精油的强烈香气并没有被一些品尝者很好地欣赏，这对这种奶酪的最终得分产生了负面影响。百里香精油可以作为一种替代方案，在不需要热处理的情况下生产健康的农场奶酪，同时确保高营养价值的食物

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引用次数: 4

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