Virginia supports a diverse community of breeding birds that has been the focus of investigation for more than 400 years. The avifauna reflects the latitudinal position of the state and the fact that the border extends from the Atlantic Ocean to the Appalachian Mountains. A total of 224 species have been recorded breeding in Virginia, 214 of which are extant. Twenty species have colonized the state since 1900 including 14 since 1950. Of all extant species, 102 (48%) are considered common at least somewhere in the state and 64 (30%) are rare to very rare. Diversity varies by physiographic region with 179 (83%), 168 (78%) and 141 (66%) in the Coastal Plain, Mountains and Piedmont, respectively. Two significant landscape features make significant contributions to the state-wide diversity including tidal waters along the coast and isolated spruce-fir forests of the Appalachians that represent Pleistocene-era relicts. In all, nearly 25% of the state-wide avifauna is either wholly or nearly confined to tidal water and 10% is confined to “sky island” refugia. Since 1978, 25 species of birds throughout Virginia have been identified as requiring immediate conservation action. A retrospective assessment shows that 5 of these species including osprey (Pandion haliaetus), bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) and piping plover (Charadrius melodus) have recovered to or beyond historic numbers. Three species including Bewick’s wren (Thryomanes bewickii), Bachman’s sparrow (Peucaea aestivalis) and upland sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda) have been lost from the state and the black rail (Laterallus jamaicensis), loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) and Henslow’s sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii ) are in imminent danger of extirpation. Several species including the peregrine falcon, piping plover, Wilson’s plover (Charadrius wilsonia) and red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) are the focus of intensive monitoring and management programs. The underlying causes of imperilment remain unclear for several species of concern, limiting our ability to development effective conservation strategies. 1 Corresponding author: bdwatts@wm.edu Virginia Journal of Science, Vol. 66, No. 3, 2015 http://digitalcommons.odu.edu/vjs/vol66/iss3 224 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE INTRODUCTION The ornithological record in Virginia stretches back more than four centuries. From the time of settlement at Jamestown in 1607, residents of Virginia and visitors to the state reported on the birds they encountered or were told about by Native Americans. William Strachey who lived in the settlement from 1610 to 1612 remarked at length on the birds he observed (Strachey 1849). Contemporaries including Captain John Smith, Raphe Hamor, and Edward Topsell describe many species including the waterfowl on the Chesapeake Bay, cardinals, mockingbirds and ruby-throated hummingbirds (Smith 1612, Hamor 1615, Christy 1933). Later in
{"title":"Breeding birds of Virginia","authors":"B. Watts","doi":"10.25778/31DC-JZ42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/31DC-JZ42","url":null,"abstract":"Virginia supports a diverse community of breeding birds that has been the focus of investigation for more than 400 years. The avifauna reflects the latitudinal position of the state and the fact that the border extends from the Atlantic Ocean to the Appalachian Mountains. A total of 224 species have been recorded breeding in Virginia, 214 of which are extant. Twenty species have colonized the state since 1900 including 14 since 1950. Of all extant species, 102 (48%) are considered common at least somewhere in the state and 64 (30%) are rare to very rare. Diversity varies by physiographic region with 179 (83%), 168 (78%) and 141 (66%) in the Coastal Plain, Mountains and Piedmont, respectively. Two significant landscape features make significant contributions to the state-wide diversity including tidal waters along the coast and isolated spruce-fir forests of the Appalachians that represent Pleistocene-era relicts. In all, nearly 25% of the state-wide avifauna is either wholly or nearly confined to tidal water and 10% is confined to “sky island” refugia. Since 1978, 25 species of birds throughout Virginia have been identified as requiring immediate conservation action. A retrospective assessment shows that 5 of these species including osprey (Pandion haliaetus), bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) and piping plover (Charadrius melodus) have recovered to or beyond historic numbers. Three species including Bewick’s wren (Thryomanes bewickii), Bachman’s sparrow (Peucaea aestivalis) and upland sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda) have been lost from the state and the black rail (Laterallus jamaicensis), loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) and Henslow’s sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii ) are in imminent danger of extirpation. Several species including the peregrine falcon, piping plover, Wilson’s plover (Charadrius wilsonia) and red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) are the focus of intensive monitoring and management programs. The underlying causes of imperilment remain unclear for several species of concern, limiting our ability to development effective conservation strategies. 1 Corresponding author: bdwatts@wm.edu Virginia Journal of Science, Vol. 66, No. 3, 2015 http://digitalcommons.odu.edu/vjs/vol66/iss3 224 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE INTRODUCTION The ornithological record in Virginia stretches back more than four centuries. From the time of settlement at Jamestown in 1607, residents of Virginia and visitors to the state reported on the birds they encountered or were told about by Native Americans. William Strachey who lived in the settlement from 1610 to 1612 remarked at length on the birds he observed (Strachey 1849). Contemporaries including Captain John Smith, Raphe Hamor, and Edward Topsell describe many species including the waterfowl on the Chesapeake Bay, cardinals, mockingbirds and ruby-throated hummingbirds (Smith 1612, Hamor 1615, Christy 1933). Later in","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":"27 1","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84630301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In March 2012, live trapping surveys were conducted for invasive small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) on St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Forty mongoose were sampled (31%, 9&) for ectoparasites, and cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) were discovered on 17 individuals. There was no difference in the number of ectoparasites per mongoose across age classifications (r = 0.109, P = 0.579). However, males had more cat fleas than females, even when mass was taken into account (males are generally heavier). Future behavioral studies may explain these sex differences. Although management suggestions from this research are limited, these data contribute to an understanding of ectoparasite distributions on these invasive mongoose in the Caribbean. INTRODUCTION The small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) is a 120-1000-gram carnivore, feeding opportunistically on all major vertebrate groups, invertebrates, and occasionally, plants (Lewis et al. 2011). Although uncertainty exists about the extent of its geographic range, this mongoose is believed to be native to the Middle East, India, and Myanmar (Veron et al. 2007). The uncertainty lies in its confusion with a sympatric mongoose, the Javan or small Asian mongoose (H. javanicus), for which H. auropunctatus had been treated as a conspecific. Indeed, nearly all literature published prior to 2007 assumed that the mongoose released onto Hawaiian and Caribbean islands was H. javanicus. However, Veron et al. (2007) confirmed with mtDNA analyses that H. auropunctatus and H. javanicus were two distinct species, and Bennett et al. (2011), definitively determined through mtDNA barcoding that mongoose currently inhabiting Hawaiian and Caribbean islands were H. auropunctatus. Current address: Dept. of Environmental Studies, Univ. of Illinois at Springfield, 1 Springfield, IL 62703 Corresponding author:kpowers4@radford.edu 2 Virginia Journal of Science, Vol. 65, No. 3, 2014 http://digitalcommons.odu.edu/vjs/vol65/iss3 152 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE The small Indian mongoose was originally introduced in the late 1800s (likely the 1870s) to control the invasive black rat (Rattus rattus) population on St. John, St. Croix, and other nearby Caribbean islands (Nellis and Everard 1983; Horst et al. 2001). The primary diet of mongoose in this region is not the black rat but instead includes native species on the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI) such as eggs of the brown pelican (Pelicanus occidentalis) and the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas; Seaman and Randall 1962), and, more commonly, lizards, amphibians, ground-nesting birds, and invertebrates (Nellis 1989; Lewis et al. 2011). Besides hawks (on some islands), the small Indian mongoose has no other natural predators in the USVI, and wildlife managers lack the time, effort, and funds to eradicate the species from the islands (Nellis and Everard 1983). However, as a method of managing for rare breeding birds or reptiles, localized, seasonal removal efforts can be fai
克罗伊，这种性别差异可能受到男性
{"title":"Survey of the Ectoparasites of the Invasive Small Indian Mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus [Carnivora: Herpestidae]) on St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands","authors":"Kelsey L. Townsend, Karen E. Powers","doi":"10.25778/EPA3-MP85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/EPA3-MP85","url":null,"abstract":"In March 2012, live trapping surveys were conducted for invasive small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) on St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Forty mongoose were sampled (31%, 9&) for ectoparasites, and cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) were discovered on 17 individuals. There was no difference in the number of ectoparasites per mongoose across age classifications (r = 0.109, P = 0.579). However, males had more cat fleas than females, even when mass was taken into account (males are generally heavier). Future behavioral studies may explain these sex differences. Although management suggestions from this research are limited, these data contribute to an understanding of ectoparasite distributions on these invasive mongoose in the Caribbean. INTRODUCTION The small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) is a 120-1000-gram carnivore, feeding opportunistically on all major vertebrate groups, invertebrates, and occasionally, plants (Lewis et al. 2011). Although uncertainty exists about the extent of its geographic range, this mongoose is believed to be native to the Middle East, India, and Myanmar (Veron et al. 2007). The uncertainty lies in its confusion with a sympatric mongoose, the Javan or small Asian mongoose (H. javanicus), for which H. auropunctatus had been treated as a conspecific. Indeed, nearly all literature published prior to 2007 assumed that the mongoose released onto Hawaiian and Caribbean islands was H. javanicus. However, Veron et al. (2007) confirmed with mtDNA analyses that H. auropunctatus and H. javanicus were two distinct species, and Bennett et al. (2011), definitively determined through mtDNA barcoding that mongoose currently inhabiting Hawaiian and Caribbean islands were H. auropunctatus. Current address: Dept. of Environmental Studies, Univ. of Illinois at Springfield, 1 Springfield, IL 62703 Corresponding author:kpowers4@radford.edu 2 Virginia Journal of Science, Vol. 65, No. 3, 2014 http://digitalcommons.odu.edu/vjs/vol65/iss3 152 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE The small Indian mongoose was originally introduced in the late 1800s (likely the 1870s) to control the invasive black rat (Rattus rattus) population on St. John, St. Croix, and other nearby Caribbean islands (Nellis and Everard 1983; Horst et al. 2001). The primary diet of mongoose in this region is not the black rat but instead includes native species on the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI) such as eggs of the brown pelican (Pelicanus occidentalis) and the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas; Seaman and Randall 1962), and, more commonly, lizards, amphibians, ground-nesting birds, and invertebrates (Nellis 1989; Lewis et al. 2011). Besides hawks (on some islands), the small Indian mongoose has no other natural predators in the USVI, and wildlife managers lack the time, effort, and funds to eradicate the species from the islands (Nellis and Everard 1983). However, as a method of managing for rare breeding birds or reptiles, localized, seasonal removal efforts can be fai","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":"33 4 1","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86559287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phytoplankton composition from 16 Virginia lakes and reservoirs are discussed with emphasis on the dominant taxa, algal bloom producers, and potentially harmful species at these locations. This is a companion study to the more comprehensive publication regarding Virginia freshwater phytoplankton by Marshall (2013).
{"title":"Phytoplankton in Virginia Lakes and Reservoirs: Part II","authors":"H. Marshall","doi":"10.25778/FQ7V-MT85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/FQ7V-MT85","url":null,"abstract":"Phytoplankton composition from 16 Virginia lakes and reservoirs are discussed with emphasis on the dominant taxa, algal bloom producers, and potentially harmful species at these locations. This is a companion study to the more comprehensive publication regarding Virginia freshwater phytoplankton by Marshall (2013).","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":"34 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89599974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. A. O'Dell, Michael A Carlo, A. Kimmitt, Ellen Bikowski, K. Morris, Andrew S. Dolby
Free-living birds are subjected to both external and internal stresses which can affect their health, activity, and reproductive success. To study stress in free living birds, they must be captured in nets and handled by the researcher to take blood samples for commonly used measures of stress, an activity which itself can induce stress and confound results. This study compares the effects of handling time on three different measures of stress: levels of the stress hormone corticosterone (CORT), levels of Heat Shock Protein 60 (HSP 60) and the ratio of heterophils to lymphocytes (H/L ratio) in tufted titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor) captured at feeders between December and January (2011-2013) in Fredericksburg, VA. Blood samples collected between two and 15 minutes from 12 birds were assayed for levels of CORT and HSP and from 24 birds for H/L ratios. Relationships were examined between these stress indicators and handling time, body mass and body condition. CORT was significantly correlated with handling time (p<0.01), which reinforces existing evidence of CORT’s sensitivity to the way subjects are handled immediately prior to blood collection. HSP or H/L ratios were not affected by handling time, suggesting that they may be preferable indicators of stress in free living birds under some circumstances. INTRODUCTION Free-living birds face a variety of internal and external sources of stress, which may affect physiological function and reduce fitness. Acute stress results from a specific stressful event, such as an attack by a predator or sudden storms, whereas chronic stress results from prolonged exposure to biologically challenging conditions, such as exposure to extreme temperatures (Vleck et al. 2000), periods of limited food availability (Herring et al. 2011), and anthropogenic pressures such as pollution, habitat disturbance (Arriero et al. 2008; Busch and Hayward 2009), and from prolonged psychosocial stressors (Cyr et al. 2007; Cyr and Romano 2007; Landys et al. 2011). To Corresponding author: dodell@umw.edu 1 Virginia Journal of Science, Vol. 65, No. 3, 2014 http://digitalcommons.odu.edu/vjs/vol65/iss3 134 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE cope with such stressors, birds and other animals have a protective physiological stress response that allows them to withstand immediate threats to their homeostatic balance. When this response is elevated chronically, however, it can become biologically costly and have negative impacts on birds’ fitness by weakening the immune system (Dabbert et al. 1997), which could increase susceptibility to disease, and compromising growth and reproduction (Sapolsky et al. 2000). Thus, stress levels can indicate the general physiological condition of birds and point to possible environmental perturbations. Biomarkers such as the glucocorticoid corticosterone (CORT), heterophil/lymphocyte ratios (H/L), and heat shock proteins (HSPs) have all been used as tools to assess chronic or long-term stress in wild populations. Thes
自由生活的鸟类受到外部和内部的压力，这些压力会影响它们的健康、活动和繁殖成功率。为了研究自由生活的鸟类的压力，研究人员必须用网捕获它们，然后采集血液样本，以进行常用的压力测量，这一活动本身就会引起压力，并混淆结果。本研究比较了处理时间的影响在三个不同措施的压力:压力荷尔蒙水平皮质酮(CORT)水平的热休克蛋白60 (HSP 60)和异嗜性的淋巴细胞比率(H / L比值)簇山雀(Baeolophus二色的)在12月和1月在喂食器捕获(2011 - 2013)在弗雷德里克斯堡,弗吉尼亚州的血液样本采集2 - 15分钟从12鸟类化验CORT水平和HSP,从24鸟类H / L比率。研究了这些应激指标与处理时间、体重和身体状况之间的关系。CORT与处理时间显著相关(p<0.01)，这加强了现有证据表明CORT对受试者在采血前处理方式的敏感性。HSP和H/L比值不受处理时间的影响，表明在某些情况下，它们可能是自由生活鸟类的较好应激指标。自由生活的鸟类面临着各种内部和外部的压力来源，这些压力可能会影响生理功能和降低健康。急性压力来自于特定的压力事件，如捕食者的攻击或突然的风暴，而慢性压力来自于长期暴露于具有生物挑战性的条件，如暴露于极端温度(Vleck等人，2000)，食物供应有限的时期(Herring等人，2011)，以及人为压力，如污染，栖息地干扰(Arriero等人，2008;Busch and Hayward 2009)，以及长期的社会心理压力(Cyr et al. 2007;Cyr and Romano 2007;Landys et al. 2011)。致通讯作者:dodell@umw.edu 1 Virginia Journal of Science, Vol. 65, No. 3, 2014 http://digitalcommons.odu.edu/vjs/vol65/iss3 134 Virginia Journal of Science应对这些压力源，鸟类和其他动物具有保护性的生理应激反应，使它们能够承受对其稳态平衡的直接威胁。然而，当这种反应长期升高时，它可能会产生生物学上的代价，并通过削弱免疫系统对鸟类的适应性产生负面影响(Dabbert et al. 1997)，这可能会增加对疾病的易感性，并损害生长和繁殖(Sapolsky et al. 2000)。因此，应激水平可以指示鸟类的一般生理状况，并指出可能的环境扰动。生物标志物，如糖皮质酮(CORT)、嗜杂细胞/淋巴细胞比率(H/L)和热休克蛋白(HSPs)都被用作评估野生种群慢性或长期应激的工具。这些标记可以根据环境条件和各种生物挑战进行可预测的调节(Gross and Siegel 1983;Sapolsky et al. 2000;Vleck et al. 2000;Moreno et al. 2002;Martinez-Padilla et al. 2004;Tomas et al. 2004;戴维斯2005;Herring and Gawlik 2007;Busch and Hayward 2009;Cockrem et al. 2009;Krams et al. 2010;Herring et al. 2011)，因此可以为研究人员提供一致的方法来检测鸟类在其自然栖息地所经历的压力。然而，它们也可能在不同程度上受到捕获和处理导致血液样本收集的急性压力的影响。因此，研究人员在捕获鸟类之前对其长期应激状态进行推断可能存在问题，因为所使用的不同测量方法之间的关系尚未得到充分研究。量化糖皮质激素，如CORT，是目前评估鸟类个体压力最常用的方法(Sapolsky et al. 2000;Tomas et al. 2004;Herring and Gawlik 2007)。然而，在实地研究中，CORT的释放受到与捕获和处理相关的急性应激的高度影响，这可能会混淆结果。捕获和处理可以迅速调动CORT，在某些情况下，这可能使CORT测量结果的解释变得困难(Sapolsky et al. 2000;Romero and Reed 2005;Fridinger et al. 2007;Herring and Gawlik 2007;Busch and Hayward 2009;Cockrem et al. 2009)。当采样前的处理时间超过2或3分钟时，CORT水平可能不再准确反映捕获前鸟类的生理状态(Romero和Reed 2005;Cockrem et al. 2009)。在涉及自由生活鸟类的研究中，野外条件可能会妨碍足够及时的血液采集，导致慢性应激测量不太可靠。此外，粪便CORT在冷冻样品中会随着时间的推移而降解(Herring et al. 2007)，这降低了测量的可靠性。 Herring和Gawlick(2007)比较了CORT和热休克蛋白作为测量与适应负荷相关的应激的方法(当维持体内稳态所需的能量超过动物的能力时)，并得出结论，热休克蛋白比CORT有一些优势，可能是慢性应激的一种可行的补充甚至替代指标。循环H/L比率也被用于测量鸟类的慢性应激。之所以使用这些比率，是因为鸟类对应激的免疫反应启动时间要比快速CORT反应长得多，需要数小时到数天，而且白细胞数量的变化比CORT水平的变化持续的时间更长(Davis et al. 2008)。它们对应力的反应较慢，耐力较长，这表明H/L比可能是有用的，特别是在获得基线应力测量时。然而，H/L水平受到疾病和感染的影响，可能不能反映对外部压力源的真实压力水平。虽然对ad<s:1>海鲈企鹅(Vleck et al. 2000)和家雀(Davis 2005)的研究，《弗吉尼亚科学杂志》，第65卷，第3期，2014年http://digitalcommons.odu.edu/vjs/vol65/iss3测量鸟类的压力135表明，H/L比率可以抵抗长达1小时的处理，一项调查冬季雄性大山雀的研究(Cirule et al. 2012)发现，捕获和处理造成的急性应激导致捕获后30至60分钟内嗜异性粒细胞计数增加，60至120分钟内淋巴细胞计数下降。因此，H/L的变化可能是物种特异性的，并且可能比原先认为的变化更快，这可能会以类似于CORT的方式限制结果的可靠性。对应激的不同细胞反应由热休克蛋白介导。热休克蛋白是一类蛋白，当细胞暴露于两种细胞应激源(如寄生虫)时，其表达会增加(Merino等，1998;Martinez-Padilla et al. 2004;Arriero et al. 2008;del Cerro et al. 2010)，有限的食物供应(Zulkifli et al. 2002;Herring et al. 2011)和兄弟竞争(Martinez-Padilla et al. 2004;Merino et al. 2006)以及心理社会压力源，如鸟类的产卵(Zulkifli et al. 2009)、恐惧(AlAqil et al. 2013)和鱼类的社会互动(Currie et al. 2009)。人们发现它们存在于几乎所有的生物体中，包括细菌、植物和动物(F
{"title":"A Comparison of Techniques Measuring Stress in Birds","authors":"D. A. O'Dell, Michael A Carlo, A. Kimmitt, Ellen Bikowski, K. Morris, Andrew S. Dolby","doi":"10.25778/5H4Z-5938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/5H4Z-5938","url":null,"abstract":"Free-living birds are subjected to both external and internal stresses which can affect their health, activity, and reproductive success. To study stress in free living birds, they must be captured in nets and handled by the researcher to take blood samples for commonly used measures of stress, an activity which itself can induce stress and confound results. This study compares the effects of handling time on three different measures of stress: levels of the stress hormone corticosterone (CORT), levels of Heat Shock Protein 60 (HSP 60) and the ratio of heterophils to lymphocytes (H/L ratio) in tufted titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor) captured at feeders between December and January (2011-2013) in Fredericksburg, VA. Blood samples collected between two and 15 minutes from 12 birds were assayed for levels of CORT and HSP and from 24 birds for H/L ratios. Relationships were examined between these stress indicators and handling time, body mass and body condition. CORT was significantly correlated with handling time (p<0.01), which reinforces existing evidence of CORT’s sensitivity to the way subjects are handled immediately prior to blood collection. HSP or H/L ratios were not affected by handling time, suggesting that they may be preferable indicators of stress in free living birds under some circumstances. INTRODUCTION Free-living birds face a variety of internal and external sources of stress, which may affect physiological function and reduce fitness. Acute stress results from a specific stressful event, such as an attack by a predator or sudden storms, whereas chronic stress results from prolonged exposure to biologically challenging conditions, such as exposure to extreme temperatures (Vleck et al. 2000), periods of limited food availability (Herring et al. 2011), and anthropogenic pressures such as pollution, habitat disturbance (Arriero et al. 2008; Busch and Hayward 2009), and from prolonged psychosocial stressors (Cyr et al. 2007; Cyr and Romano 2007; Landys et al. 2011). To Corresponding author: dodell@umw.edu 1 Virginia Journal of Science, Vol. 65, No. 3, 2014 http://digitalcommons.odu.edu/vjs/vol65/iss3 134 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE cope with such stressors, birds and other animals have a protective physiological stress response that allows them to withstand immediate threats to their homeostatic balance. When this response is elevated chronically, however, it can become biologically costly and have negative impacts on birds’ fitness by weakening the immune system (Dabbert et al. 1997), which could increase susceptibility to disease, and compromising growth and reproduction (Sapolsky et al. 2000). Thus, stress levels can indicate the general physiological condition of birds and point to possible environmental perturbations. Biomarkers such as the glucocorticoid corticosterone (CORT), heterophil/lymphocyte ratios (H/L), and heat shock proteins (HSPs) have all been used as tools to assess chronic or long-term stress in wild populations. Thes","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":"150 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73160085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study involves a phytoplankton summer/autumn survey in 46 Virginia lakes and reservoirs during 2010-2012. A total of 307 taxa were identified which included several filamentous and colonial cyanabacteria in bloom concentrations. With the exception of one natural lake, the other sites sampled represent impoundments created decades ago, with the majority presently classified as mesoor eutrophic. Among the cyanobacteria were 6 known toxin producers (Anabaena circinalis, Anabaena spiroides, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Limnothrix redekei, and Microcystis aeruginosa). The study characterizes phytoplankton populations in these aging freshwater habitats taken from a large number of sites over a broad geographical extent in Virginia. The results portend future concerns for increased presence of less favorable algal populations in Virginia lakes and reservoirs, including an increased occurrence of algal blooms, and presence of potential harmful species.
{"title":"Phytoplankton in Virginia Lakes and Reservoirs","authors":"H. Marshall","doi":"10.25778/F2RH-ZD44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/F2RH-ZD44","url":null,"abstract":"This study involves a phytoplankton summer/autumn survey in 46 Virginia lakes and reservoirs during 2010-2012. A total of 307 taxa were identified which included several filamentous and colonial cyanabacteria in bloom concentrations. With the exception of one natural lake, the other sites sampled represent impoundments created decades ago, with the majority presently classified as mesoor eutrophic. Among the cyanobacteria were 6 known toxin producers (Anabaena circinalis, Anabaena spiroides, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Limnothrix redekei, and Microcystis aeruginosa). The study characterizes phytoplankton populations in these aging freshwater habitats taken from a large number of sites over a broad geographical extent in Virginia. The results portend future concerns for increased presence of less favorable algal populations in Virginia lakes and reservoirs, including an increased occurrence of algal blooms, and presence of potential harmful species.","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":"75 1","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88575170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We conducted a turtle mark-recapture program within a 160 m stretch of the Fredericksburg Canal with standard, baited hoop nets from May to July 2012 to determine if a population of the introduced Red-eared Slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) and Yellow-bellied Slider (Trachemys s. scripta) are established in this area. We captured and marked nine Red-eared Sliders (1 male, 8 females) and estimated a population size of 23 individuals. Most were reproductively mature. The established population in the canal may be a source of introduction into the Rappahannock River.
2012年5月至7月，我们在弗雷德里克斯堡运河160米的范围内，用标准的带饵环网进行了海龟标记再捕获计划，以确定该地区是否有引进的红耳滑龟(Trachemys scripta elegans)和黄腹滑龟(Trachemys s. scripta)种群。我们捕获并标记了9只红耳滑鼠(雄性1只，雌性8只)，估计种群规模为23只。大多数是生殖成熟的。运河中已建立的种群可能是引入拉帕汉诺克河的一个来源。
{"title":"First Record of Pond Sliders (Trachemys scripta scripta and T. s. elegans) at Fredericksburg, Virginia with Observations on Population Size, Age and Growth","authors":"Werner Wieland, Yoshinori Takeda","doi":"10.25778/33P9-MA73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/33P9-MA73","url":null,"abstract":"We conducted a turtle mark-recapture program within a 160 m stretch of the Fredericksburg Canal with standard, baited hoop nets from May to July 2012 to determine if a population of the introduced Red-eared Slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) and Yellow-bellied Slider (Trachemys s. scripta) are established in this area. We captured and marked nine Red-eared Sliders (1 male, 8 females) and estimated a population size of 23 individuals. Most were reproductively mature. The established population in the canal may be a source of introduction into the Rappahannock River.","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":"136 1","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77347156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The communities of small mammals were evaluated for 13 months with capture-mark-recapture methods in two Spartina-Juncus marshes of the Atlantic coast in Northampton County, Virginia. Small mammals were trapped for three days each month using live traps placed on floats on two study grids. Two rodents were numerically dominant (~90% of small mammals) there: marsh rice rat, Oryzomys palustris, and meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus. Monthly estimates of population density were greater for rice rats (peak: 45/ha) than for those of meadow voles (peak: 30/ha). Survival rates were generally low, especially for rice rats, indicating highly vagile populations. Both species had greatest breeding activity in spring and autumn, with lower rates in summer and winter. Sex ratios favored males in rice rats but were unity in meadow voles. Although marsh rice rats, being semi-aquatic and capable swimmers, are more highly adapted to living in flooded marsh environments, meadow voles can thrive there too. INTRODUCTION Two species of rodent, marsh rice rat, Oryzomys palustris, and meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus, are dominant in the marshes of the coast and the nearby barrier islands in eastern Virginia (Bloch and Rose 2005, Cranford and Maly 1990, Dueser et al. 1979). These species have been frequently studied elsewhere, but rarely together because the meadow vole is a boreal species near its southern limit in eastern Virginia and Oryzomys, a tropical genus, is widespread only from coastal Delaware southward. Early studies reporting the presence of the marsh rice rat in Virginia tidal marshes include Goldman (1918) on Wreck and Smith islands and Bailey (1946) on Wallops Island. Later, Paradiso and Handley (1965) found rice rats and meadow voles as the dominant marsh rodents in their survey of the small mammal fauna of the northernmost barrier island, Assateague Island. But the most complete survey of tidal marsh and island mammals was conducted in the mid-1970s by Dueser et al. (1979), who trapped on 11 islands; nine had marsh rice rats but only three islands also had meadow voles. Corresponding author: brose@odu.edu 1 Current address: 520 East Main Street, Suite 608, Richmond Virginia 23219 2 Virginia Journal of Science, Vol. 64, No. 1, 2013 http://digitalcommons.odu.edu/vjs/vol64/iss1 18 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE All studies confirm the numerical dominance of marsh rice rats and, when present, meadow voles in the grassand sedge-dominated tidal marshes. Two studies used regular trapping on study grids to obtain density estimates of small mammals on barrier islands: Adkins (1980) in an Assateague Island marsh and Cranford and Maly (1990), on Wallops Island. Adkins (1980) found modest densities (10-15/ha) of both species in late autumn of two years with few or none of either species during the summer months. Cranford and Maly (1990) reported densities of 25 and 30/ha in two Novembers for rice rats but higher peaks in late winter (45 and 50/ha in March) fo
采用捕获-标记-再捕获法对弗吉尼亚州北安普顿县大西洋沿岸的两个米草属湿地的小型兽类群落进行了为期13个月的评估。小型哺乳动物每个月被困三天，在两个研究网格上的浮标上放置活陷阱。两种啮齿类动物在数量上占优势(约占小型哺乳动物的90%):沼泽稻鼠(Oryzomys palustris)和草地田鼠(Microtus pennsylvanicus)。稻鼠(峰值45只/公顷)的月种群密度高于草甸田鼠(峰值30只/公顷)。存活率普遍较低，尤其是稻谷鼠，表明种群高度脆弱。两种物种在春季和秋季繁殖活跃度最高，夏季和冬季繁殖活跃度较低。性别比例在水稻田鼠中倾向于雄性，而在草地田鼠中是一致的。虽然沼泽稻鼠是半水生动物，游泳能力强，更适合生活在洪水泛滥的沼泽环境中，但草地田鼠也能在那里茁壮成长。两种啮齿动物，沼泽稻鼠(Oryzomys palustris)和草地田鼠(Microtus pennsylvanicus)，在弗吉尼亚州东部沿海和附近堰洲岛的沼泽中占主导地位(Bloch and Rose 2005, Cranford and Maly 1990, Dueser et al. 1979)。这些物种在其他地方经常被研究，但很少一起研究，因为草甸田鼠在弗吉尼亚州东部的南部边界附近是一个北方物种，而Oryzomys是一个热带属，仅从沿海的特拉华州向南广泛分布。早期的研究报告了弗吉尼亚潮汐沼泽中沼泽稻鼠的存在，包括Goldman(1918)在Wreck和Smith岛和Bailey(1946)在Wallops岛。后来，Paradiso和Handley(1965)在对最北端的堰洲岛Assateague岛的小型哺乳动物群进行调查时发现，稻鼠和草甸田鼠是占优势的沼泽啮齿动物。但对潮汐沼泽和岛屿哺乳动物最全面的调查是在20世纪70年代中期由Dueser等人(1979)进行的，他们在11个岛屿上捕获;9个岛屿有沼泽稻鼠，但只有3个岛屿有草地田鼠。通讯作者:brose@odu.edu 1目前地址:520 East Main Street, Suite 608, Richmond Virginia 23219 2 Virginia Journal of Science, Vol. 64, No. 1, 2013 http://digitalcommons.odu.edu/vjs/vol64/iss1 18 Virginia Journal of Science所有的研究都证实了在以草和莎草为主的潮汐沼泽中，沼泽稻鼠和草地田鼠在数量上的优势。两项研究在研究网格上使用常规诱捕来获得屏障岛上小型哺乳动物的密度估计:阿德金斯(1980年)在阿萨提格岛的沼泽中，克兰福德和马里(1990年)在沃洛普斯岛。Adkins(1980)发现这两种植物在两年的深秋密度适中(10-15只/公顷)，在夏季很少或根本没有。Cranford和Maly(1990)报告，水稻田鼠的密度在两个11月分别为25只和30只/公顷，而草甸田鼠的密度在冬末达到峰值(3月为45只和50只/公顷)。后来，Bloch和Rose(2005)也在两个研究网格上使用了捕获-标记-再捕获(CMR)方法，报告了弗吉尼亚州北安普顿县大陆潮汐沼泽中这两个物种的密度估计，两个物种的种群在一个网格上的平均数量波动在10只/公顷左右，但在第二个网格上，草甸田鼠的8 - 9月峰值为65只/公顷和75只/公顷，稻鼠的密度相当，但峰值在3-4个月之后。本文描述了Bloch和Rose(2005)在我们的研究结束后立即使用的地点上这两个物种的种群动态。草地田鼠和沼泽稻鼠在两个重要方面有所不同:它们的饮食和活动时间。草甸田鼠被认为是严格的食草动物，而沼泽稻鼠是杂食动物。Wolfe(1982)和其他人认为，沼泽稻鼠是北美第二大食肉啮齿动物，仅次于美国西部的蚱蜢鼠(Onychomys属)。然而，最近对弗吉尼亚州北安普顿县大陆沼泽稻鼠饮食的一项研究表明，当地稻鼠种群全年严重依赖植物材料(Rose and McGurk, 2006)，这表明弗吉尼亚州的种群可能比生活在更南部的种群更食草(Negus et al.， 1961;乌尔夫,1982)。就活动模式而言，沼泽稻鼠是严格的夜间活动，这在猫头鹰的饮食中很常见(例如，Blem and Pagels 1973, Harris 1953, Jemison and Chabreck 1962)，而草地田鼠在白白夜都是间歇性活动的(例如，Webster and Brooks 1981)。两种田鼠体型相近，成年草地田鼠重40-60克，而成年沼泽稻鼠则稍大，重达80克。本研究的目的是评估这两个物种的种群动态，包括密度、存活率和繁殖等特征，并将这些模式与其他地理种群进行比较。
{"title":"The Population Dynamics of Two Rodents in Two Coastal Marshes in Virginia","authors":"R. K. Rose, J. March","doi":"10.25778/QSQ8-ED95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/QSQ8-ED95","url":null,"abstract":"The communities of small mammals were evaluated for 13 months with capture-mark-recapture methods in two Spartina-Juncus marshes of the Atlantic coast in Northampton County, Virginia. Small mammals were trapped for three days each month using live traps placed on floats on two study grids. Two rodents were numerically dominant (~90% of small mammals) there: marsh rice rat, Oryzomys palustris, and meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus. Monthly estimates of population density were greater for rice rats (peak: 45/ha) than for those of meadow voles (peak: 30/ha). Survival rates were generally low, especially for rice rats, indicating highly vagile populations. Both species had greatest breeding activity in spring and autumn, with lower rates in summer and winter. Sex ratios favored males in rice rats but were unity in meadow voles. Although marsh rice rats, being semi-aquatic and capable swimmers, are more highly adapted to living in flooded marsh environments, meadow voles can thrive there too. INTRODUCTION Two species of rodent, marsh rice rat, Oryzomys palustris, and meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus, are dominant in the marshes of the coast and the nearby barrier islands in eastern Virginia (Bloch and Rose 2005, Cranford and Maly 1990, Dueser et al. 1979). These species have been frequently studied elsewhere, but rarely together because the meadow vole is a boreal species near its southern limit in eastern Virginia and Oryzomys, a tropical genus, is widespread only from coastal Delaware southward. Early studies reporting the presence of the marsh rice rat in Virginia tidal marshes include Goldman (1918) on Wreck and Smith islands and Bailey (1946) on Wallops Island. Later, Paradiso and Handley (1965) found rice rats and meadow voles as the dominant marsh rodents in their survey of the small mammal fauna of the northernmost barrier island, Assateague Island. But the most complete survey of tidal marsh and island mammals was conducted in the mid-1970s by Dueser et al. (1979), who trapped on 11 islands; nine had marsh rice rats but only three islands also had meadow voles. Corresponding author: brose@odu.edu 1 Current address: 520 East Main Street, Suite 608, Richmond Virginia 23219 2 Virginia Journal of Science, Vol. 64, No. 1, 2013 http://digitalcommons.odu.edu/vjs/vol64/iss1 18 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE All studies confirm the numerical dominance of marsh rice rats and, when present, meadow voles in the grassand sedge-dominated tidal marshes. Two studies used regular trapping on study grids to obtain density estimates of small mammals on barrier islands: Adkins (1980) in an Assateague Island marsh and Cranford and Maly (1990), on Wallops Island. Adkins (1980) found modest densities (10-15/ha) of both species in late autumn of two years with few or none of either species during the summer months. Cranford and Maly (1990) reported densities of 25 and 30/ha in two Novembers for rice rats but higher peaks in late winter (45 and 50/ha in March) fo","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":"1 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72560330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives were to model fish species richness relative to natural and anthropogenic variables in Quantico Creek, a forested undisturbed stream environment, and Cameron Run, a highly disturbed urban stream environment in the lower Piedmont-Fall Line region of the Potomac River watershed. Species richness in all stream orders (e.g. avg. range=2.5-9.65 in 1 -3 orders) st rd of Quantico Creek were significantly higher than those (e.g. avg. range=2.17.6 in 1 -4 orders) of Cameron Run. Fish species richness in Quantico Creek st th watershed can be modeled by eight factors: season, stream order, elevation, river km, stream width and depth, watershed size, and percent of undeveloped land cover; and that in Cameron Run can be modeled with four factors: stream gradient, stream flow, water temperature, and percent undeveloped land cover. Therefore, it cannot be assumed that a model composed of one set of variables that represents species richness for a given watershed can be applied to a nearby watershed. Based on potential impacts of increased population growth and climate change in the area, coupled with a paucity of information on the extent of the use of the lower reaches of Quantico Creek as a spawning area for anadromous fishes, we propose that the national park, Prince William Forest Park, should be included as a freshwater protection area for the Quantico Creek watershed as proposed by the National Park Service for 50 other national parks in the country. Data and models generated in our study can serve as baselines in future comparative studies of mid-Atlantic streams relative to changes in system parameters (e.g. human population, Corresponding author: emaurakis@smv.org * Current address: Science from Scientists, 515 Beacon St., Boston, MA 02215 1 Published by ODU Digital Commons, 2013 134 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE corresponding anthropogenic effects and climatic change predicted for the mid-Atlantic region).
目的是模拟波托马克河流域下游皮埃蒙特-瀑布线地区的森林未受干扰的河流环境Quantico Creek和高度受干扰的城市河流环境Cameron Run中相对于自然和人为变量的鱼类物种丰富度。Quantico Creek的所有溪流目(如1 -3目平均范围为2.5 ~ 9.65)的物种丰富度均显著高于Cameron Run(如1 -4目平均范围为2.17.6)。Quantico Creek st流域鱼类物种丰富度可通过季节、河流顺序、高程、河流km、河流宽度和深度、流域规模和未开发土地覆盖百分比8个因子来模拟;在Cameron Run中，可以用四个因素来建模:河流梯度、河流流量、水温和未开发土地覆盖的百分比。因此，不能假设由一组代表给定流域物种丰富度的变量组成的模型可以应用于附近的流域。基于人口增长和气候变化对该地区的潜在影响，再加上关于Quantico Creek下游作为产卵区的使用程度的信息缺乏，我们建议将国家公园威廉王子森林公园作为Quantico Creek流域的淡水保护区，就像国家公园管理局为该国其他50个国家公园提出的那样。我们的研究中产生的数据和模型可以作为未来大西洋中部河流相对于系统参数变化的比较研究的基线(例如人口，通讯作者:emaurakis@smv.org *当前地址:Science from Scientists, 515 Beacon St.， Boston, MA 02215 1出版于ODU Digital Commons, 2013 134 VIRGINIA JOURNAL of Science相应的人为影响和气候变化预测中大西洋地区)。
{"title":"Systematic Ichthyofaunal Surveys in Urban and Non-Urban Watersheds","authors":"E. Maurakis, David V. Grimes, A. Schutt, S. Short","doi":"10.25778/36HJ-6X63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/36HJ-6X63","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives were to model fish species richness relative to natural and anthropogenic variables in Quantico Creek, a forested undisturbed stream environment, and Cameron Run, a highly disturbed urban stream environment in the lower Piedmont-Fall Line region of the Potomac River watershed. Species richness in all stream orders (e.g. avg. range=2.5-9.65 in 1 -3 orders) st rd of Quantico Creek were significantly higher than those (e.g. avg. range=2.17.6 in 1 -4 orders) of Cameron Run. Fish species richness in Quantico Creek st th watershed can be modeled by eight factors: season, stream order, elevation, river km, stream width and depth, watershed size, and percent of undeveloped land cover; and that in Cameron Run can be modeled with four factors: stream gradient, stream flow, water temperature, and percent undeveloped land cover. Therefore, it cannot be assumed that a model composed of one set of variables that represents species richness for a given watershed can be applied to a nearby watershed. Based on potential impacts of increased population growth and climate change in the area, coupled with a paucity of information on the extent of the use of the lower reaches of Quantico Creek as a spawning area for anadromous fishes, we propose that the national park, Prince William Forest Park, should be included as a freshwater protection area for the Quantico Creek watershed as proposed by the National Park Service for 50 other national parks in the country. Data and models generated in our study can serve as baselines in future comparative studies of mid-Atlantic streams relative to changes in system parameters (e.g. human population, Corresponding author: emaurakis@smv.org * Current address: Science from Scientists, 515 Beacon St., Boston, MA 02215 1 Published by ODU Digital Commons, 2013 134 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE corresponding anthropogenic effects and climatic change predicted for the mid-Atlantic region).","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":"1 1","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79814000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Obtaining basic ecological information on occurrence and activity levels in cryptic and elusive species is often difficult. Camera trapping provides a relatively inexpensive opportunity to acquire such data. We used infraredtriggered cameras to assess trap success and activity levels of several species across four consecutive seasons, including: Ursus americanus (black bear), Lynx rufus (bobcat), Canis latrans (coyote), Vulpes vulpes (red fox), Urocyon cinereoargenteus (gray fox), Procyon lotor (raccoon), Odocoileus virginianus (white-tailed deer), Didelphis virginiana (opossum), Sciurus carolinensis (gray squirrel), and Meleagris gallopavo (wild turkey). With a total of 396 trap nights (TN) at one station over the span of four consecutive seasons, overall trap success rate was 86.87 captures per 100 TN. Trap success was highest in wild turkeys (31.57/100 TN), followed by raccoons (15.66/100 TN), gray squirrels (10.86/100 TN), gray foxes (8.59/100 TN), white-tailed deer (8.08/100 TN), opossums (5.56/100 TN), coyotes (1.52/100 TN), red foxes (1.26/100 TN), and bobcats (0.76/100 TN). Overall trap success significantly varied across all target species combined (Kruskal Wallis ChiSquare = 349, d.f. = 10, p < 0.0001). However, trap success did not vary across all seasons for all target species combined (Kruskal Wallis Chi-Square = 0.99, d.f. = 3, p = 0.78). This study is the first to use camera trapping to examine species presence and activity levels in a longitudinal manner for cryptic and elusive species of southwest Virginia. INTRODUCTION Camera trapping is an excellent non-invasive tool for identifying cryptic or elusive species (Yasuda, 2004; Rowcliffe et al. 2008). While this approach to elusive species identification is not a recent revelation in ecological methodologies (e.g., Chapman, 1927), camera trap usage has picked up momentum in recent years (Karanth and Nichols, 1998). In fact, published papers utilizing some degree of camera trapping have seen an estimated 50% annual growth over the past decade (Rowcliffe and Carbone, Corresponding author: David L. Chambers chambersdl@longwood.edu 130 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 2008). Much of this growth can be attributed to increased technological and analytical advances that allow ecologists to determine population densities, dispersal behaviors, and relative abundance – all from a distance (Karanth and Nichols, 2000; Kelly et al. 2012). Trap success is one common index of activity level that can be obtained using camera trap data. Trap success calculated per species can provide insight into species presence or, at a more interactive scale, potential species interactions among predators/prey (Kelly and Holub, 2008), despite recent debate about its use as an index of abundance (Anderson, 2003; O’Brien et al., 2003). Regardless of debate, it is impractical to ignore the importance of understanding predator/prey dynamics particularly in the wake of increasing anthropogenic disturbances that are alteri
StealthCam MC2-G在2005年10月1日至2006年1月25日期间使用，每次图像捕获间隔1分钟。DeerCam 200从2006年1月26日开始使用，每次图像捕获间隔15秒。当两个摄像头分别激活时，它们一天24小时都处于激活状态。相机例行检查，进行基本维护，更换电池和胶卷。未使用鱼饵引诱目标鱼种。在整个纵向研究中没有发现相机故障。每个目标物种的诱捕成功率以每100个诱捕夜的诱捕事件数计算。为了防止在短时间内(即间隔少于30分钟)拍摄的图像重复计数;凯利,2003;Silver et al.， 2004)，日期/时间在Tazewell县捕获相机，检查了每张照片上的131枚邮票和单个动物的大小、位置和标记。特别注意准确估计野生火鸡的数量(M。(Gallopavo)，因为它们周期性地成群出现，随后触发多次图像捕获。由于数据不符合正态性假设，因此进行了非参数统计分析。具体而言，我们使用非参数Kruskal-Wallis检验来比较所有目标物种的总体诱捕成功率，并比较每个目标物种在不同季节的诱捕成功率。我们在一整年的时间里进行了这项研究，因此四个季节都有代表。春季包括三月，四月和五月的图像捕获。夏季反映了从6月到8月的图像捕获。秋季包括从9月到11月拍摄的所有图像。最后，冬季包括从12月到2月的所有图像。所有统计分析均使用SAS JMP 9.0 (SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina)进行。结果在未使用诱饵的情况下，共捕获动物9种(哺乳动物8种，鸟类1种)。具体来说，六种(山猫、土狼、红狐、灰狐、浣熊和负鼠)被认为是掠食性物种，而其余三种(白尾鹿、灰松鼠和野生火鸡)被认为是猎物。我们总共收集了396个陷阱之夜(TN)，记录了344个陷阱事件，总共拍摄了637张目标动物照片(表1)。所有动物的陷阱成功率为86.87(图1)。研究地点。132 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 100 TN(表1)。就成功捕获事件的个体物种而言，大多数原始摄影事件是M. gallopavo(野生火鸡;36.34%)，其次为浣熊P. lotor;18.02%)， S. carolinensis(灰松鼠;12.5%)，灰狐;9.88%)，白尾鹿;9.3%)， D. virginia(负鼠;6.4%)，土狼;1.74%)， V. vulpes(赤狐;1.45%)，山猫;0.87%)。没有美国黑熊被拍到。陷阱成功率在所有目标动物之间差异显著(Kruskal Wallis chissquared = 349, d.f = 10, p < 0.0001)(图2)。陷阱成功率最高的是M. gallopavo(野生火鸡;31.57/100 TN)。浣熊;15.66/100 TN)的捕集成功率次之，其次为卡罗来纳鼠(灰松鼠;10.86/100 TN)， U. cinereogenteus(灰狐;8.59/100 TN)， O. virginianus(白尾鹿;8.08/100 TN)， D. virginia(负鼠;5.56/100 TN)，由于质量差导致的未知/无法识别的照片(3.03/100 TN)， C. latrans(土狼;1.52/100 TN)， V. vulpes(红狐;1.26/100 TN)， L. rufus(山猫;0.76/100 TN)。所有目标物种组合的诱捕成功率在不同季节没有显著变化(Kruskal - Wallis卡方= 0.99,d.f = 3, p = 0.78)。3)。不幸的是，由于单个季节的样本量小，不可能对每个目标物种的季节性诱捕成功进行严格的比较。表1。捕获事件总数、拍摄动物数量和捕获成功率。物种(通用名称)trap事件总数
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N. Tibert, L. Walker, W. Patterson, J. B. Hubeny, Emma Jones, Olivia R. Cooper
Gravity and push cores from the Potomac and Rappahannock Rivers (Virginia Tidewater) were collected from central and proximal estuarine zones with known seasonal salinity stratification. The lowermost microfossil associations in the cores comprise alternating ostracode populations of Cyprideis salebrosa and Cytheromorpha. This microfossil association gives way to an oligohaline association dominated by the freshwater ostracode Darwinula stevensoni. Stable oxygen isotope values (ä O) of Rapphannock Cyprideis salebrosa are 18 highly variable ranging between -6.6 to -3.2‰ VPDB. ä O values for 18 Potomac Cytheromorpha fuscata range from -8.2 to -3.2‰ VPDB. Positive excursions in ä O values are synchronous with population peaks for both 18 Cyprideis and Cytheromorpha indicative of increased marine influence and/or higher salinities. Microfossil paleoecology coupled with oxygen isotope values record a marked shift towards gradual freshening and deterioration of the salinity structure in the tidal tributaries during the mid-to late 19 century. th We attribute these trends to both decadal climate trends and aggressive land use practices in the Chesapeake Bay watershed during the late 19 to middle th 20th centuries. INTRODUCTION Estuaries are physically, chemically, and biologically complex environments at the convergence of continental and marine processes. In the Chesapeake Bay, the recent combination of anthropogenic watershed modification and sea-level rise are forcing mechanisms that have potentially influenced mixing of fresh and marine waters in the tidal reaches of the major tributaries (Colman and Bratton 2003; Boon 2012). To test this hypothesis, sediment cores were collected from the proximal and central reaches Corresponding author: Neil E. Tibert, ntibert@umw.edu Virginia Journal of Science, Vol. 63, No. 3, 2012 http://digitalcommons.odu.edu/vjs/vol63/iss3 112 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE of the Potomac and Rappahannock estuaries for microfossil and stable isotopic analyses. Paleosalinity indicators were established on the basis of ostracode paleoecology (population abundances and pore morphometrics) and oxygen isotope values (ä O). The paleosalinity trends were considered in the context of sedimentation 18 history based on Cs dating, organic matter concentrations, and magnetic 137 susceptibility of collected cores. Cumulative results of these analyses indicate that salinity gradients in both estuaries have changed markedly since the beginning of the 19 century which is suggestive of anthropogenic influence on estuarine processes in th the Chesapeake Bay. BACKGROUND Geographic Location The Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuarine system in the United States that is located between Virginia and Maryland on the Atlantic Coastal Plain (Colman and Mixon 1988). This study focuses on the upper tidal reaches of the Potomac and Rappahannock Rivers where they transition from estuarine-to fluvial conditions (Fig. 1). Sediment cores were collected near th
Cs的最大浓度出现在20-22 cm芯层之间(图5)。137 Virginia Journal of Science, Vol. 63, No. 3, 2012 http://digit
{"title":"A Centennial Record of Paleosalinity Change in the Tidal Reaches of the Potomac and Rappahannock Rivers, Tributaries to Chesapeake Bay","authors":"N. Tibert, L. Walker, W. Patterson, J. B. Hubeny, Emma Jones, Olivia R. Cooper","doi":"10.25778/8Q18-AY59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/8Q18-AY59","url":null,"abstract":"Gravity and push cores from the Potomac and Rappahannock Rivers (Virginia Tidewater) were collected from central and proximal estuarine zones with known seasonal salinity stratification. The lowermost microfossil associations in the cores comprise alternating ostracode populations of Cyprideis salebrosa and Cytheromorpha. This microfossil association gives way to an oligohaline association dominated by the freshwater ostracode Darwinula stevensoni. Stable oxygen isotope values (ä O) of Rapphannock Cyprideis salebrosa are 18 highly variable ranging between -6.6 to -3.2‰ VPDB. ä O values for 18 Potomac Cytheromorpha fuscata range from -8.2 to -3.2‰ VPDB. Positive excursions in ä O values are synchronous with population peaks for both 18 Cyprideis and Cytheromorpha indicative of increased marine influence and/or higher salinities. Microfossil paleoecology coupled with oxygen isotope values record a marked shift towards gradual freshening and deterioration of the salinity structure in the tidal tributaries during the mid-to late 19 century. th We attribute these trends to both decadal climate trends and aggressive land use practices in the Chesapeake Bay watershed during the late 19 to middle th 20th centuries. INTRODUCTION Estuaries are physically, chemically, and biologically complex environments at the convergence of continental and marine processes. In the Chesapeake Bay, the recent combination of anthropogenic watershed modification and sea-level rise are forcing mechanisms that have potentially influenced mixing of fresh and marine waters in the tidal reaches of the major tributaries (Colman and Bratton 2003; Boon 2012). To test this hypothesis, sediment cores were collected from the proximal and central reaches Corresponding author: Neil E. Tibert, ntibert@umw.edu Virginia Journal of Science, Vol. 63, No. 3, 2012 http://digitalcommons.odu.edu/vjs/vol63/iss3 112 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE of the Potomac and Rappahannock estuaries for microfossil and stable isotopic analyses. Paleosalinity indicators were established on the basis of ostracode paleoecology (population abundances and pore morphometrics) and oxygen isotope values (ä O). The paleosalinity trends were considered in the context of sedimentation 18 history based on Cs dating, organic matter concentrations, and magnetic 137 susceptibility of collected cores. Cumulative results of these analyses indicate that salinity gradients in both estuaries have changed markedly since the beginning of the 19 century which is suggestive of anthropogenic influence on estuarine processes in th the Chesapeake Bay. BACKGROUND Geographic Location The Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuarine system in the United States that is located between Virginia and Maryland on the Atlantic Coastal Plain (Colman and Mixon 1988). This study focuses on the upper tidal reaches of the Potomac and Rappahannock Rivers where they transition from estuarine-to fluvial conditions (Fig. 1). Sediment cores were collected near th","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":"35 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78057890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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