Although the United States supports a considerable diversity of spiders, some aspects of spider habitat use and niche specialization are poorly documented. Specifically, little attention has been given to explore how urban development affects the diversity and abundance of arthropods. We sampled spiders along an outdoor – indoor habitat gradient at Longwood University to understand the impact of urbanization on species diversity and abundance. We found 50 taxa of spiders belonging to 43 genera and 16 families. Overall, the most abundant spider family across three sampling sites was Araneidae (orb-weavers; 18.2%) followed by Lycosidae (wolf spiders; 14.8%), Salticidae (jumping spiders; 13.6%) and Linyphiidae (sheetweb spiders; 12.5%). We found the highest species richness, spider abundance, and Shannon-Wiener diversity from Lancer Park (i.e. outdoors habitat), followed by the habitats associated with outside of the science center building (i.e. marginal habitat) and the lowest spider diversity inside the science building (i.e. indoors habitat). We also found a strong positive correlation between overall spider diversity and air temperature for outdoors and marginal habitats, but no correlation with relative humidity. Our study adds original knowledge about habitat use of spiders along an outdoor indoor habitat gradient and arthropod use of indoor biome. More importantly, our study stresses the need for more extensive systematic studies to fully understand how spatial and temporal variation of arthropod diversity and abundance may be influenced by alterations of habitats by humans through urbanization. INTRODUCTION Spiders are one of a few cosmopolitan groups of organisms utilizing a range of habitats from hot deserts to the cold Arctic (Foelix 2011) to urban habitats with man-made structures. Worldwide, there are about 48,000+ (World Spider Catalog 2019) formally described species of spiders including at least 3,800 species in North America (Bradley 2013). Although spiders are ubiquitous, little attention is typically given by the ecology research community, to study their diversity, biology, and ecology, possibly due to their small size, seemingly secretive behavior, lack of information on true diversity and 1 henkanaththegedarasm@longwood.edu Virginia Journal of Science Volume 70, Issue 3 Fall 2019 doi: 10.25778/ej65-br87 Note: This manuscript has been accepted for publication and is online ahead of print. It will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Virginia Journal of Science, Vol. 70, No. 3, 2019 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/vjs/vol70/iss3 Diversity and Distribution of Spiders 2 subjective fear of spiders in general. With that being said, the true diversity of spiders in the eastern United States may be poorly documented (Howell and Jenkins 2004). Spiders play important ecological roles in their habitats, mainly as predators and prey. They are important predators in th
{"title":"The Diversity and Distribution of Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) Along an Outdoor – Indoor Habitat Gradient: Preliminary Findings from Piedmont Virginia","authors":"William S. Kish, Sujan M. Henkanaththegedara","doi":"10.25778/ej65-br87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/ej65-br87","url":null,"abstract":"Although the United States supports a considerable diversity of spiders, some aspects of spider habitat use and niche specialization are poorly documented. Specifically, little attention has been given to explore how urban development affects the diversity and abundance of arthropods. We sampled spiders along an outdoor – indoor habitat gradient at Longwood University to understand the impact of urbanization on species diversity and abundance. We found 50 taxa of spiders belonging to 43 genera and 16 families. Overall, the most abundant spider family across three sampling sites was Araneidae (orb-weavers; 18.2%) followed by Lycosidae (wolf spiders; 14.8%), Salticidae (jumping spiders; 13.6%) and Linyphiidae (sheetweb spiders; 12.5%). We found the highest species richness, spider abundance, and Shannon-Wiener diversity from Lancer Park (i.e. outdoors habitat), followed by the habitats associated with outside of the science center building (i.e. marginal habitat) and the lowest spider diversity inside the science building (i.e. indoors habitat). We also found a strong positive correlation between overall spider diversity and air temperature for outdoors and marginal habitats, but no correlation with relative humidity. Our study adds original knowledge about habitat use of spiders along an outdoor indoor habitat gradient and arthropod use of indoor biome. More importantly, our study stresses the need for more extensive systematic studies to fully understand how spatial and temporal variation of arthropod diversity and abundance may be influenced by alterations of habitats by humans through urbanization. INTRODUCTION Spiders are one of a few cosmopolitan groups of organisms utilizing a range of habitats from hot deserts to the cold Arctic (Foelix 2011) to urban habitats with man-made structures. Worldwide, there are about 48,000+ (World Spider Catalog 2019) formally described species of spiders including at least 3,800 species in North America (Bradley 2013). Although spiders are ubiquitous, little attention is typically given by the ecology research community, to study their diversity, biology, and ecology, possibly due to their small size, seemingly secretive behavior, lack of information on true diversity and 1 henkanaththegedarasm@longwood.edu Virginia Journal of Science Volume 70, Issue 3 Fall 2019 doi: 10.25778/ej65-br87 Note: This manuscript has been accepted for publication and is online ahead of print. It will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Virginia Journal of Science, Vol. 70, No. 3, 2019 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/vjs/vol70/iss3 Diversity and Distribution of Spiders 2 subjective fear of spiders in general. With that being said, the true diversity of spiders in the eastern United States may be poorly documented (Howell and Jenkins 2004). Spiders play important ecological roles in their habitats, mainly as predators and prey. They are important predators in th","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91033100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Snorkel observations of Percina roanoka and P. nevisense in the Roanoke River during summer months were followed by measuring current velocity, water depth, and substrate diameter at points of occupation. A total of 89 observations of P. roanoka and 81 observations of P. nevisense were compared using two-sample T-tests. Percina roanoka inhabited faster, shallower water than P. nevisense with the former found in a mean flow of 0.318 m/s and depth of 31.53 cm and the latter in a mean flow of 0.17 m/s and depth of 55.6 cm. Mean diameter of substrate at points of occupation did not differ significantly between the two species with P. roanoka over substrate 10.14 cm diameter, and P. nevisense over substrate of 9.7 cm diameter. Differences in habitat among age classes were not detected for either species. These findings suggest habitat partitioning along current velocity and depth help maintain the diverse darter assemblage in the Roanoke River. INTRODUCTION Resource partitioning appears to be a key component of maintaining diverse fish assemblages, with habitat and food partitioning cited as especially important in communities containing members of the same family (Ross 1986). Six species of Percidae are native to the Roanoke River upstream of the Blue Ridge (Jenkins and Burkhead 1994). Comparisons of habitat parameters have long suggested habitat partitioning among these species is likely key to their survival in the Roanoke River (Matthews et al. 1982; Matthews 1985; Matthews 1990). However, these early studies were based either on captive observation or collections using seines followed by measuring stream width, gradient, and maximum current velocity within the sampled area. As habitat parameters are rarely uniform within the seined area, a reality discussed in these papers, the data collected are not precise measurements of occupied habitat. Recent studies have described and compared habitat of some darter species based on specimens captured using seines and/or a backpack electrofisher. Following capture, habitat parameters from multiple points within a sampled area were measured within that area and averaged making less precise descriptions of occupied habitat (Vadas and Orth Virginia Journal of Science Volume 70, Issue 1 & 2 Spring & Summer 2019 doi: 10.25778/rvvv-j156 Note: This manuscript has been accepted for publication, and is online ahead of print. It will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Virginia Journal of Science, Vol. 70, No. 1, 2019 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/vjs/vol70/iss1 2 2000; Roberts and Angermeier 2007). Rosenberger and Angermeier (2003) used snorkel transects to identify microhabitat among age classes of Percina rex (Roanoke Logperch) but did not compare these data to other darter microhabitat data. Another recent snorkeling study measured microhabitat of Percina nevisense (Chainback Darter) and found they only occupy a portion of available habit
使用Minitab 18生成95%置信区间图(图1-3)，所有统计分析均采用alpha = 0.05。结果6月至7月8天共收集了81条白刺鲷，6月至7月9天共收集了89条罗诺卡鲷。P. roanoka的年龄类别(5只幼鱼，11只亚成鱼，73只成鱼)在深度、流速或基质上没有差异(P分别= 0.55、0.28、0.82)，Powers和Whitlow(2018)同样发现不同年龄类别的P. nevisense的栖息地没有差异。内visense的深度为36至97厘米(平均为55.6厘米，SD = 12.3)，流速为0至0.4米/秒(平均为0.17米/秒，SD = 0.094)，衬底直径小于1至大于100厘米(平均为9.7厘米，SD = 13)。红鳉鱼的分布深度为19 ~ 48 cm(平均为31.53 cm, SD = 7.93)，流速为0 ~ 0.6 m/s(平均为0.318 m/s, SD = 0.114)，基底直径小于1 ~ 42 cm(平均为10.14 cm, SD = 7.74)。这两个物种在深度和流速上存在显著差异(P <0.001)，但在基材直径上没有差异(P = 0.59)。平均值和95%置信区间图如图1-3所示。Powers和Whitlow(2018)发现，对于任何测量变量，不同年龄层的perina nevisense都没有差异。同样，我们也没有发现不同年龄段的罗诺卡在任何测量变量上的差异。相比之下，在霸王龙中发现了不同年龄段的栖息地划分(Rosenberger and Angermeier 2003)。Vadas和north(2000)将P. roanoka的微栖息地描述为直径为6.5至16厘米的基底上流速为26至75厘米/秒，但正如前面所讨论的，他们的方法并没有在占据的确切位置记录栖息地。我们的平均基质直径在很大程度上与以前研究中产生最多罗诺卡藻的基质尺寸一致(Mathews et al. 1982;Vadas and north 2000)。虽然我们目前的流速数据看起来与Vadas和north(2000)报告的相似，但我们确实发现P. roanoka居住的最小和最大流速都要慢一些。我们的数据还显示，水流速度远低于Matthews等人(1982年)报道的具有最大丰度P. roanoka的riffle栖息地(0.79 m/s)。我们研究的平均流速几乎完全符合马修斯(1985)报道的流室中P. roanoka的临界流速(0.3 m/s)。这表明，该物种实际占据的微栖息地可能与之前研究中报道的不同，并且与它们在形态上适应的微栖息地密切匹配。鉴于这一发现，与通过围网捕获标本并在整个采样区域测量相同的参数相比，浮潜观察之后在精确的观察点测量栖息地参数似乎更有可能确定准确的栖息地参数。Stauffer等人(1996)同样发现，水下观测在探测微栖息地之间细微的尺度差异方面是最有效的。Powers和Whitlow(2018)报告了全年内visense栖息地数据的平均值为60.5 cm深度，0.17 m/s流速和8.2 cm底物直径，但也注意到季节之间的差异。本研究纳入的夏季平均值与全年的平均微生境值接近。6月和7月数据的直接比较表明，罗诺卡对水的占用较浅(P < 0.001)，对水的占用较快(P < 0.001)。不同菌种间基质直径无显著差异(P = 0.585)。这些物种之间的流速差异似乎类似于P. roanoka与Etheostoma flabellare (Matthews et al. 1982;马修斯1985年)。Matthews et al.(1982)建议根据流速和水流大小划分罗诺卡和扁叶蝉的栖息地，扁叶蝉居住的河流比罗诺卡小。虽然nevisense和E. flabellare都栖息在比P. roanoka更慢的水域，但这些物种似乎不太可能在同一条河流的这些更慢的水域竞争栖息地。Matthews et al.(1982)报道的最大丰度的E. flabellare发生在宽度小于2米的二级流中。在本研究的数据收集过程中，观察到相对较少的flabellae。塞勒姆的罗阿诺克河(Roanoke River)的主干是宽约30米的第五级河流，与Matthews等人(1982)报道的理想栖息地的第二级河流几乎没有相似之处。这表明，就像P. roanoka和E. flabellare沿着弗吉尼亚科学杂志第70卷第70期部分划分栖息地一样。
{"title":"Microhabitat Comparison of Percina roanoka (Roanoke Darter) and Percina nevisense (Chainback Darter) in the Roanoke River","authors":"Dakota R Spruill, Steven L. Powers","doi":"10.25778/RVVV-J156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/RVVV-J156","url":null,"abstract":"Snorkel observations of Percina roanoka and P. nevisense in the Roanoke River during summer months were followed by measuring current velocity, water depth, and substrate diameter at points of occupation. A total of 89 observations of P. roanoka and 81 observations of P. nevisense were compared using two-sample T-tests. Percina roanoka inhabited faster, shallower water than P. nevisense with the former found in a mean flow of 0.318 m/s and depth of 31.53 cm and the latter in a mean flow of 0.17 m/s and depth of 55.6 cm. Mean diameter of substrate at points of occupation did not differ significantly between the two species with P. roanoka over substrate 10.14 cm diameter, and P. nevisense over substrate of 9.7 cm diameter. Differences in habitat among age classes were not detected for either species. These findings suggest habitat partitioning along current velocity and depth help maintain the diverse darter assemblage in the Roanoke River. INTRODUCTION Resource partitioning appears to be a key component of maintaining diverse fish assemblages, with habitat and food partitioning cited as especially important in communities containing members of the same family (Ross 1986). Six species of Percidae are native to the Roanoke River upstream of the Blue Ridge (Jenkins and Burkhead 1994). Comparisons of habitat parameters have long suggested habitat partitioning among these species is likely key to their survival in the Roanoke River (Matthews et al. 1982; Matthews 1985; Matthews 1990). However, these early studies were based either on captive observation or collections using seines followed by measuring stream width, gradient, and maximum current velocity within the sampled area. As habitat parameters are rarely uniform within the seined area, a reality discussed in these papers, the data collected are not precise measurements of occupied habitat. Recent studies have described and compared habitat of some darter species based on specimens captured using seines and/or a backpack electrofisher. Following capture, habitat parameters from multiple points within a sampled area were measured within that area and averaged making less precise descriptions of occupied habitat (Vadas and Orth Virginia Journal of Science Volume 70, Issue 1 & 2 Spring & Summer 2019 doi: 10.25778/rvvv-j156 Note: This manuscript has been accepted for publication, and is online ahead of print. It will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Virginia Journal of Science, Vol. 70, No. 1, 2019 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/vjs/vol70/iss1 2 2000; Roberts and Angermeier 2007). Rosenberger and Angermeier (2003) used snorkel transects to identify microhabitat among age classes of Percina rex (Roanoke Logperch) but did not compare these data to other darter microhabitat data. Another recent snorkeling study measured microhabitat of Percina nevisense (Chainback Darter) and found they only occupy a portion of available habit","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78151059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most operating websites experience a cyber-attack at some point. Cross-site Scripting (XSS) attacks are cited as the top website risk. More than 60 percent of web applications are vulnerable to them, and they ultimately are responsible for over 30 percent of all web application attacks. XSS attacks are complicated, and they often are used in conjunction with social engineering techniques to cause even more damage. Although prevention techniques exist, hackers still find points of vulnerability to launch their attacks. This project explored what XSS attacks are, examples of popular attacks, and ways to detect and prevent them. Using knowledge gained and lessons-learned from analyzing prior XSS incidents, a simulation environment was built using XAMPP and VirtualBox. Four typical XSS attacks were launched in this virtual environment, and their potential to cause significant damage was measured and compared using the Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) Calculator. Recommendations are offered for approaches to impeding XSS attacks including solutions involving sanitizing data, whitelisting data, implementing a content security policy and statistical analysis tools.
{"title":"A Study of Existing Cross-Site Scripting Detection and Prevention Techniques Using XAMPP and VirtualBox","authors":"Jalen Mack, Y. Hu, M. Hoppa","doi":"10.25778/bx6k-2285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/bx6k-2285","url":null,"abstract":"Most operating websites experience a cyber-attack at some point. Cross-site Scripting (XSS) attacks are cited as the top website risk. More than 60 percent of web applications are vulnerable to them, and they ultimately are responsible for over 30 percent of all web application attacks. XSS attacks are complicated, and they often are used in conjunction with social engineering techniques to cause even more damage. Although prevention techniques exist, hackers still find points of vulnerability to launch their attacks. This project explored what XSS attacks are, examples of popular attacks, and ways to detect and prevent them. Using knowledge gained and lessons-learned from analyzing prior XSS incidents, a simulation environment was built using XAMPP and VirtualBox. Four typical XSS attacks were launched in this virtual environment, and their potential to cause significant damage was measured and compared using the Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) Calculator. Recommendations are offered for approaches to impeding XSS attacks including solutions involving sanitizing data, whitelisting data, implementing a content security policy and statistical analysis tools.","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88561359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water is an important resource for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Too much water increases runoff, disrupt transportation networks, and contributes to school closures. Too little water may adversely impact agricultural operations. To improve climate-related information to Virginia citizens, this study assesses means and changes in precipitation across the Commonwealth of Virginia (1947 – 2016). Using daily stationlevel precipitation data from the Global Historical Climate Network (GHCN), descriptive statistics were calculated for 43 locations in terms of total precipitation (inches decade-1), precipitation days (x>0”), and heavy precipitation days (x>1.0”). On average, locations showed an overall increase in total precipitation across the time period. The frequency of heavy rainfall events has also increased across many of the analyzed locations. Precipitation has important ramifications for agriculture, storm water management, and hazard response, and improved coordination of atmospheric-related information may be beneficial to various stakeholders across the Commonwealth. INTRODUCTION Heavy rainfall can lead to numerous hazards including flooding, landslides, and loss of life. From 1980 – 2013, 19 flood-related, billion-dollar disasters occurred in the United States (Smith and Matthews 2015). Combined, these events averaged a price tag of $4.5 billion. Hurricane Agnes, Fran, and Irene coupled with non-tropical events such as rapid snowmelt and ravine flooding highlight the concern in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Of the 64 federal disaster declarations issued by FEMA for the Commonwealth, 27 highlighted flooding. Others explicitly reference tropical systems or hurricanes (FEMA 2018). While tropical systems often impact the coastal plain, precipitation associated with hurricanes often leads to inland flooding (Rappaport 2000). Mesoscale features recently flooded parts of Cape Charles, and heavy rain associated with Tropical Storm Virginia Journal of Science Volume 70, Issue 1 & 2 Spring & Summer 2019 doi: 10.25778/3cay-z849 Note: This manuscript has been accepted for publication and is online ahead of print. It will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Virginia Journal of Science, Vol. 70, No. 1, 2019 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/vjs/vol70/iss1 2 Michael flooded parts of southwest Virginia. Flooding and heavy precipitation events (HPE) are recognized as a major hazard across the Commonwealth. While state legislature refers to some events as so-called nuisance or sunny day flooding, flooding disrupts transportation networks, leads to cancellation of school, and plays a role in more prolonged impacts such as mold and mildew (Wong et al. 2014; Chew et al. 2006). HPE intertwine land use policy, hazard mitigation awareness, and future climate change. Recent studies have indicated shifts in the frequency and intensity of precipitation events (Lewis et al. 2018; Kunkel 2003; Wueb
水是弗吉尼亚联邦的重要资源。过多的水会增加径流，扰乱交通网络，并导致学校关闭。水过少可能对农业经营产生不利影响。为了改善对弗吉尼亚公民的气候相关信息，本研究评估了整个弗吉尼亚联邦(1947 - 2016)的降水均值和变化。利用全球历史气候网(GHCN)的逐日台站降水资料，对43个站点的总降水量(英寸- 10 -1)、降水日数(x>0 -1”)和强降水日数(x>1.0”)进行了描述性统计。平均而言，各地点在整个时间段内的总降水量总体上有所增加。在许多被分析的地区，强降雨事件的频率也有所增加。降水对农业、雨水管理和灾害应对具有重要影响，改善大气相关信息的协调可能有利于英联邦各利益相关者。暴雨会导致许多危险，包括洪水、山体滑坡和生命损失。从1980年到2013年，美国发生了19起与洪水有关的数十亿美元的灾害(Smith and Matthews 2015)。这些活动加起来平均耗资45亿美元。飓风艾格尼丝、弗兰和艾琳加上非热带事件，如快速融雪和峡谷洪水，突出了弗吉尼亚联邦的担忧。在联邦应急管理局为联邦发布的64份联邦灾难声明中，有27份强调了洪水。其他则明确提到了热带系统或飓风(FEMA 2018)。虽然热带系统经常影响沿海平原，但与飓风相关的降水经常导致内陆洪水(Rappaport 2000)。《弗吉尼亚科学杂志》第70卷，第1期和第2期2019年春夏doi: 10.25778/ 3cai -z849注:本文已被接受出版，并在印刷前在线发布。在以最终形式出版之前，它将经过编辑、排版和对结果证明的审查。弗吉尼亚科学杂志，Vol. 70, No. 1, 2019 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/vjs/vol70/iss1 2迈克尔淹没了弗吉尼亚州西南部部分地区。洪水和强降水事件(HPE)被认为是整个英联邦的主要危害。虽然州立法机构将一些事件称为所谓的滋扰或晴天洪水，但洪水会破坏交通网络，导致学校取消，并在霉菌和霉病等更长期的影响中发挥作用(Wong等人，2014;Chew et al. 2006)。HPE将土地使用政策、减灾意识和未来气候变化联系在一起。最近的研究表明，降水事件的频率和强度发生了变化(Lewis et al. 2018;Kunkel 2003;Wuebbles et al. 2014;海涅曼2012年)。在东南部，尽管沿阿巴拉契亚山脉的许多站点呈现下降趋势，但极端降雨事件正在增加(USGCRP 2018)。虽然自然和人为强迫机制都有关联，但大气水汽含量的增加可能会导致这类强降水事件的进一步增加(Kunkel 2003)。在美国，Peterson等人(2013)提供了与天气和气候相关的极端事件的全面概述。虽然存在区域评估(Agel et al. 2015;Sayemuzzaman et al. 2014;Boyles和Rama 2003)，在弗吉尼亚HPE的气候评论的存在是未知的。弗吉尼亚州气候办公室提供了一些信息，但数据门户是基于气候时期，可能不能充分代表我们弗吉尼亚州气候的最新变化。本研究评估了与整个弗吉尼亚联邦降水相关的气候趋势，并提请注意需要更好地协调与天气有关的信息，这些信息可能有利于应急管理行动、城市规划或尽量减少未来天气/气候相关影响的后果。数据和方法全球历史气候网(GHCN)是一个由世界各地陆基站组成的数据库。经过详细的质量控制(Menne et al. 2012)，这些数据包括广泛的大气变量，如各种时间尺度(例如每小时;每日)。利用气候数据在线(CDO)工具，通过国家环境信息中心(NCEI;1947 - 2016)。分析了更短、更近的子周期(1987 - 2016)，但由于降水的异质性和有限的统计显著性，这些结果没有显示出来。
{"title":"Precipitation Trends across the Commonwealth of Virginia (1947 – 2016)","authors":"M. Allen, T. Allen","doi":"10.25778/3CAY-Z849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/3CAY-Z849","url":null,"abstract":"Water is an important resource for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Too much water increases runoff, disrupt transportation networks, and contributes to school closures. Too little water may adversely impact agricultural operations. To improve climate-related information to Virginia citizens, this study assesses means and changes in precipitation across the Commonwealth of Virginia (1947 – 2016). Using daily stationlevel precipitation data from the Global Historical Climate Network (GHCN), descriptive statistics were calculated for 43 locations in terms of total precipitation (inches decade-1), precipitation days (x>0”), and heavy precipitation days (x>1.0”). On average, locations showed an overall increase in total precipitation across the time period. The frequency of heavy rainfall events has also increased across many of the analyzed locations. Precipitation has important ramifications for agriculture, storm water management, and hazard response, and improved coordination of atmospheric-related information may be beneficial to various stakeholders across the Commonwealth. INTRODUCTION Heavy rainfall can lead to numerous hazards including flooding, landslides, and loss of life. From 1980 – 2013, 19 flood-related, billion-dollar disasters occurred in the United States (Smith and Matthews 2015). Combined, these events averaged a price tag of $4.5 billion. Hurricane Agnes, Fran, and Irene coupled with non-tropical events such as rapid snowmelt and ravine flooding highlight the concern in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Of the 64 federal disaster declarations issued by FEMA for the Commonwealth, 27 highlighted flooding. Others explicitly reference tropical systems or hurricanes (FEMA 2018). While tropical systems often impact the coastal plain, precipitation associated with hurricanes often leads to inland flooding (Rappaport 2000). Mesoscale features recently flooded parts of Cape Charles, and heavy rain associated with Tropical Storm Virginia Journal of Science Volume 70, Issue 1 & 2 Spring & Summer 2019 doi: 10.25778/3cay-z849 Note: This manuscript has been accepted for publication and is online ahead of print. It will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Virginia Journal of Science, Vol. 70, No. 1, 2019 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/vjs/vol70/iss1 2 Michael flooded parts of southwest Virginia. Flooding and heavy precipitation events (HPE) are recognized as a major hazard across the Commonwealth. While state legislature refers to some events as so-called nuisance or sunny day flooding, flooding disrupts transportation networks, leads to cancellation of school, and plays a role in more prolonged impacts such as mold and mildew (Wong et al. 2014; Chew et al. 2006). HPE intertwine land use policy, hazard mitigation awareness, and future climate change. Recent studies have indicated shifts in the frequency and intensity of precipitation events (Lewis et al. 2018; Kunkel 2003; Wueb","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75423911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Previous studies have indicated that several pollutants are bioaccumulating in insectivorous bats, including the heavy metal mercury. This has resulted in an increased presence of mercury in bat waste (guano). In this study, we collected bat guano from ten caves in Florida and Georgia and two bat houses in Florida and analyzed the samples for mercury concentrations (ppm). Since the predominant bat species using caves (Myotis austroriparius) versus bat houses (Tadarida braziliensis) were different, the objective of this study was to make statistical comparisons of the mercury concentrations among caves, between caves and bat houses, and between bat houses. We found no significant differences between caves and bat houses. The mean concentrations among caves were significantly different, as well as the concentrations between the two bat houses. These results show similar levels of mercury concentrations in bat guano in both predominant bat species that use these caves and bat houses in Florida and Georgia. But variability exists between all locations, which indicate that other variables (e.g., geographic hot spots for mercury exposure) also affect mercury concentrations in guano. This study provides baseline data for bat guano mercury levels, which is a barometer of bat health and potential bioaccumulation of mercury in guanitic food webs, such as those in cave ecosystems.
{"title":"Mercury Concentrations in Bat Guano From Caves and Bat Houses in Florida and Georgia","authors":"Amy E Edwards, Jenise L. Swall, C. Jagoe","doi":"10.25778/EDS6-6M78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/EDS6-6M78","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies have indicated that several pollutants are bioaccumulating in insectivorous bats, including the heavy metal mercury. This has resulted in an increased presence of mercury in bat waste (guano). In this study, we collected bat guano from ten caves in Florida and Georgia and two bat houses in Florida and analyzed the samples for mercury concentrations (ppm). Since the predominant bat species using caves (Myotis austroriparius) versus bat houses (Tadarida braziliensis) were different, the objective of this study was to make statistical comparisons of the mercury concentrations among caves, between caves and bat houses, and between bat houses. We found no significant differences between caves and bat houses. The mean concentrations among caves were significantly different, as well as the concentrations between the two bat houses. These results show similar levels of mercury concentrations in bat guano in both predominant bat species that use these caves and bat houses in Florida and Georgia. But variability exists between all locations, which indicate that other variables (e.g., geographic hot spots for mercury exposure) also affect mercury concentrations in guano. This study provides baseline data for bat guano mercury levels, which is a barometer of bat health and potential bioaccumulation of mercury in guanitic food webs, such as those in cave ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86002406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. K. Rose, Robyn M. Nadolny, Jay P. Kiser, Stephen E. Rice, Heather Green Salamone, Jana Eggleston, H. Gaff
Changes in the composition of two small mammal communities were studied during 8 and 9 years of ecological succession in southern Chesapeake. Virginia. Using monthly live-trapping on grids of similar size and history since their abandonment as agricultural fields, we learned that house mice were early colonists on one grid but not the other. Two species of herbivorous rodent and the granivorous eastern harvest mouse were numerically dominant on both grids across the study. Some species disappeared early on one grid but persisted to the end at the other. The two arboreal small mammals, golden and white-footed mice, were most predictable between sites, showing up at year 8, after significant woody elements were present on the grids. The greatest abundances of small mammals (and probably greatest total biomass too) were seen between years 4 and 6 of ecological succession.
{"title":"Compositional Changes in Two Small Mammal Communities During Succession in Southeastern Virginia","authors":"R. K. Rose, Robyn M. Nadolny, Jay P. Kiser, Stephen E. Rice, Heather Green Salamone, Jana Eggleston, H. Gaff","doi":"10.25778/DB6R-4R32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/DB6R-4R32","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in the composition of two small mammal communities were studied during 8 and 9 years of ecological succession in southern Chesapeake. Virginia. Using monthly live-trapping on grids of similar size and history since their abandonment as agricultural fields, we learned that house mice were early colonists on one grid but not the other. Two species of herbivorous rodent and the granivorous eastern harvest mouse were numerically dominant on both grids across the study. Some species disappeared early on one grid but persisted to the end at the other. The two arboreal small mammals, golden and white-footed mice, were most predictable between sites, showing up at year 8, after significant woody elements were present on the grids. The greatest abundances of small mammals (and probably greatest total biomass too) were seen between years 4 and 6 of ecological succession.","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73793042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During studies of the annual cycle of reproduction in the hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) in southeastern Virginia, we discovered an anal (more specifically, perineal) gland that is present only in males during the breeding season. The perineal gland encircles the lower end of the rectum and has ductal connections to the urethra, through which its secretions probably are delivered. This fatty gland is highly developed in breeding males but, like the testes and seminal vesicles, regresses during the winter non-breeding season. The prominence and cyclicity of the perineal gland suggests that it somehow facilitates normal reproduction. The combined mass of testes, seminal vesicles, and perineal gland constitutes only about 0.01 percent of the body mass of large males during the non-breeding season, but as much as 4.8 percent of body mass during the breeding season. Thus, males devote a large amount of energy to growing and maintaining these glands in anticipation of and during the breeding season. Despite two field trials, the function of the perineal gland and the nature of its secretion are unknown.
{"title":"Reproductive Correlates of a Perineal Gland in the Hispid Cotton Rat","authors":"R. K. Rose, Julie A. Winchell","doi":"10.25778/2DS9-MP13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/2DS9-MP13","url":null,"abstract":"During studies of the annual cycle of reproduction in the hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) in southeastern Virginia, we discovered an anal (more specifically, perineal) gland that is present only in males during the breeding season. The perineal gland encircles the lower end of the rectum and has ductal connections to the urethra, through which its secretions probably are delivered. This fatty gland is highly developed in breeding males but, like the testes and seminal vesicles, regresses during the winter non-breeding season. The prominence and cyclicity of the perineal gland suggests that it somehow facilitates normal reproduction. The combined mass of testes, seminal vesicles, and perineal gland constitutes only about 0.01 percent of the body mass of large males during the non-breeding season, but as much as 4.8 percent of body mass during the breeding season. Thus, males devote a large amount of energy to growing and maintaining these glands in anticipation of and during the breeding season. Despite two field trials, the function of the perineal gland and the nature of its secretion are unknown.","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81914149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We monitored bat activity on the upper Coastal Plain of Virginia using mist nets and acoustic detection (ANABAT) during April-October 2000 and April-August 2001. We classified forty sites into three forest-cover classes (pine forest, mixed pine, and hardwood forest) and three landscape-feature classes (permanent water, riparian corridor, and upland). We captured 406 bats (8 species) in mist nets; red bats (Lasiurus borealis; n = 281), big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus; n = 47), and eastern pipistrelles (Pipistrellus subflavus; n = 36) were the most commonly captured species. We captured fewer than 30 individuals of five other species. There were no significant differences in captures per 100 net nights for overall captures or for individual species among forest-cover classes. Overall captures per 100 net nights differed significantly among landscape-feature classes; however, post-hoc analyses could not tease out significantly different pairs. Captures of L. borealis were higher over permanent waters than along riparian corridors or in uplands. Bray-Curtis polar ordination suggested that landscape features such as beaver ponds and impoundments influenced habitat use by bats more than forest-cover type. Discriminant function analysis identified 713 bat calls (≥ 95% confidence) using ANABAT II detectors. Lasiurus borealis and P. subflavus were more frequently recorded by ANABAT II than northern myotis (Myotis septentrionalis) among the three forestcover classes and among the three landscape-feature classes. Planned, a priori, contrast indicated that for 25 nights when mists nets and acoustic detectors were used simultaneously, mean number of bat species detected for the pooled results of both techniques was higher than the average number of species detected by the mean of each of the two techniques separately. Mean number of bat species detected by the ANABAT II system was higher than mean number detected by mist netting.
{"title":"Habitat Use by Bats on the Upper Coastal Plain of Virginia","authors":"A. Bellows, J. Mitchell","doi":"10.25778/ZYS5-H398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/ZYS5-H398","url":null,"abstract":"We monitored bat activity on the upper Coastal Plain of Virginia using mist nets and acoustic detection (ANABAT) during April-October 2000 and April-August 2001. We classified forty sites into three forest-cover classes (pine forest, mixed pine, and hardwood forest) and three landscape-feature classes (permanent water, riparian corridor, and upland). We captured 406 bats (8 species) in mist nets; red bats (Lasiurus borealis; n = 281), big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus; n = 47), and eastern pipistrelles (Pipistrellus subflavus; n = 36) were the most commonly captured species. We captured fewer than 30 individuals of five other species. There were no significant differences in captures per 100 net nights for overall captures or for individual species among forest-cover classes. Overall captures per 100 net nights differed significantly among landscape-feature classes; however, post-hoc analyses could not tease out significantly different pairs. Captures of L. borealis were higher over permanent waters than along riparian corridors or in uplands. Bray-Curtis polar ordination suggested that landscape features such as beaver ponds and impoundments influenced habitat use by bats more than forest-cover type. Discriminant function analysis identified 713 bat calls (≥ 95% confidence) using ANABAT II detectors. Lasiurus borealis and P. subflavus were more frequently recorded by ANABAT II than northern myotis (Myotis septentrionalis) among the three forestcover classes and among the three landscape-feature classes. Planned, a priori, contrast indicated that for 25 nights when mists nets and acoustic detectors were used simultaneously, mean number of bat species detected for the pooled results of both techniques was higher than the average number of species detected by the mean of each of the two techniques separately. Mean number of bat species detected by the ANABAT II system was higher than mean number detected by mist netting.","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82386144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Network security specialists use machine learning algorithms to detect computer network attacks and prevent unauthorized access to their networks. Traditionally, signature and anomaly detection techniques have been used for network defense. However, detection techniques must adapt to keep pace with continuously changing security attacks. Therefore, machine learning algorithms always learn from experience and are appropriate tools for this adaptation. In this paper, ten machine learning algorithms were trained with the KDD99 dataset with labels, then they were tested with different dataset without labels. The researchers investigate the speed and the efficiency of these machine learning algorithms in terms of several selected benchmarks such as time to build models, kappa statistic, root mean squared error, accuracy by attack class, and percentage of correctly classified instances of the classifier algorithms.
{"title":"A Comparative Study on Machine Learning Algorithms for Network Defense","authors":"Abdinur Ali, Y. Hu, C. Hsieh, Mushtaq Khan","doi":"10.25778/PEXS-2309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/PEXS-2309","url":null,"abstract":"Network security specialists use machine learning algorithms to detect computer network attacks and prevent unauthorized access to their networks. Traditionally, signature and anomaly detection techniques have been used for network defense. However, detection techniques must adapt to keep pace with continuously changing security attacks. Therefore, machine learning algorithms always learn from experience and are appropriate tools for this adaptation. In this paper, ten machine learning algorithms were trained with the KDD99 dataset with labels, then they were tested with different dataset without labels. The researchers investigate the speed and the efficiency of these machine learning algorithms in terms of several selected benchmarks such as time to build models, kappa statistic, root mean squared error, accuracy by attack class, and percentage of correctly classified instances of the classifier algorithms.","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91424208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-0266 (HGS: 15 Fillmore Avenue, Danbury, CT 06811) *Corresponding author: brose@odu.edu ABSTRACT We used monthly live trapping for 2.5 years to evaluate the life-history features of the most common small mammal, Sigmodon hispidus (hispid cotton rat), in an old field at its northern limit of distribution on the Atlantic Coast. Peak densities, achieved in late autumn or early winter, were among the highest recorded for the species and were more typical of geographically marginal populations rather than of central ones. Unlike some other marginal populations, hispid cotton rats in southeastern Virginia did not lose significant body mass over the winter (when few juveniles were present) and survival in winter was not significantly different from that of other seasons, perhaps due to the moderating effects on winter temperatures of the nearby Atlantic Ocean and Chesapeake Bay. Our study provides support for the presence of spring and autumn cohorts, with long-lived animals being drawn almost entirely from the latter. INTRODUCTION Sigmodon hispidus Say and Ord (hispid cotton rat), a 100-g herbivorous rodent, is the sole member of a tropical genus broadly distributed across the southern US, for which the northward expansion of its distributional range into the central states and along the
摘要采用月度活捕法，对美国大西洋沿岸最常见的小哺乳动物褐棉鼠(Sigmodon hispidus)的生活史特征进行了为期2.5年的研究。最高密度出现在深秋或初冬，在地理边缘种群中比在中心种群中更为典型。与其他一些边缘种群不同，弗吉尼亚州东南部的麻斑棉鼠在冬季(当很少有幼崽出现时)没有明显的体重下降，冬季的存活率与其他季节没有明显的不同，这可能是由于附近大西洋和切萨皮克湾的冬季温度的缓和作用。我们的研究为春季和秋季种群的存在提供了支持，长寿的动物几乎全部来自后者。棉花大鼠(Sigmodon hispidus Say and Ord)是一种100克的草食性啮齿动物，是广泛分布于美国南部的热带属的唯一成员，因此其分布范围向北扩展到中部各州和沿太平洋
{"title":"Population Dynamics of the Cotton Rat in Southeastern Virginia","authors":"R. K. Rose, Heather Green Salamone","doi":"10.25778/KBFS-QP29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/KBFS-QP29","url":null,"abstract":"Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-0266 (HGS: 15 Fillmore Avenue, Danbury, CT 06811) *Corresponding author: brose@odu.edu ABSTRACT We used monthly live trapping for 2.5 years to evaluate the life-history features of the most common small mammal, Sigmodon hispidus (hispid cotton rat), in an old field at its northern limit of distribution on the Atlantic Coast. Peak densities, achieved in late autumn or early winter, were among the highest recorded for the species and were more typical of geographically marginal populations rather than of central ones. Unlike some other marginal populations, hispid cotton rats in southeastern Virginia did not lose significant body mass over the winter (when few juveniles were present) and survival in winter was not significantly different from that of other seasons, perhaps due to the moderating effects on winter temperatures of the nearby Atlantic Ocean and Chesapeake Bay. Our study provides support for the presence of spring and autumn cohorts, with long-lived animals being drawn almost entirely from the latter. INTRODUCTION Sigmodon hispidus Say and Ord (hispid cotton rat), a 100-g herbivorous rodent, is the sole member of a tropical genus broadly distributed across the southern US, for which the northward expansion of its distributional range into the central states and along the","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75692595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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