Abstract This article explores the historical and recent patterns of Armenian emigration and immigration and the impact that the population shifts have had and are having. The interconnections between peoples' homeland and new land and the intersection among institutions in the homeland and new land are illustrated. The development of social work as a profession along with a variety of non-governmental organizations in Armenia developed through a unique collaboration between a school of social work in the United States and the major university in Armenia is discussed and illustrated.
{"title":"Armenian Refugees and Displaced Persons and the Birth of Armenian Social Work","authors":"N. A. Humphreys, L. Haroutunian","doi":"10.1300/J191v02n01_03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J191v02n01_03","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article explores the historical and recent patterns of Armenian emigration and immigration and the impact that the population shifts have had and are having. The interconnections between peoples' homeland and new land and the intersection among institutions in the homeland and new land are illustrated. The development of social work as a profession along with a variety of non-governmental organizations in Armenia developed through a unique collaboration between a school of social work in the United States and the major university in Armenia is discussed and illustrated.","PeriodicalId":235181,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Services","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129383654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This study examined (1) the ethnicity and language similarity between professional staff and service users, and (2) client satisfaction in ethnic-specific services (ESS) agencies serving Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPI). A combined method of agency survey and focus groups was used to collect the data. Findings indicate that ESS served a diverse AAPI population, although some ethnic and language sub-groups remain to be under served. Service users clearly prefer ESS, which is associated with a higher level of trust than mainstream services. However, staff simply sharing similar language or ethnic background does not automatically warrant trust. Trust is developed through a sense of respect that staff demonstrates within a cultural context. The feeling of trust is likely to determine AAPI clients' commitment to remain in treatment, a prior condition for achieving any desirable outcome.
{"title":"Ethnicity, Language Capacity, and Perception of Ethnic-Specific Services Agencies in Asian American and Pacific Islander Communities","authors":"J. Chow, P. Wyatt","doi":"10.1300/J191v01n03_03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J191v01n03_03","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study examined (1) the ethnicity and language similarity between professional staff and service users, and (2) client satisfaction in ethnic-specific services (ESS) agencies serving Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPI). A combined method of agency survey and focus groups was used to collect the data. Findings indicate that ESS served a diverse AAPI population, although some ethnic and language sub-groups remain to be under served. Service users clearly prefer ESS, which is associated with a higher level of trust than mainstream services. However, staff simply sharing similar language or ethnic background does not automatically warrant trust. Trust is developed through a sense of respect that staff demonstrates within a cultural context. The feeling of trust is likely to determine AAPI clients' commitment to remain in treatment, a prior condition for achieving any desirable outcome.","PeriodicalId":235181,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Services","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131075562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In a community sample of 159 Mexican Americans from low socioeconomic stratum, the immigrants (N = 84) showed a slightly lower depression level, though statistically nonsignificant, when compared with the native born (N = 75). The immigrants showed signs of resilience as they were significantly more likely to be employed, had higher income, and experienced less stress but comparable social support. For both groups, higher stress and passive coping significantly predicted higher depression level. Total social support, active coping, and younger age also significantly ameliorated depression for the native born. Among the various types of stress and social support, only family-related sources were significant in predicting depression, indicating the impact of familism on Mexican Americans.
{"title":"Stress, Social Support, and Coping as Predictors of Depression Level","authors":"W. Kung, Irma Castañeda, P. Lee","doi":"10.1300/J191v01n03_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J191v01n03_04","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In a community sample of 159 Mexican Americans from low socioeconomic stratum, the immigrants (N = 84) showed a slightly lower depression level, though statistically nonsignificant, when compared with the native born (N = 75). The immigrants showed signs of resilience as they were significantly more likely to be employed, had higher income, and experienced less stress but comparable social support. For both groups, higher stress and passive coping significantly predicted higher depression level. Total social support, active coping, and younger age also significantly ameliorated depression for the native born. Among the various types of stress and social support, only family-related sources were significant in predicting depression, indicating the impact of familism on Mexican Americans.","PeriodicalId":235181,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Services","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128469993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Korean and other Asian adoptees are increasingly becoming a part of the racial landscape in the United States, although their presence is omitted or minimally addressed in Asian diasporic studies. In 1999, after 45 years of “feeling shame and a sense of guilt” (Lee, 1999, para. 3) First Lady Hee-Ho Lee marked the South Korean government's official recognition of adoptees as overseas Koreans. As involuntary immigrants, this population has both shared and unique experiences with other Korean immigrants. Current literature on Asian American acculturation, assimilation, and identity does not capture the experiences of Asian adoptees (McDonald&Balgopal, 1998; Min&Kim, 2000; Oyserman&Sakamoto, 1997; Phinney et al., 2000; Tse, 1999). This article presents quantitative research that considered the constructs of ethnic and racial identity for Korean adoptees, their relationship to each other, and to the process of acculturation. This study of adoptees (N = 69), ranging in age from early-adolescence to young adulthood, explored the relationships between racial identity, ethnic identity, and acculturation in transracial Korean adoptees. The research was exploratory in nature and entailed a quantitative design comprised of three objective instruments measuring racial identity, ethnic identity, and acculturation. Findings indicated that the group was characterized as embracing both their Korean heritage and white middle-class upbringing with a somewhat greater need for assimilation or inclusion into the Korean community than differentiation from it. While adoptees are highly acculturated into the mainstream, they seem to journey, as do other immigrants, through a process of defining what ethnicity and race means to them.
韩国人和其他被收养的亚洲人正日益成为美国种族景观的一部分，尽管他们的存在在亚洲流散研究中被忽略或很少提及。1999年，在经历了45年的“羞耻和内疚感”之后(Lee, 1999，第18段)。3)李姬镐夫人标志着韩国政府正式承认被收养者为海外同胞作为非自愿移民，他们与其他韩国移民有着共同而独特的经历。目前关于亚裔美国人的文化适应、同化和身份认同的文献没有捕捉到亚裔被收养者的经历(McDonald&Balgopal, 1998;Min&Kim, 2000;Oyserman&Sakamoto, 1997;Phinney et al.， 2000;谢霆锋,1999)。本文提出了一项定量研究，考虑了韩国被收养者的民族和种族认同的构建，他们彼此之间的关系，以及文化适应的过程。本研究以被收养者(N = 69)为研究对象，年龄范围从青春期早期到成年早期，探讨了跨种族韩国被收养者的种族认同、民族认同和文化适应之间的关系。这项研究本质上是探索性的，需要一个定量设计，包括三个客观工具，测量种族认同、民族认同和文化适应。研究结果表明，该群体的特点是既拥有韩国血统，又接受白人中产阶级的教育，更需要同化或融入韩国社区，而不是与之区分开来。虽然被收养者已经高度融入主流文化，但他们似乎和其他移民一样，经历了一个定义种族和种族对他们意味着什么的过程。
{"title":"Expanding the Definition of Asian Diasporic Studies","authors":"K. Bergquist","doi":"10.1300/J191v01n03_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J191v01n03_02","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Korean and other Asian adoptees are increasingly becoming a part of the racial landscape in the United States, although their presence is omitted or minimally addressed in Asian diasporic studies. In 1999, after 45 years of “feeling shame and a sense of guilt” (Lee, 1999, para. 3) First Lady Hee-Ho Lee marked the South Korean government's official recognition of adoptees as overseas Koreans. As involuntary immigrants, this population has both shared and unique experiences with other Korean immigrants. Current literature on Asian American acculturation, assimilation, and identity does not capture the experiences of Asian adoptees (McDonald&Balgopal, 1998; Min&Kim, 2000; Oyserman&Sakamoto, 1997; Phinney et al., 2000; Tse, 1999). This article presents quantitative research that considered the constructs of ethnic and racial identity for Korean adoptees, their relationship to each other, and to the process of acculturation. This study of adoptees (N = 69), ranging in age from early-adolescence to young adulthood, explored the relationships between racial identity, ethnic identity, and acculturation in transracial Korean adoptees. The research was exploratory in nature and entailed a quantitative design comprised of three objective instruments measuring racial identity, ethnic identity, and acculturation. Findings indicated that the group was characterized as embracing both their Korean heritage and white middle-class upbringing with a somewhat greater need for assimilation or inclusion into the Korean community than differentiation from it. While adoptees are highly acculturated into the mainstream, they seem to journey, as do other immigrants, through a process of defining what ethnicity and race means to them.","PeriodicalId":235181,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Services","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130619902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract On October 6, 2000, President Clinton signed the Inter-country Adoption Act of 2000 (H.R. 2909), which represents the United States' implementation of the 1993 Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect on Intercountry Adoption (Joint Council on International Children's Services, 2000). The Ratification of this international treaty came about as increasing attention was brought to the need for greater oversight of Intercountry adopters both into and out of the United States. Over the past decade, the number of United States citizens adopting children from overseas has more than doubled. There are also an increasing number of children who are United States citizens that are being adopted by citizens of other countries. Both the United States and Guatemala have established policies of participation in Inter-country adoption as sending nations primarily to address the problem of how to best care for children permanently separated from their families of origin. However, further analysis indicated that there are problems that these policies indirectly address which are much more complex. The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze these policies.
{"title":"Intercountry Adoption from Guatemala and the United States","authors":"Kate Gresham, L. Nackerud, Ed Risler","doi":"10.1300/J191V01N03_01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J191V01N03_01","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract On October 6, 2000, President Clinton signed the Inter-country Adoption Act of 2000 (H.R. 2909), which represents the United States' implementation of the 1993 Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect on Intercountry Adoption (Joint Council on International Children's Services, 2000). The Ratification of this international treaty came about as increasing attention was brought to the need for greater oversight of Intercountry adopters both into and out of the United States. Over the past decade, the number of United States citizens adopting children from overseas has more than doubled. There are also an increasing number of children who are United States citizens that are being adopted by citizens of other countries. Both the United States and Guatemala have established policies of participation in Inter-country adoption as sending nations primarily to address the problem of how to best care for children permanently separated from their families of origin. However, further analysis indicated that there are problems that these policies indirectly address which are much more complex. The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze these policies.","PeriodicalId":235181,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Services","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128398683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In an exploratory study of loss and recuperation in six Bosnian refugees, loss of place, home, and a way of life appeared to be overwhelming. In spite of such major losses, respondents used numerous coping mechanisms to deal with the loss. Cognitive coping appeared to be more appropriate, given the limited avenues for active coping. Making meaning out of their experience appeared to be an important avenue of healing. Some used limited active and emotional coping that when combined with cognitive methods helped give them a sense of control over their situation, however minor. Thus they could maintain a part of themselves unaffected by the onslaught of trauma and loss.
{"title":"Loss and Recovery in War Refugees","authors":"Margaret J. Oakes","doi":"10.1300/J191v01n02_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J191v01n02_04","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In an exploratory study of loss and recuperation in six Bosnian refugees, loss of place, home, and a way of life appeared to be overwhelming. In spite of such major losses, respondents used numerous coping mechanisms to deal with the loss. Cognitive coping appeared to be more appropriate, given the limited avenues for active coping. Making meaning out of their experience appeared to be an important avenue of healing. Some used limited active and emotional coping that when combined with cognitive methods helped give them a sense of control over their situation, however minor. Thus they could maintain a part of themselves unaffected by the onslaught of trauma and loss.","PeriodicalId":235181,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Services","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125039554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper addresses the burgeoning Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) crisis in the black community in the United States, particularly black women. A cognitive-behavioral skills-building HIV prevention intervention tailored to the realities of blacks in South Africa is presented as a model that may be modified and adapted for HIV prevention among blacks in the United States. This model of HIV prevention must view blacks as a heterogeneous group that includes African immigrants, and cognitive-behavioral skills-building HIV prevention interventions tailored to the realities of black women are needed for the prevention of heterosexually transmitted HIV infection. The implementation of HIV interventions within accessible sexually transmitted diseases (STD) testing and treatment programs will provide the combined clinical-behavioral approach that is missing in HIV prevention interventions among blacks in the United States.
{"title":"Exploring a Model of HIV Prevention Using a Cognitive-Behavioral Skills-Building Framework with Black Immigrants","authors":"B. Hadden","doi":"10.1300/J191v01n02_05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J191v01n02_05","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper addresses the burgeoning Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) crisis in the black community in the United States, particularly black women. A cognitive-behavioral skills-building HIV prevention intervention tailored to the realities of blacks in South Africa is presented as a model that may be modified and adapted for HIV prevention among blacks in the United States. This model of HIV prevention must view blacks as a heterogeneous group that includes African immigrants, and cognitive-behavioral skills-building HIV prevention interventions tailored to the realities of black women are needed for the prevention of heterosexually transmitted HIV infection. The implementation of HIV interventions within accessible sexually transmitted diseases (STD) testing and treatment programs will provide the combined clinical-behavioral approach that is missing in HIV prevention interventions among blacks in the United States.","PeriodicalId":235181,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Services","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131890967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract As cultural and ethnic diversity increases in American society, it becomes crucial for professionals working with alcohol abusing clients to gain cultural sensitivity. This article seeks to aid the clinician in culturally sensitive treatment with Korean immigrant alcohol abusers. As an aid to providing effective treatment for this population, the following areas are discussed: the pattern of Korean immigration to the United States; the prevalence of alcohol abuse among Korean Americans; the influence of sociocultural, psychological, and physiological factors on Korean American alcohol use; and intervention strategies for working with this population.
{"title":"Working with Korean Immigrant Alcohol Abusing Clients","authors":"S. Shin, E. Hutton","doi":"10.1300/J191v01n02_01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J191v01n02_01","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract As cultural and ethnic diversity increases in American society, it becomes crucial for professionals working with alcohol abusing clients to gain cultural sensitivity. This article seeks to aid the clinician in culturally sensitive treatment with Korean immigrant alcohol abusers. As an aid to providing effective treatment for this population, the following areas are discussed: the pattern of Korean immigration to the United States; the prevalence of alcohol abuse among Korean Americans; the influence of sociocultural, psychological, and physiological factors on Korean American alcohol use; and intervention strategies for working with this population.","PeriodicalId":235181,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Services","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128059732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper applies contemporary conceptual models and empirical knowledge about posttraumatic growth to the experience of immigration. Current models and knowledge about potential positive effects and personal growth in the aftermath of trauma are reviewed and their relevance to immigration is discussed and illustrated, challenging the exclusive focus in the existing immigration literature on the hardships of relocation and their negative effects. Implications for clinical intervention are offered.
{"title":"Immigration and Posttraumatic Growth-A Missing Link","authors":"Roni Berger, Tzipi Weiss","doi":"10.1300/J191v01n02_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J191v01n02_02","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper applies contemporary conceptual models and empirical knowledge about posttraumatic growth to the experience of immigration. Current models and knowledge about potential positive effects and personal growth in the aftermath of trauma are reviewed and their relevance to immigration is discussed and illustrated, challenging the exclusive focus in the existing immigration literature on the hardships of relocation and their negative effects. Implications for clinical intervention are offered.","PeriodicalId":235181,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Services","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127586477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This study attempted to replicate a study that examined severity of physical child abuse among Barbados families with a sample of Caribbean families known to the New York City public child welfare agency. Study findings did not support the hypothesis that child abuse in the Caribbean community is linked to cultural child-rearing norms sanctioning the use of physical punishment of children, but were consistent with the largest body of research indicating that child abuse and neglect are driven by the complex interaction of interpersonal, economic, social and environmental factors.
{"title":"Dimensions of Child Abuse and Neglect Among Native and Immigrant Caribbean Families","authors":"A. Carten, Letnie Rock, Christiana Best-Cummings","doi":"10.1300/J191v01n02_03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J191v01n02_03","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study attempted to replicate a study that examined severity of physical child abuse among Barbados families with a sample of Caribbean families known to the New York City public child welfare agency. Study findings did not support the hypothesis that child abuse in the Caribbean community is linked to cultural child-rearing norms sanctioning the use of physical punishment of children, but were consistent with the largest body of research indicating that child abuse and neglect are driven by the complex interaction of interpersonal, economic, social and environmental factors.","PeriodicalId":235181,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Services","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129209004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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