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The challenges of open-world software 开放世界软件的挑战
Pub Date : 2007-02-05 DOI: 10.1145/1216993.1216995
C. Ghezzi
Software has been evolving from pre-defined, monolithic, centralized architectures to decentralized, distributed, dynamically composed federations of components whose goal is to provide useful services. Software processes have been evolving along similar lines, from pre-specified sequential work- flows to decentralized and multi-organization endeavors. The organizations to which software solutions are targeted have also been evolving from highly structured to agile and networked enterprises. All this is affecting the way software is engineered (i.e., conceived, architected, and produced).Software applications increasingly live in an open world: They are embedded in dynamically evolvable environments and must adapt to continuous and even unpredictable change. Accordingly, software architectures need to evolve dynamically and must support reconfiguration and self-organizing features to respond to change requirements. Programming languages and their underlying support infrastructure, in turn, must provide specific features to support this level of dynamism. The traditional approaches followed to ensure software quality, which focus exclusively on pre-runtime validation, are inadequate in this new context. Continuous validation becomes necessary: validation must extend to after the system is deployed and running.The talk surveys the main architectural styles that support dynamic software compositions, the language and infrastructure requirements, and provides a view of the validation process for dynamically evolvable software systems.
软件已经从预定义的、单一的、集中的体系结构发展到分散的、分布式的、动态组成的组件联合,其目标是提供有用的服务。软件过程已经沿着类似的路线发展,从预先指定的顺序工作流到分散的和多组织的努力。软件解决方案的目标组织也已经从高度结构化的企业发展到敏捷和网络化的企业。所有这些都影响着软件的设计方式(即,构思、架构和生产)。软件应用程序越来越多地生活在一个开放的世界中:它们嵌入在动态发展的环境中,必须适应持续的甚至不可预测的变化。因此,软件架构需要动态发展,并且必须支持重新配置和自组织特性,以响应变化的需求。反过来,编程语言及其底层支持基础结构必须提供特定的特性来支持这种级别的动态性。用于确保软件质量的传统方法,只关注于运行前验证,在这种新的环境下是不够的。持续验证变得必要:验证必须扩展到系统部署和运行之后。该演讲调查了支持动态软件组合的主要架构风格、语言和基础架构需求,并提供了动态可发展软件系统验证过程的视图。
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引用次数: 6
Performance analysis of security aspects in UML models UML模型中安全方面的性能分析
Pub Date : 2007-02-05 DOI: 10.1145/1216993.1217010
D. Petriu, C. Woodside, D. Petriu, Jing Xu, Toqeer Israr, Geri Georg, R. France, J. Bieman, S. Houmb, J. Jürjens
The focus of the paper is on the analysis of performance effects of different security solutions modeled as aspects in UML. Aspect oriented modeling (AOM) allows software designers to isolate and separately address solutions for crosscutting concerns, which are defined as distinct UML aspect models, then are composed with the primary UML model of the system under development. For performance analysis we use techniques developed previously in the PUMA project, which take as input UML models annotated with the standard UML Profile for Schedulability, Performance and Time (SPT), and transform them first into Core Scenario Model (CSM) and then into different performance models. The contribution of this paper is in performing the composition of the aspects with the primary model at the CSM level. The input is represented by the primary model and a number of aspect models in UML+SPT, which are processed as follows: a) converted separately to CSM; b) composed into a single CSM model; c) transformed into a Layered Queueing Networks (LQN) model and d) analyzed. The proposed approach is illustrated with a case study based on two standards, TPC-W and SSL.
本文的重点是分析在UML中建模为方面的不同安全解决方案的性能影响。面向方面的建模(AOM)允许软件设计人员为横切关注点隔离并单独处理解决方案,这些解决方案被定义为不同的UML方面模型,然后与正在开发的系统的主要UML模型组合在一起。对于性能分析,我们使用先前在PUMA项目中开发的技术,它采用带有可调度性、性能和时间(SPT)标准UML概要文件注释的输入UML模型,并首先将它们转换为核心场景模型(CSM),然后转换为不同的性能模型。本文的贡献是在CSM层面上用主要模型进行方面的组合。输入由UML+SPT中的主要模型和许多方面模型表示,它们按照以下方式进行处理:a)分别转换为CSM;b)组成单个CSM模型;c)转化为分层排队网络(LQN)模型;d)分析。通过一个基于两个标准(TPC-W和SSL)的案例研究说明了所提出的方法。
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引用次数: 39
Deriving distribution of thread service time in layered queueing networks 导出分层排队网络中线程服务时间的分布
Pub Date : 2007-02-05 DOI: 10.1145/1216993.1217007
T. Omari, Salem Derisavi, G. Franks
Replication is a technique used in distributed systems to improve performance, availability, and reliability. In replication schemes, often a J out of $N$ voting pattern (also called quorum) is used in which the quorum waits for J replies to arrive. Integrating a quorum scheme into the Layered Queueing Network (LQN) performance modeling language necessitates the computation of the quorum response time as the Jth order statistic. To do so, we need the exact (or an accurate estimation of the) time distribution of individual replies. This distribution was estimated in previous work but only for the special case of (J=N) and yields large errors for J « N. This paper presents a new analytic approach for the derivation of the distributions. Under a number of assumptions, we derive closed form expressions for the probability distribution functions of the replies. The application of our new approach on a number of LQN models shows that, even for models that violate those assumptions, it is far more accurate than previous approaches and it yields an error less than 10% for most example models.
复制是一种在分布式系统中用于提高性能、可用性和可靠性的技术。在复制方案中,通常使用J out of $N$投票模式(也称为quorum),其中quorum等待J个应答到达。将仲裁方案集成到分层排队网络(LQN)性能建模语言中,需要计算仲裁响应时间作为第j阶统计量。要做到这一点,我们需要准确(或准确估计)每个回复的时间分布。这种分布在以前的工作中估计过,但只适用于(J=N)的特殊情况,并且对J«N产生很大的误差。本文提出了一种新的分析方法来推导分布。在若干假设条件下,我们导出了回答的概率分布函数的封闭形式表达式。我们的新方法在许多LQN模型上的应用表明,即使对于违反这些假设的模型,它也比以前的方法准确得多,并且对大多数示例模型产生的误差小于10%。
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引用次数: 5
Model-Based performance prediction with the palladio component model 基于模型的palladio分量模型性能预测
Pub Date : 2007-02-05 DOI: 10.1145/1216993.1217006
Steffen Becker, H. Koziolek, Ralf H. Reussner
One aim of component-based software engineering (CBSE) is to enable the prediction of extra-functional properties, such as performance and reliability, utilising a well-defined composition theory. Nowadays, such theories and their accompanying prediction methods are still in a maturation stage. Several factors influencing extra-functional properties need additional research to be understood. A special problem in CBSE stems from its specific development process: Software components should be specified and implemented independent from their later context to enable reuse. Thus, extra-functional properties of components need to be specified in a parametric way to take different influence factors like the hardware platform or the usage profile into account. In our approach, we use the Palladio Component Model (PCM) to specify component-based software architectures in a parametric way. This model offers direct support of the CBSE development process by dividing the model creation among the developer roles. In this paper, we present our model and a simulation tool based on it, which is capable of making performance predictions. Within a case study, we show that the resulting prediction accuracy can be sufficient to support the evaluation of architectural design decisions.
基于组件的软件工程(CBSE)的一个目标是利用定义良好的组合理论来预测额外的功能属性,例如性能和可靠性。目前,这类理论及其预测方法还处于成熟阶段。影响超功能特性的几个因素需要进一步研究才能理解。CBSE中的一个特殊问题源于其特定的开发过程:软件组件的指定和实现应该独立于它们后来的上下文,以支持重用。因此,组件的额外功能属性需要以参数化方式指定,以考虑硬件平台或使用概要等不同的影响因素。在我们的方法中,我们使用Palladio组件模型(PCM)以参数化的方式指定基于组件的软件架构。通过在开发人员角色之间划分模型创建,该模型提供了对CBSE开发过程的直接支持。在本文中,我们提出了我们的模型和基于该模型的仿真工具,该工具能够进行性能预测。在一个案例研究中,我们展示了结果预测的准确性足以支持架构设计决策的评估。
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引用次数: 225
Engineering grid applications and middleware for high performance 工程网格应用程序和中间件的高性能
Pub Date : 2007-02-05 DOI: 10.1145/1216993.1217019
U. Farooq, S. Majumdar, E. Parsons
Meeting QoS objectives of applications while maintaining high system utilization is a challenging task in multi-institutional Grids. In this paper, we effectively engineer Grid applications and resource management middleware for achieving user satisfaction and high resource utilizations. The paper presents a complete framework based on advance reservations (ARs) for resource management in Grids. The framework is capable of providing QoS guarantees to applications while maintaining high resource utilizations. The paper focuses on the scheduling component of the framework and presents a novel heuristic-based algorithm, Grid Scheduling with Deadlines (GSD), for an NP-Complete problem of scheduling ARs with laxities on a shared resource. GSD can be configured with the help of pluggable strategies to adapt to various workload conditions and needs of the system. The paper studies with the aid of an extensive set of experiments the effect of various workload and system parameters on system performance. It is not always possible to accurately predict the runtimes of the jobs. The paper discusses the impact of error in user-estimated runtimes on system performance and investigates strategies to avoid substandard performance resulting from such inaccuracies. Experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of our methodology.
在多机构网格中,满足应用程序的QoS目标同时保持高系统利用率是一项具有挑战性的任务。在本文中,我们有效地设计网格应用程序和资源管理中间件,以实现用户满意度和高资源利用率。提出了一种基于提前预约的网格资源管理框架。该框架能够为应用程序提供QoS保证,同时保持较高的资源利用率。本文重点研究了该框架的调度组件,提出了一种新的启发式算法——带时限的网格调度(GSD),用于解决共享资源上具有松弛度的ar调度的np -完全问题。GSD可以通过可插拔策略进行配置,以适应各种工作负载条件和系统需求。本文通过大量的实验研究了各种负载和系统参数对系统性能的影响。并不总是能够准确地预测作业的运行时。本文讨论了用户估计运行时误差对系统性能的影响,并探讨了避免这种误差导致系统性能不合格的策略。实验结果证明了该方法的有效性。
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引用次数: 7
A model-driven approach to performability analysis of dynamically reconfigurable component-based systems 动态可重构组件系统的可执行性分析的模型驱动方法
Pub Date : 2007-02-05 DOI: 10.1145/1216993.1217011
V. Grassi, R. Mirandola, A. Sabetta
Dynamic reconfiguration techniques appear promising to build component-based (C-B) systems for application domains that have strong adaptability requirements, like the mobile and the service-oriented computing domains. However, introducing dynamic reconfiguration features into a C-B application makes even more challenging the design and verification of functional and non functional requirements. Our goal is to support the model-based analysis of the effectiveness of reconfigurable C-B applications, with a focus on the assessment of the non-functional performance and reliability attributes. As a first step towards this end, we address the issue of selecting suitable analysis models for reconfigurable systems, suggesting to this end the use of joint performance and reliability (performability) models. Furthermore, we propose a model-driven approach to automatically transform a design model into an analysis model. For this purpose, we build on the existence of intermediate languages that have been proposed to facilitate this transformation and we extend one of them, to capture the core features (from a performance/reliability viewpoint) of a dynamically reconfigurable C-B system. Finally, we illustrate by a simple application example the main steps of the proposed approach.
动态重新配置技术似乎有望为具有强适应性需求的应用程序领域(如移动和面向服务的计算领域)构建基于组件的系统。然而,在C-B应用程序中引入动态重新配置特性会使功能性和非功能性需求的设计和验证更具挑战性。我们的目标是支持对可重构C-B应用程序的有效性进行基于模型的分析,重点是评估非功能性能和可靠性属性。作为实现这一目标的第一步,我们解决了为可重构系统选择合适的分析模型的问题,建议为此目的使用联合性能和可靠性(可执行性)模型。此外,我们提出了一种模型驱动的方法来自动地将设计模型转换为分析模型。为此,我们建立在已有的中间语言的基础上,这些语言已经被提出来促进这种转换,我们扩展了其中的一种,以捕获动态可重构C-B系统的核心特性(从性能/可靠性的角度来看)。最后,通过一个简单的应用实例说明了该方法的主要步骤。
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引用次数: 41
Performance engineering for EA systems in next generation data centresPerformance engineering for EA systems in next generation data centres 下一代数据中心EA系统的性能工程下一代数据中心EA系统的性能工程
Pub Date : 2007-02-05 DOI: 10.1145/1216993.1217004
J. Rolia, L. Cherkasova, R. Friedrich
Software Performance Engineering (SPE) methods have been in use for over two decades as an approach to manage the risks of developing systems that fail to satisfy their performance requirements. In general, SPE advocates the use of performance oriented design principles to guide design decisions and predictive performance models to assess the performance impact of design alternatives. SPE methods have been used successfully to identify and overcome system design blunders early in the Information Technology (IT) project lifecycle before the blunders are built into a system and become expensive and time consuming to correct. While the methods have been used successfully in some IT project domains, they are not widely applied in the important domain of Enterprise Application (EA) systems. This experience paper considers the reasons for this and explores the role of SPE as new EA platform and data centre technologies become available.We find that many risks traditionally addressed by SPE have been mitigated by the nature of existing EA platforms, the nature of today's IT projects for EA, and an attention to business process modeling. Furthermore, the design and implementation of future EA systems will see some performance risks reduced even further by new EA and IT system management platforms for Next Generation Data Centres. However, we expect that the nature of EA systems to be built is becoming more complex. As a result some familiar performance risks will re-emerge along with new runtime risks. We believe that SPE methods can help to mitigate such risks and describe research challenges that must be addressed to make this a reality.
软件性能工程(SPE)方法作为一种管理开发系统无法满足其性能需求的风险的方法已经使用了20多年。一般来说,SPE提倡使用面向性能的设计原则来指导设计决策,并使用预测性能模型来评估设计备选方案对性能的影响。SPE方法已经成功地用于在信息技术(IT)项目生命周期的早期识别和克服系统设计错误,防止错误被构建到系统中,从而变得昂贵和耗时。虽然这些方法已经在一些IT项目领域中得到了成功的应用,但是它们并没有在企业应用系统的重要领域中得到广泛的应用。本文探讨了其中的原因,并探讨了随着新的EA平台和数据中心技术的出现,SPE所扮演的角色。我们发现,传统上由SPE处理的许多风险已经被现有EA平台的性质、当今EA IT项目的性质以及对业务流程建模的关注所减轻。此外,下一代数据中心的新EA和IT系统管理平台将进一步降低未来EA系统的设计和实现中的一些性能风险。然而,我们期望要构建的EA系统的性质变得更加复杂。因此,一些熟悉的性能风险将与新的运行时风险一起重新出现。我们相信SPE方法可以帮助减轻这些风险,并描述必须解决的研究挑战,以实现这一目标。
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引用次数: 1
Performance analysis of mobile agents tracking 移动代理跟踪的性能分析
Pub Date : 2007-02-05 DOI: 10.1145/1216993.1217024
Elena Gómez-Martínez, S. Ilarri, J. Merseguer
Mobile agents have arisen as an interesting paradigm to build distributed applications, due to the unparalleled advantages they offer. However, along with the advantages they also present new challenges. One of the most relevant is that it is not easy to ensure efficient communication among agents that move continually from one computer to another.In this paper, we apply SPE techniques to model and analyze, how a mobile agent tracking approach addresses the highly dynamic movement problem in a distributed computing environment.
由于移动代理提供了无与伦比的优势,它已经成为构建分布式应用程序的有趣范例。然而,伴随着这些优势,它们也带来了新的挑战。其中最相关的一个问题是,要确保不断从一台计算机移动到另一台计算机的代理之间的有效通信并不容易。在本文中,我们应用SPE技术来建模和分析移动代理跟踪方法如何解决分布式计算环境中高度动态的移动问题。
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引用次数: 10
Using performance signatures and software rejuvenation for worm mitigation in tactical MANETs 使用性能签名和软件再生技术缓解战术manet中的蠕虫
Pub Date : 2007-02-05 DOI: 10.1145/1216993.1217023
Alberto Avritzer, R. Cole, E. Weyuker
In this paper, we propose a new approach for mitigation of worm propagation through tactical Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) which is based upon performance signatures and software rejuvenation. Three application performance signature and software rejuvenation algorithms are proposed and analyzed. These algorithms monitor critical applications' responsiveness and trigger actions for software rejuvenation when host resources degrade due to a co-resident worm competing for host resources. We analyze the effectiveness of our algorithms through analytic modeling and detailed, extensive simulation studies. The key performance metrics investigated are application response time, mean time between rejuvenations and the steady state probability of host infection. We also use simulation models to investigate several design and parameter tuning issues. We investigate the relationship between the rate at which the application performance monitors can detect out-of-specification applications and the rate of worm propagation in the network.
在本文中,我们提出了一种通过战术移动自组织网络(manet)缓解蠕虫传播的新方法,该方法基于性能签名和软件复兴。提出并分析了三种应用性能签名和软件复原算法。这些算法监视关键应用程序的响应性,并在主机资源由于共同驻留蠕虫争夺主机资源而降级时触发软件恢复操作。我们通过分析建模和详细、广泛的仿真研究来分析算法的有效性。研究的关键性能指标是应用程序响应时间,恢复之间的平均时间和宿主感染的稳态概率。我们还使用仿真模型来研究几个设计和参数调优问题。我们研究了应用程序性能监视器检测不规范应用程序的速率与网络中蠕虫传播速率之间的关系。
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引用次数: 13
Hybrid performance modeling approach for network intensive distributed software 网络密集型分布式软件的混合性能建模方法
Pub Date : 2007-02-05 DOI: 10.1145/1216993.1217026
Tom Verdickt, B. Dhoedt, F. Turck, P. Demeester
When designing and evaluating software architectures and network facilities for hosting demanding distributed applications, taking performance considerations into account is essential. A key factor in assessing the performance of such a distributed system is the network latency and its relation to the application behaviour. In this respect, it is important to include the performance impact of the network into the performance models used during the entire design cycle of the system.A framework is proposed that allows to model both the software and the network components separately and extracts a single set of performance estimates for the entire system. This has the advantage of allowing the network and software aspects to be modeled separately using the modeling languages and tools most suited to those system aspects. A case study is presented to illustrate the use of the framework and its usefulness in predicting system performance.
在设计和评估用于托管要求苛刻的分布式应用程序的软件体系结构和网络设施时,必须考虑性能因素。评估这种分布式系统性能的一个关键因素是网络延迟及其与应用程序行为的关系。在这方面,将网络对性能的影响纳入系统整个设计周期中使用的性能模型是很重要的。提出了一个框架,允许对软件和网络组件分别建模,并为整个系统提取一组单一的性能估计。这样做的好处是允许使用最适合这些系统方面的建模语言和工具分别对网络和软件方面进行建模。通过一个案例研究说明了该框架的使用及其在预测系统性能方面的有效性。
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引用次数: 18
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Workshop on Software and Performance
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