Urologia Journal最新文献

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and patient-reported outcomes, including satisfaction and pain level, of electroconductive (EC) and electrohydraulic (EH) extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for the treatment of ureter and kidney stones in a randomized controlled trial.

Materials and methods: A total of 56 patients were randomly allocated to the EC or EH groups. Patient and stone characteristics and treatment outcomes were compared.

Results: The stone-free rates were not different between the groups. The EH group achieved the same stone-free rates as the EC group with less energy use. Pain scores were higher in the EH group (mean 4.76 ± 3.53) than in the EC group (mean 3.04 ± 2.84), with borderline significance (p = 0.063). Satisfaction scores and radiation exposure were significantly lower in the EH group than in the EC group, regardless of the stone location. Univariate and multivariate analyses identified the total number of shocks and stone location as significant predictors of stone-free status.

Conclusions: EC and EH lithotripters demonstrated comparable efficacy and complication rates across different stone locations. While the EC group showed lower pain scores and higher satisfaction, these outcomes required greater energy use and resulted in higher radiation exposure. Patient satisfaction and pain level, as patient-reported outcomes, may be considered as additional measures alongside safety and efficacy in the evaluation of ESWL modalities.

Background: Anterior urethral strictures significantly impact urinary function and quality of life, often requiring surgical intervention. This study evaluates the histopathological characteristics of strictures and their correlation with urethroplasty outcomes.

Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 65 male patients (aged 20-60) diagnosed with anterior urethral strictures at SMS Medical College. Exclusion criteria included posterior urethral distraction defects and prior surgical interventions. Biopsies from stricture sites were analyzed for lichen sclerosus (LS) and inflammation. Urethroplasty techniques included dorsal augmentation, ventral onlay buccal mucosal graft, Asopa's dorsal inlay, and staged urethroplasty. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test, independent t-test, and ANOVA, with a significance threshold of p < 0.05.

Results: The majority of strictures were idiopathic (46.1%), followed by LS (26.1%) and iatrogenic causes (21.5%). LS was significantly associated with poorer surgical outcomes (p = 0.032). Severe inflammation within the stricture segment correlated with unsuccessful urethroplasty outcomes (p = 0.027), whereas inflammation in proximal or distal segments showed no impact. Stricture length > 8 cm also exhibited higher failure rates. The most common postoperative complication was wound infection (13.8%).

Conclusion: LS and severe inflammation are key predictors of unsuccessful urethroplasty outcomes. Histopathological evaluation should be integrated into preoperative assessment to optimize surgical planning and reduce recurrence rates. Future studies with larger cohorts and extended follow-ups are warranted to validate these findings.

Introduction: Intravesical therapy following transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) remains the standard of care for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, the global shortage of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and its notable side effect profile have driven interest in alternative agents such as gemcitabine and hyperthermic intravesical chemotherapy (HIVEC), both of which have shown promising results.

Materials and methods: A total of 100 consenting patients with intermediate- and high-risk NMIBC, as per EAU 2020 risk stratification, were enrolled at a single institution between January 2021 and July 2022. Patients were electronically randomized in a 2:1:1 ratio into three groups: gemcitabine (n = 50), HIVEC (n = 25), and BCG (n = 25). Follow-up included cystoscopy and urine cytology every 3 months. Adverse events were assessed and graded using the Modified Clavien-Dindo Classification System.

Results: At 12 months, recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 94% in the gemcitabine group, 84% in the HIVEC group, and 92% in the BCG group (p = 0.675, intention-to-treat analysis). No cases of grade or stage progression were observed. Most recurrences (88.9%) occurred in the high-risk subgroup. Treatment-related side effects were significantly more frequent in the BCG group, while gemcitabine was the most well-tolerated during both induction and maintenance phases. The most common adverse events included lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), dysuria, and urinary tract infections (UTIs).

Conclusion: Preliminary findings indicate that intravesical gemcitabine is non-inferior to BCG and HIVEC in terms of short-term efficacy, with a significantly better safety and tolerability profile. These results position gemcitabine as a viable alternative in the management of NMIBC. However, the study's limited sample size and short follow-up period necessitate larger, long-term studies to validate these outcomes.

Introduction: Elastography, introduced in the early 1990s, is a high-performing diagnostic tool that enhances conventional B-mode ultrasonography. This study assessed the diagnostic potential of ultrasound (US) elastography for early prostate cancer, using histopathology as the reference. It aimed to evaluate elastography's ability to differentiate benign from malignant prostate lesions and measure its sensitivity and specificity.

Method: From June 2020 to November 2022, 22 men with prostate lesions were enrolled in a prospective study. These patients, referred from the urology outpatient clinic, had a median prostate-specific antigen of 30.6 ng/mL and a median prostate volume of 65 mL. Strain stiffness was calculated for each lesion and subsequently compared with the corresponding histopathological diagnoses.

Results: A stiffness threshold between 35 and 37 kPa demonstrated the optimal discriminatory capacity between benign and malignant lesions, yielding a sensitivity of 83.3%, a specificity of 70%, a positive predictive value of 76.9%, a negative predictive value of 77.7%, and an overall accuracy of 77.2%.

Conclusion: Elastography is an effective diagnostic tool that enhances B-mode ultrasound specificity for prostate cancer detection. It improves differentiation between benign and malignant lesions and increases the accuracy of prostate biopsy outcomes.

Introduction: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is widely recognized as a safe, non-invasive treatment with minimal side effects. This procedure does not require anesthesia, making it an effective option for lower ureteral stones. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of ESWL in treating distal ureteral stones ranging from 5 to 15 mm in size and to identify factors influencing the treatment outcomes.

Methodology: This was a prospective hospital-based analytical cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Urology, tertiary care facility, Jaipur. Data collection for the study was started in September 2023 and completed in November 2024. A total of sixty one patients diagnosed with distal ureteral stones and undergoing ESWL treatments were enrolled in this study. The data was analyzed using SPSS 25.0 version.

Results: The average age of the participants was 49.52 ± 10.99 years, with approximately two-thirds being male. The mean stone size was 9.93 ± 2.95 mm, and the average stone density was 765.10 ± 205.88 HU. The overall success rate of the procedure was 85.2% (n = 52/61). Treatment success was significantly associated with age, stone size, and BMI (p < 0.05), but not with the patient's sex or stone laterality (p > 0.05). In the multivariate analysis, the patient's BMI was identified as the only significant predictor of treatment success.

Conclusion: ESWL is a successful, non-invasive, and practical therapeutic option for lower ureteric calculi with no significant side effects. It is an effective procedure for small size ureteric calculi up to 15 mm size, ESWL could therefore be used as the main form of treatment.

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is a major cause of obstructive uropathy in pediatric patients. However, the optimal management remains controversial. We aimed to summarize the evidence comparing surgical versus conservative treatment. We searched MEDLINE/PubMed (2016 to 31 October 2024) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) on 31 October 2024. The primary outcome was split renal function (SRF). Results were summarized in a structured table. Study quality was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool and the level of evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) working group. Our search resulted in 2.251 reports. We included two non-randomized interventional studies with 136 patients. One study reported no statistically significant difference in SRF between the study groups after 1 year of follow up, while the second study reported higher SRF in surgical group 6 months postoperatively. The studies were judged to have a serious risk of bias, and the quality of evidence was rated as very low. The paucity of eligible data precluded the performance of a meta-analysis. Our findings could not support clinical recommendations. This study highlights the lack of high-quality evidence that will come from large, prospective, well-designed trials comparing surgical intervention to updated conservative treatment options.

Background: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a crucial treatment for large renal stones and has a high success rate. Patients require comprehensive information about the procedure to make informed decisions. Effective communication between patients and physicians is essential for treatment adherence and postoperative recovery. Utilizing three-dimensional (3D) models has been shown to improve comprehension of complication and increasing confidence in both treatments and surgeons.

Method: This study involved 40 individuals planned for PCNL surgery, aged 18 to 80, confirmed through computed tomography (CT) scans. They were divided randomly into 2D and 3D groups. The 3D group received detailed information using patient-specific 3D printed kidney models, while the 2D group received education based on conventional 2D CT scan. After the educational session, participants completed a survey to assess their comprehension. Following surgery, participants rated their satisfaction on scale of 1-10. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of 3D models in patient comprehension and satisfaction in PCNL surgery.

Result: The analysis was performed on 40 individuals (23 males, 17 females). Each group comprises 20 participants, with similar demographic and stone feature characteristics. Participant ages ranged from 32 to 66 years with a mean (SD) of 50.0 (8.52) and no significant age or gender differences were seen between the groups. Patients in the 3D group showed significantly higher comprehension in various aspects and satisfaction levels (p-values<0.05).

Conclusion: Incorporating personalized 3D printed models in PCNL surgery has been shown to enhance the patients' comprehension of renal stone features and PCNL procedure. It also increases postoperative satisfaction.

Objective/purpose: This study aims to compare BPT and RC for long-term survival and quality of life outcomes in MIBC patients.

Materials and methods: The study conducted based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020, with search strategy across databases (PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and MEDLINE) used relevant keywords. RCTs, observational studies, and simulation studies were included. Each included study was evaluated with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for observational studies and the Jadad score for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Disagreements between reviewers were resolved by consensus, and inter-rater agreement was assessed using Cohen's Kappa statistic. The meta-analysis was performed with Review Manager (RevMan), v5.4.

Results: Seven studies (six retrospective cohorts, one RCT) met the inclusion criteria with a total of 25,212 patients. Analysis of four studies evaluating the comparison of BPT and RC showed no statistically significant differences in overall survival rates between the two therapies (HR = 1.14, 95%CI: 0.99-1.31, p = 0.07, I² = 0%). Subgroup analysis results showed significant differences in overall mortality (HR = 1.16, 95%CI: 0.94-1.42, p = 0.17, I² = 9%) and bladder cancer-specific mortality (HR = 1.11, 95%CI: 0.89-1.39, p = 0.34, I² = 0%) between the two treatment approaches.

Conclusion: Compared to RC, BPT generally demonstrated similar results in terms of survival, local recurrence-free survival, and disease-free survival. Treatment decisions should be individualized, considering patient preferences, tumor characteristics, and available resources.

Objective: To research the best time to provide cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and the best way to do it when treating an extensive tumor thrombosis of the inferior vena cava vein (IVC).

Results: The operating times in groups A and B were (376.7 ± 91.2) and (373.1 ± 80.7) minutes, respectively, with no statistically significant difference (t = 0.716, p > 0.05); intraoperative bleeding was (1916.7 ± 925.1) ml and (2600 ± 3756.3) ml, (t = -0.601, p < 0.05), and hospitalization was (32.3 ± 16.0) and (34.0 ± 8.0) days, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: The CPB approach has the advantages of less intraoperative blood loss, faster surgical procedures, and fewer hospitalizations.

Infertility is a disease of the reproductive system which is defined as the inability to conceive after more than 12 months of unprotected intercourse. It affects millions of people and has far-reaching impacts on quality of life, sexual dysfunction, marital impact, and societal implications. Despite advancements in understanding infertility, the cause of infertility in around 28% of cases remains unclear. This review addresses the pivotal relation between Gut microbiota (GM) and infertility. GM is now believed to interplay with the human body at different levels and is essential for our well-being. The abnormal translocation of GM to the systemic circulation, known as dysbiosis triggers an over-stimulated immune response associated with a marked increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines. This inflammatory situation may disrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and lead to disseminated inflammation ending in adhesions and obstructive lesions of the reproductive tract. Dysbiosis can also predispose individuals to obesity and insulin resistance, where both are risk factors for diabetes, hypertension, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), impaired spermatogenesis, erectile dysfunction, and infertility. GM has an inevitable role in the pharmacokinetics of many drugs and can regulate the expression of many cytochrome P450 enzymes and several transporters. Further research is needed to validate the possible implication of GM in the pathophysiology of infertility, the efficacy of infertility medications, and the potential of GM-based therapies to treat infertile couples.