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The contemporary scientific consensus recommends treatment of the Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with history of peptic ulcer independently of the stage of activity. The object of the study was to confirm the necessity for treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with duodenal peptic ulcer in stage of clinical and endoscopic remission. To investigation were submitted 55 patients divided into in two groups--30 patients treated with triple medicinal combination of metronidasol 2 x 20 mg, amoxycillin 2 x 1000 mg and metronidasol 3 x 500 mg for 7 days. The second group of 25 patients was without medicinal therapy. The observation continued for 12 months. The patients with eradicated Helicobacter pylori infection underwent significantly less relapses, while the quality of their life considerably improved.

The combination of obesity with arterial hypertension is frequent finding in clinical practice. In 70% of the males and 61% of the females the high blood pressure is directly connected with obesity. The assumed mechanisms by which obesity leads to arterial hypertension are: insuline resistance; genetic factors (hypothesis for the sparing gene); correlations leptin-neuropeptide Y; fatty tissue as origin of local pressor and depressor humoral factors. The arterial hypertension in obesity is salt-sensible, associated with increased intraglomerular pressure, microalbuminuria and increased risk for cardiovascular complications. The reduction of the body weight is the principal nonmedical mean for treatment of the arterial hypertension. Of the antihypertensive drugs those which are neutral with respect to the carbohydrat and fat metabolism are preferred inhibitors of the converting enzyme, calcium antagonists, selective alpha-1 blockers, central alpha-2 agonist.

In our previous work we found quantitative changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations (decrease in total T lymphocytes, increase in T suppressor cells and monocytes) in patients with idiopathic chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN). The aim of this study was the functional state of the immune response (lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine secretion in vitro) in order to characterize the cellular immune defects and their changes under immunomodulatory therapy. We studied 34 patients with active CGN, divided in groups treated by IVIG or combined corticosteroid and immunosuppressive therapy. We found decreased proliferative ability of PBMNC to mitogen as well as to antigen. There were increased basal production of TNF and sIL-2R and lack of increase of LPS-induced IL-1 in vitro. These deviations suggest a deficiency in cellular immune response in patients with chronic GN which was influenced by immunomodulatory therapy alongside with beneficial clinical effect.

The systemic and local immune response was studied in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis and the significance of the combined infection with HCV. To investigation were submitted 23 patients (16 males and 7 females) aged between 29 and 61 years with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Of them 14 were anti-HCV(+) and 9 anti-HCV(-). As controls were used 36 clinically healthy individuals, matched by sex and age to the patients. The flow cytometric analysis of the lymphocyte (Ly) populations from the peripheral venous blood and of cells from liver aspirate obtained by blind liver biopsy according to Menghini, was performed with FacsTAR (Becton Dickinson). In the anti-HCV(-) patients, as compared to the controls (patients/controls) the Ly subpopulations were increased: CD3+/mm3:2010 +/- 738/1440 +/- 388; CD4+/mm3:1350 +/- 441/991 +/- 442; IL-2R+/mm3:133 +/- 78.5/31 +/- 20. In the anti-HVC(+) patients we established increased IL-2R+/mm3: 170 +/- 126 as compared with the controls and anti-HCV(-) patients. The suppressor/cytotoxic (CD8+) Ly with their suppressor (CD8+CD11b+) and cytotoxic (CD8+CD11b-) subpopulations and natural killers (CD16+) had a tendency to diminution in the anti-HCV(+) patients. In both examined groups the B (CD19+) Ly were non-significantly increased. The flow cytometric analysis of the cells from the liver specimen in 9 patients of whom 3 anti-HCV(-) and 6 anti-HCV(+) revealed that CD3+ on the average were 32.8% +/- 20.4% (from 9.2% to 65.1%); CD4+ were 21.1% +/- 7.4% (from 12.0% to 34.5%); CD8+ 22.6% +/- 11.8% (from 4.7% to 39.8%) and their values were higher in the anti-HCV(+) patients; the correlation CD4+/CD8+ = 1/1.09 +/- 0.6; CD16+ were 12.9% +/- 10.1% (from 1.9% to 34.8%); CD19+ varied from 3.2% to 27.8%; monocytes (CD14+) were 7.69% +/- 5.65 (from 2.0% to 15.8%) from the cells of the aspirate and their percentage contents was higher in the anti-HCV(+) patients. The results of out study revealed that in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis changes in the cell immune response were also observed and that they were more marked in infection with HCV.

It has been observed that the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) is associated with a high incidence of fetal loss and this is thought to--a result from the vasculitis of placental circulation and subsequent thrombosis. A 38-year-old woman with second fetal loss had received oral anticoagulant after pulmonary embolism. APL were examined--anticardiolipin antibodies (aCA) were found. The third pregnancy was established and sintrom was stopped and replaced by fraxiparine 0.3 ml/24 h up to the end of the pregnancy even 20 days after delivery of a healthy baby.

An avalanche-like increase of the cases with LA during the last decades is being noticed. The pathogenesis of LA is considered, the main latex allergens are characterized and their sources are presented in details. The risk factors and risk groups for the occurrence of LA are described, as well as the clinical presentation of the disease in its different expressions. The diagnostic methods for confirmation of LA are enumerated and evaluated. The significance of prevention is emphasized.

Pain is a disagreeable subjective sensation. It is an emotional experience, related to actual or potential damage of the tissues and is a phenomenon, which is perceived unconsciously. As a frequently encountered suffering, it has definite social and economic significance. According to the pathogenesis, the pain also could be somatogenic, neurogenic and psychogenic. It has different site of occurrence: somatic (internal or external) and visceral. It evolves acutely or chronically. Clinically it is expressed as headache--primary (migraine or of straining type) and secondary (symptom of a definite illness). The cause of the pain could be inflammation (of the teeth, back pain, distortion, etc.), elevated temperature, etc. The convulsive pains could be related to menstruation. The modern treatment of the pain is carried out with nonsteroid antiinflammatory agents, which possess marked to different degree analgetic, temperature lowering and antiinflammatory action (aspirin, paracetamol, ibuprofen, etc.). In pain and particularly in headache the preparation Tomapyrin tabl. (Boehringer Ingelheim) is effective, which contains 250 mg acetylsalicylic acid, 200 mg paracetamol and 50 mg coffein. The alkaloid coffein stimulates the CNS, strengthens the striated musculature and displays marked vasoactive effect. The redistribution of the blood mass explains its effect in migraine. For exerting influence upon the pain relaxation programs have been created, physical therapy and training for mastering the stress are carried out.

Insulin resistance syndrome and its close relationship with metabolic obesity are discussed in this paper in the light of the modern view concerning the pathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms. The attention is focused on oxidative stress as imbalance between the pro-oxidant and the antioxidant systems in the organism, assumed to have a great significance for the development of many of the insulin resistance syndrome's complications. A special attention is paid on a carbonyl stress as a link between the hyperglycemia and the oxidative stress emerging in the final stages of insulin resistance. The experimental and clinical data, suggesting the relationship between oxidative stress and insulin resistance in basal as well as in provoked conditions, are summarised.

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection could affect not only the liver, but also other tissues, organs and systems. The number of the reported in the literature extrahepatic lesions by HCV incessantly increases. A reliable association between the infections by HCV and the mixed cryoglobulinaemias, membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis and porphyria cutanea tarda is confirmed. The participation of HCV in the pathogenesis of some diseases of the thyroid gland, the lymphocytic sialadenitis, lichen planus, diabetes mellitus, thrombocytopenia, antiphospholipid syndrome, etc., is assumed. The extrahepatic lesions by HCV are probably connected with the participation of the immune system, but they may be as well due to the replicating virus in the affected tissues, organs and systems. The pathogenetic mechanisms of the extrahepatic and autoimmune manifestations of the infection with HCV are not elucidated, which poses difficult therapeutic problems regarding the choice of interferon and/or corticosteroid hormones.