West African journal of pharmacology and drug research最新文献

{"title":"Ketamine induced analgesia in mice at sub-psychotomimetic dose","authors":"S. Atunwa, O. I. Adeyemi, A. R. Owolabi","doi":"10.4314/WAJPDR.V32I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJPDR.V32I1","url":null,"abstract":"SummaryThe roles of N- Methyl –D- Aspartate receptor in the processing of nociception has led to renewed clinical interest in ketamine, an antagonist of NMDA receptor. Low-dose ketamine had been reported to possess analgesic effect though the paucity and inconsistency of such data have called for direct evaluation of this claim. This study therefore explored the analgesic effect of a sub-psychotomimetic dose of ketamine (SPDK), evaluated such effect on morphine- and diclofenac-induced analgesia and determined its possible neuronal mechanism of analgesia. Mice weighing between 18-25 g were randomly distributed into two major groups consisting of Group 1 and 2 which were used for the assessment of analgesic effect and determination of neuronal mechanism of 1 mg/kg ketamine using the hot plate model; and the formalin-induced pain model respectively. Data were presented as mean ± standard error of mean SEM and analyzed using ANOVA followed by post-hoc analysis (StudentNewman-Keuls) and P < 0.05 was set as an accepted level of significance. The SPDK induced significant analgesia in the hot plate model but caused allodynia in the formalin-induced pain model. In addition, SPDK potentiated morphine-induced and diclofenac-induced analgesia in both the hot plate and formalin tests, while naloxone significantly blocked its analgesic effect at 90 minutes post-administration in the hot plate test. This study showed that SPDK induced analgesia in the acute pain model but aggravated pain in the chronic model. It also potentiated both morphine and diclofenac-induced analgesia possibly mediated through modulation of opioidergic pathway in mice.Keywords: Sub-Psychotomimetic Dose, Ketamine, morphine, diclofenac, allodynia, hot plate model, formalininduced pain model, NMDA receptors, opioidergic pathway Resume Les roles du recepteur N-Methyl-D-Aspartate dans le traitement de la nociception ont suscite un regain d’interet clinique pour la ketamine, un antagoniste du recepteur NMDA. La ketamine a faible dose aurait eu un effet analgesique, bien que la rarete et le manque de coherence de ces donnees appellent une evaluation directe de cette affirmation. Cette etude a donc explore l’effet analgesique d’une dose sous-psychotomimetique de ketamine (SPDK), evalue cet effet sur l’analgesie induite par la morphine et le diclofenac et determine son mecanisme neuronal potentiel d’analgesie. Des souris pesant entre 18 et 25 g ont ete reparties de maniere aleatoire dans deux groupes principaux composes des groupes 1 et 2, qui ont ete utilises pour evaluer l’effet analgesique et determiner le mecanisme neuronal de 1 mg / kg de ketamine a l’aide du modele a plaque chauffante; et le modele de douleur induite par la formaline respectivement. Les donnees ont ete presentees en tant que moyenne ± erreur type de l’ESM moyenne et analysees a l’aide d’une ANOVA suivie d’une analyse post-hoc (Student-Newman-Keuls) et p < 0,05 a ete defini comme un niveau de signification accepte. La SPDK a","PeriodicalId":23624,"journal":{"name":"West African journal of pharmacology and drug research","volume":"154 1","pages":"30-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73990017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of Newbouldia leavis in alloxan-induced diabetes in albino rats","authors":"J. Bosha, V. M. Ahur, I. Asuzu","doi":"10.4314/WAJPDR.V31I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJPDR.V31I1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23624,"journal":{"name":"West African journal of pharmacology and drug research","volume":"22 3","pages":"14-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72588802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of oxytocin on fertility of red sokoto goats treated with prostaglandin f 2á","authors":"B. Omontese, A. A. Adewuyi, P. Rekwot, A. I. Nwannenna, W. O. Echekwu","doi":"10.4314/WAJPDR.V30I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJPDR.V30I1","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of oxytocin (OX)  administration on conception rates in does. Red Sokoto (RS) does (n = 38) were equally allocated into 2 groups; I: does treated with prostaglandin plus normal saline (PGNS) and II: does treated with prostaglandin plus oxytocin (PGOX). Does were observed for standing oestrus behaviour and bred naturally using sexually active bucks. Results showed that oestrus response, conception and kidding rates were higher in the PGOX (73.7 %, 85.7 % and 58.3 %) than PGNS (63.2 %, 75.0 % and 55.6 %). Interval to onset of oestrus, duration of oestrus did not differ significantly (P < 0.05) between groups. We conclude that administration of oxytocin concurrent with prostaglandin F 2a enhanced oestrus response, conception and kidding rates of Red Sokoto does. Keywords : Red Sokoto does, oestrus, conception, kidding, oxytocin, prostaglandin F 2a L’objectif de cette etude etait d’evaluer les effets de l’ocytocine (OX) l’administration sur les taux de conception en fait. Red Sokoto (RS) (n = 38) ont ete egalement alloues en 2 groupes; I: ne traite avec prostaglandine ainsi une solution saline normale (PGNS) et II: ne traite avec la prostaglandine ainsi que l’ocytocine (PGOX). Est-ce que ont ete observes pour s’etre comportement de l’oestrus et eleves naturellement en utilisant mâles sexuellement actifs. Oestrus reponse, conception et kidding les taux etaient plus eleves dans le PGOX (73,7%, 85,7% et 58,3%) que PGNS (63,2%, 75,0% et 55,6%). Intervalle de debut de l’oestrus, la duree de l’oestrus ne differait pas significativement (P <0,05) entre les groupes. Nous concluons que l’administration d’ocytocine en meme temps que la prostaglandine F2a amelioree reponse, conception et kidding taux oestrus de Red Sokoto fait. Mots-cles : Red Sokoto fait, oestrus, conception, plaisante, l’ocytocine, la  prostaglandine F2a","PeriodicalId":23624,"journal":{"name":"West African journal of pharmacology and drug research","volume":"5 1","pages":"28-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75767634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antiseizure Activity of Hydro-Ethanol Leaf Extract of Ficus Thonningh in Albino Mice","authors":"Lc Chubiyojo, F. Okwuasaba, F. Gberindyer","doi":"10.4314/WAJPDR.V29I0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJPDR.V29I0","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to investigate the validity of antiseizure claims of Ficus thonningii (FT) leaves by some people in Nigeria. Hydro-ethanol leaf extract of FT was obtained by hot extraction and the LD 50 value was determined using Lorke’s method. Pentylenetetrazole, maximal electroshock and pilocarpine seizure models were employed to assess the antiseizure activity of the extract using Swiss albino mice. The acute toxicity test showed the extract to be fairly safe with LD 50 of 2154 mg/kg. The extract offered protection against pentylenetetrazole and pilocarpine-induced seizures at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight but did not protect mice with maximal electroshock seizures. The observed antiseizure effect of the extract in pentylenetetrazole and pilocarpine seizure models could be due to stimulation of GABA-mediated inhibition in the brain and/or blockade of glutamatergic neurotransmission mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate.  Ficus thonningii leaf is therefore a potential source of drug for management of epilepsy. Keywords: Seizures, antiseizure, Ficus thonningii leaf extract, albino mice","PeriodicalId":23624,"journal":{"name":"West African journal of pharmacology and drug research","volume":"59 1","pages":"12-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82784375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Antidepressant-Like Actions of Furosemide, Bumetanide and Nifedipine in the Forced Swim Test in Mice","authors":"S. E. Oriaifo, E. Omogbai","doi":"10.4314/WAJPDR.V26I1.70060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJPDR.V26I1.70060","url":null,"abstract":"The effects on down-stream signalling and neuroplasticity are the ways the actions of the presently-used antidepressants, the tricarboxylic acids (TCAs) and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are enhanced and effected. The present study aims to determine whether the actions of the calcium channel blocker, nifedipine, and the loop diuretics, furosemide and bumetanide are enhanced on chronic administration in the forced swim (FST) model of depression in mice. Six groups (six mice in each group) of male albino mice (25-40g) were used. They were housed in a soundproof laboratory and allowed food and water ad libitum in labeled metal cages. Respective groups were pretreated with 5mg/kg of nifedipine, 10mg/kg of imipramine, 5mg/kg of sertraline, 2.5mg/kg of bumetanide and 10mg/kg of furosemide daily intra-peritoneally for 30 days. A control group received 0.25ml of placebo daily for 30 days. On the test days (Day 1, 15 and 31), the doses were gicen but those on furosemide received 100mg/ kg and the bumetanide group received 75mg/kg intra-peritoneally. Experiment using the forced swim test was then used to evaluate their effect on the prolongation of onset of the period of immobility in mice.The compounds enhanced the prolongation of period of onset of immobility over the acute treatment significantly (F(5,30)= 20.35; (p sertraline>nifedipine> furosemide>bumetanide. Keywords: FST, imipramine, sertraline, nifedipine, furosemide, bumetanide, chronic.","PeriodicalId":23624,"journal":{"name":"West African journal of pharmacology and drug research","volume":"49 1","pages":"43-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86334471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serum Trace Element Presentation in Female Wistar Rats administered with Paracetamol & Paracetamol/Methionine.","authors":"A. Iyanda, F. Adeniyi","doi":"10.4314/WAJPDR.V26I1.70062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJPDR.V26I1.70062","url":null,"abstract":"A number of therapeutic agents are known to alter serum trace element levels with dangerous consequences. An earlier study had demonstrated significant alteration in the levels of some trace elements in male rats dosed with paracetamol/methionine. This study is designed to compare serum element presentation at the 4th hour (peak of absorption) with the 16th hour (peak of toxicity) so as to establish how early in the course of paracetamol exposure trace element alteration takes place. This is because essential trace elements take part not only in the process of cell division but in DNA repair system as well, DNA repair system prevents mutation. And because cell division is a continuous process and has been described to be characterized by at least one spontaneous mutation per a million cell divisions, then it becomes expedient to carry out a study of this nature. Eight female Wistar rats per group were used for the study. They were administered with different doses of paracetamol/methionine (5:1) ranging from 350-5000 mg/kg bw. Results indicate that trace element alterations commenced as early as the 4th hour, with these alterations lasting till the end of the 16th hour in both paracetamol & paracetamol/methionine groups at most levels of exposure. Although studies had indicated that addition of methionine to paracetamol may ensure tissue protection even at toxic doses, evidence from this study suggests that it may not prevent trace element alteration, a situation capable of rendering genes to be susceptible to mutation and provoking oxidative stress-induced diseases. Key words: paracetamol; peak; absorption; toxicity; trace elements; Wistar rats","PeriodicalId":23624,"journal":{"name":"West African journal of pharmacology and drug research","volume":"98 1","pages":"55-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78536545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tolerability of Ramipril in High Doses and Its Comparative Effects (In Combination with Hydrochlorothiazade) with Felodipine Extended Release on Mild to Moderate Hypertension in Nigerian Africans","authors":"O. Ogunleye, A. Adebayo, A. Adebiyi, Co Falade, Falase Ao","doi":"10.4314/WAJPDR.V26I1.70057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJPDR.V26I1.70057","url":null,"abstract":"Angiotensin converting enzyme Inhibitors are often used in sub-optimal doses among Nigerian hypertensive patients and others at high risk of cardiovascular events because of concerns of tolerability or high cost of sustaining therapy. In an open randomized comparative trial, blood pressure lowering effects and safety of high doses of ramipril titrated over a 3 to 12 week period was compared with that of felodipine extended release (ER). Sixty patients with mild to moderate primary hypertension were randomized to receive ramipril (RP) or felodipine ER (FER) in a four phase stepped care trial of 3 weeks interval each. RP or FER was started at a dose of 5mg daily and then increased in subsequent phases according to responses. Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) was added as required. Hematological and biochemical parameters and adverse effects were monitored.Monotherapy of FER was significantly more effective than RP in lowering blood pressure (88% FER vs. 7% RP, r= 0.020). 92% of patients treated with RP required addition of HCT (25-50mg) to achieve satisfactory blood pressure control. FER produced significantly higher mean reduction in blood pressure at the ends of weeks 3 and 6 of treatment but comparable mean changes at the end of study period. Both drugs were safe and well tolerated. Ramipril is safe at high doses of 10mg daily in black Nigerian patients with mild to moderate hypertension when titrated over an appropriate period of time and it produces comparative blood pressure lowering effects as 10mg felodipine when used in combination with 25-50mg hydrochlorothiazide. Key words: Ramipril, high doses, felodipine ER, hypertension, blacks.","PeriodicalId":23624,"journal":{"name":"West African journal of pharmacology and drug research","volume":"49 1","pages":"23-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77125405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties of an aqueous ripe fruit extract of Borassus aethiopum (M.) FWTA.","authors":"Patrick Amoateng, D. Kumah, G. Koffuor","doi":"10.4314/WAJPDR.V26I1.70055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJPDR.V26I1.70055","url":null,"abstract":"The palmyra palm, sometimes called the African fan palm, Borassus aethiopum , is an important food source in Ghana and other African countries. The present study was aimed at investigating the possible antioxidant properties of the aqueous fruit extract of this plant. The total phenolic content was assessed by the Folin-Ciocalteau assay, the antioxidant capacity assayed by the phosphomolydbenum method whereas the antioxidant activity was measured by the ability of the extract to scavenge DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) radicals. Also, the ability of the extract to inhibit lipid peroxidation was established using the linoleic acid autoxidation assay. The results indicate that the extract (0.1-10 mg/ml) contains phenolic compounds which may be responsible for the antioxidant properties since the coefficient of correlation between the total phenolic content and the total antioxidant capacity was high (r 2 =0.9912). The n-propyl gallate (0.001-0.03 mg/ml), a reference antioxidant and the extract exhibited concentration-dependent free radical scavenging activity. The extract also inhibited concentration dependently the lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid. These findings suggest that the fruit extract of Borassus aethiopum contains antioxidant principles and its use as health supplement in alleviating oxidative stress can be exploited. Key words: Borassus aethiopum , Folin-Ciocalteau, phosphomolydbenum, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, n-propyl gallate.","PeriodicalId":23624,"journal":{"name":"West African journal of pharmacology and drug research","volume":"171 1","pages":"8-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74227163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of ethyl acetate extract of Terminalia superba in streptozotocin-nicotninamide induced type 2 diabetic rats.","authors":"T. F. Ngueguim, N. Tabi, D. P. D. Dzeufietv, A. Dongmo, P. Kamtchouing, T. Dimo","doi":"10.4314/WAJPDR.V26I1.70061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJPDR.V26I1.70061","url":null,"abstract":"The antidiabetic and antioxidant effect of ethyl acetate extract of Terminalia superba (combretaceae) was investigated in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetes. Diabetes was induced in adult male wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of 110 mg/kg of nicotinamide, 15 min before an intravenous injection of 65 mg/kg of streptozotocin. The effects of the plant extract were evaluated on serum glucose, lipid profile, some parameters of oxidative stress, hepatic and renal function. The effects of plant extract on blood pressure were also monitored. Daily administration of the plant extract provoked a significant (P< 0.01) dose dependent reduction in serum glucose levels. At the end of treatment the percentages of reduction were 34.10% and 42.02% at the doses of 75 and 150 mg/kg respectively. Oral administration of the plant extract for 28 days showed a significant improvement in lipid profile and a significant reduction of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Treatment with the plant extract significantly provoked a reduction of aorta, liver and kidney malondialdehyde, and induced a significant improvement in reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase activity when compared with diabetic control. Blood pressure measurement revealed that, at all doses (75 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg), the plant extract prevented (15.33% and 15.39% of reduction) the rise in mean blood pressure observed in diabetic control rats. These results suggest that ethyl acetate extract of T. superba lowers blood glucose and hyperlipidemia, prevents oxidative stress and reduces blood pressure in diabetic conditions, thus justify its traditional use for the management of diabetes and hypertension. Keywords: Antidiabetic, antioxidant, streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetes , Terminalia superba","PeriodicalId":23624,"journal":{"name":"West African journal of pharmacology and drug research","volume":"163 1","pages":"48-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77502003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Aloe vera Plus on the Liver: A Pharmacovigilance Study in Rats","authors":"Oc Koroye, I. Siminialayi, E. Etebu","doi":"10.4314/WAJPDR.V26I1.70058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJPDR.V26I1.70058","url":null,"abstract":"The transparent gel of Aloe vera has been used as a nutritional supplement and herbal remedy for centuries. It is claimed to have several therapeutic properties but there is little scientific evidence of its effectiveness and safety. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of GNLD’s Aloe vera plus on the liver of rats. Eighty apparently healthy, adult Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups, three of which given three different doses of Aloe vera plus twice a day for 14, 28 and 42 days. One of the groups served as control and another was given Aloe vera plus for 28 days, following which the drug was withdrawn for another 28 days. The animals were sacrificed at the end of the experiment. Blood samples and the livers were collected for liver enzyme estimation and histopathological analysis. We found a significant elevation of all the liver enzymes after 14 and 28 days of administration of Aloe vera plus and upon withdrawal of the drug for 28 days, the enzyme levels returned to normal values. The histopathological analysis revealed a number of toxic effects, including portal triditis, myxoid degeneration, intracytoplasmic vacuolization , intraparenchymal haemorrhage and hepatic necrosis. Aloe vera plus caused a time- but not dose-dependent hepatotoxicity which recommends the need for more stringent regulation by food and drug regulatory authorities to ascertain its effectiveness and safety. Keywords: GNLD, Aloe vera plus, pharmacovigilance, Liver enzymes, Histopathology, Rats","PeriodicalId":23624,"journal":{"name":"West African journal of pharmacology and drug research","volume":"19 1","pages":"29-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73369245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}