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Combination Adjuvants Enhance Recombinant H5 Hemagglutinin Vaccine Protection Against High-Dose Viral Challenge in Chickens.
IF 5.2 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-23 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12121448
Yanjuan He, Jiaxin Wang, Lanyan Chi, Yajing Dong, Huixin Chen, Xiaocui Meng, Ming Liao, Yongwen Luo, Huiying Fan

Background: Recombinant avian influenza subunit vaccines often require adjuvants to enhance immune responses. This study aims to evaluate the immune-enhancing potential of seven combination adjuvants in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens.

Methods: SPF chickens were vaccinated with combinations of ISA78VG and adjuvants, including Quil-A, CpG, and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA). Their immune responses were assessed using a vaccination and viral challenge protection model.

Results: The combinations of ISA78VG with Quil-A, CpG&MPLA or CpG&Quil-A significantly enhanced antibody responses and provided cross-protection against the H5N8-20135 strain. The ISA78VG&MPLA and ISA78VG&CpG&MPLA combinations induced the stronger IFN-γ production, with CpG further amplifying the immune response. The ISA78VG&Quil-A formulation, in particular, stimulated rapid antibody responses, achieving a 100% seroconversion by day 14 and high titers of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies against both the recombinant HA antigen and the H5N6-20053 virus.

Conclusions: The ISA78VG&Quil-A combination is an ideal adjuvant for enhancing the immunogenicity of avian influenza rHA subunit vaccines, offering a promising strategy for H5 subtype vaccine development.

{"title":"Combination Adjuvants Enhance Recombinant H5 Hemagglutinin Vaccine Protection Against High-Dose Viral Challenge in Chickens.","authors":"Yanjuan He, Jiaxin Wang, Lanyan Chi, Yajing Dong, Huixin Chen, Xiaocui Meng, Ming Liao, Yongwen Luo, Huiying Fan","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12121448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121448","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Recombinant avian influenza subunit vaccines often require adjuvants to enhance immune responses. This study aims to evaluate the immune-enhancing potential of seven combination adjuvants in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>SPF chickens were vaccinated with combinations of ISA78VG and adjuvants, including Quil-A, CpG, and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA). Their immune responses were assessed using a vaccination and viral challenge protection model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The combinations of ISA78VG with Quil-A, CpG&MPLA or CpG&Quil-A significantly enhanced antibody responses and provided cross-protection against the H5N8-20135 strain. The ISA78VG&MPLA and ISA78VG&CpG&MPLA combinations induced the stronger IFN-γ production, with CpG further amplifying the immune response. The ISA78VG&Quil-A formulation, in particular, stimulated rapid antibody responses, achieving a 100% seroconversion by day 14 and high titers of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies against both the recombinant HA antigen and the H5N6-20053 virus.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The ISA78VG&Quil-A combination is an ideal adjuvant for enhancing the immunogenicity of avian influenza rHA subunit vaccines, offering a promising strategy for H5 subtype vaccine development.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680309/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142955495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Vaccination After Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant: A Review of the Literature and Proposed Vaccination Protocol.
IF 5.2 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-23 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12121449
André Silva-Pinto, Isabel Abreu, António Martins, Juliana Bastos, Joana Araújo, Ricardo Pinto

Background/Objectives: Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) induces profound immunosuppression, significantly increasing susceptibility to severe infections. This review examines vaccinations' necessity, timing, and efficacy post-HCT to reduce infection-related morbidity and mortality. It aims to provide a structured protocol aligned with international and national recommendations. Methods: A systematic review of current guidelines and studies was conducted to assess vaccination strategies in HCT recipients. The analysis included the timing of vaccine administration, factors influencing efficacy, and contraindications. Recommendations for pre- and post-transplant vaccination schedules were synthesised, specifically for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), immunosuppressive therapy, and hypogammaglobulinemia. Results: Vaccination is essential as specific immunity is often lost after HCT. Inactivated vaccines are recommended to commence three months post-transplant, including influenza, COVID-19, and pneumococcal vaccines. Live attenuated vaccines remain contraindicated for at least two years post-transplant and in patients with ongoing GVHD or immunosuppressive therapy. Factors such as GVHD and immunosuppressive treatments significantly impact vaccine timing and efficacy. The review also underscores the importance of pre-transplant vaccinations and ensuring that patients' close contacts are adequately immunised to reduce transmission risks. Conclusions: Implementing a structured vaccination protocol post-HCT is critical to improving patient outcomes. Timely and effective vaccination strategies can mitigate infection risks while addressing individual patient factors such as GVHD and immunosuppression. This review highlights the need for tailored vaccination approaches to optimize immune reconstitution in HCT recipients.

{"title":"Vaccination After Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant: A Review of the Literature and Proposed Vaccination Protocol.","authors":"André Silva-Pinto, Isabel Abreu, António Martins, Juliana Bastos, Joana Araújo, Ricardo Pinto","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12121449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121449","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) induces profound immunosuppression, significantly increasing susceptibility to severe infections. This review examines vaccinations' necessity, timing, and efficacy post-HCT to reduce infection-related morbidity and mortality. It aims to provide a structured protocol aligned with international and national recommendations. <b>Methods:</b> A systematic review of current guidelines and studies was conducted to assess vaccination strategies in HCT recipients. The analysis included the timing of vaccine administration, factors influencing efficacy, and contraindications. Recommendations for pre- and post-transplant vaccination schedules were synthesised, specifically for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), immunosuppressive therapy, and hypogammaglobulinemia. <b>Results:</b> Vaccination is essential as specific immunity is often lost after HCT. Inactivated vaccines are recommended to commence three months post-transplant, including influenza, COVID-19, and pneumococcal vaccines. Live attenuated vaccines remain contraindicated for at least two years post-transplant and in patients with ongoing GVHD or immunosuppressive therapy. Factors such as GVHD and immunosuppressive treatments significantly impact vaccine timing and efficacy. The review also underscores the importance of pre-transplant vaccinations and ensuring that patients' close contacts are adequately immunised to reduce transmission risks. <b>Conclusions:</b> Implementing a structured vaccination protocol post-HCT is critical to improving patient outcomes. Timely and effective vaccination strategies can mitigate infection risks while addressing individual patient factors such as GVHD and immunosuppression. This review highlights the need for tailored vaccination approaches to optimize immune reconstitution in HCT recipients.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680230/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142955580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Measles Among the Foreign-Born Population Residing in Spain, 2014-2022: Missed Opportunities for Vaccination.
IF 5.2 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-23 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12121452
Noemí López-Perea, Teresa López-Cuadrado, Aurora Fernández-García, Juan E Echevarría, Josefa Masa-Calles

Background/objectives: Spain has been in a measles elimination phase since 2014. No evidence exists about the distribution of measles cases among the population born outside Spain. The aim of this study was thus to describe the epidemiological situation of measles, stratified by place of birth, during the post-elimination period in Spain.

Methods: This is a retrospective study of confirmed measles cases reported to RENAVE between 2014 and 2022. A descriptive analysis of case characteristics (sex, age group, vaccination status, imported case) was performed, was well as an analysis of temporal trends and geographic distribution in measles incidence rate (IR; cases/million inhabitants). All analyses were stratified by place of origin (Spain born vs. born outside Spain). We then performed a sensitivity analysis of those born outside Spain, with the representation of Kaplan-Meier curves taking into account the year of arrival in the country until the onset of measles.

Results: Between 2014 and 2022, 951 measles cases were reported in Spain (overall IR: 2.3). Among these, 18.6% (177 cases, IR: 3.0) were born outside Spain. The IRs show differences (p < 0.001) in terms of distribution by age group and origin. By age group, children under 5 years had the highest IR, but adults aged 30 years and older reported the highest proportion of cases. The incidence rate ratio (IRR) was 5-fold higher among foreign-born children under 5 years than among native-born children. The measles time trend shows the highest peak in 2019 for foreign-born and native-born (IR: 8.6 and 5.4, respectively), consistent with the European-wide scenario, while only one case of measles was reported in 2022. Geographical variability in incidence rates by region was observed: Catalonia and the Valencian Community accumulated the highest proportion of cases throughout the study period. Among those born outside Spain, the median time from arrival to onset of rash was 6 years.

Conclusions: The incidence of measles is 40% higher in Spain's foreign-born population than in its native-born population. Taking into account the increasing migrant population in Spain, we consider that public health efforts need to be directed towards susceptible groups of people. In this context of advanced elimination, specific interventions for identifying and attending the most vulnerable populations should be designed and implemented.

{"title":"Measles Among the Foreign-Born Population Residing in Spain, 2014-2022: Missed Opportunities for Vaccination.","authors":"Noemí López-Perea, Teresa López-Cuadrado, Aurora Fernández-García, Juan E Echevarría, Josefa Masa-Calles","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12121452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121452","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Spain has been in a measles elimination phase since 2014. No evidence exists about the distribution of measles cases among the population born outside Spain. The aim of this study was thus to describe the epidemiological situation of measles, stratified by place of birth, during the post-elimination period in Spain.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a retrospective study of confirmed measles cases reported to RENAVE between 2014 and 2022. A descriptive analysis of case characteristics (sex, age group, vaccination status, imported case) was performed, was well as an analysis of temporal trends and geographic distribution in measles incidence rate (IR; cases/million inhabitants). All analyses were stratified by place of origin (Spain born vs. born outside Spain). We then performed a sensitivity analysis of those born outside Spain, with the representation of Kaplan-Meier curves taking into account the year of arrival in the country until the onset of measles.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Between 2014 and 2022, 951 measles cases were reported in Spain (overall IR: 2.3). Among these, 18.6% (177 cases, IR: 3.0) were born outside Spain. The IRs show differences (<i>p</i> < 0.001) in terms of distribution by age group and origin. By age group, children under 5 years had the highest IR, but adults aged 30 years and older reported the highest proportion of cases. The incidence rate ratio (IRR) was 5-fold higher among foreign-born children under 5 years than among native-born children. The measles time trend shows the highest peak in 2019 for foreign-born and native-born (IR: 8.6 and 5.4, respectively), consistent with the European-wide scenario, while only one case of measles was reported in 2022. Geographical variability in incidence rates by region was observed: Catalonia and the Valencian Community accumulated the highest proportion of cases throughout the study period. Among those born outside Spain, the median time from arrival to onset of rash was 6 years.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The incidence of measles is 40% higher in Spain's foreign-born population than in its native-born population. Taking into account the increasing migrant population in Spain, we consider that public health efforts need to be directed towards susceptible groups of people. In this context of advanced elimination, specific interventions for identifying and attending the most vulnerable populations should be designed and implemented.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680080/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142955806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Evaluating Antigen- and Vector-Specific Immune Responses of a Recombinant Pichinde Virus-Based Vaccine Expressing the Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Nucleoprotein.
IF 5.2 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-23 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12121450
Michaela Cain, Qinfeng Huang, Shania Sanchez, Hinh Ly, Yuying Liang

Background: Live viral vector-based vaccines are known to elicit strong immune responses, but their use can be limited by anti-vector immunity. Here, we analyzed the immunological responses of a live-attenuated recombinant Pichinde virus (PICV) vector platform (rP18tri).

Methods: To evaluate anti-PICV immunity in the development of vaccine antigen-specific immune responses, we generated a rP18tri-based vaccine expressing the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) nucleoprotein (NP) and administered four doses of this rP18tri-NPLCMV vaccine to mice. Using MHC-I tetramers to detect PICV NP38-45 and LCMV NP396-404 epitope-specific CD8+ T cells, we monitored vector- and vaccine-antigen-specific immune responses after each vaccination dose.

Results: LCMV NP396-404-specific effector and memory CD8+ T cells were detected after the first dose and peaked after the second dose, whereas PICV NP38-45-specific memory CD8+ T cells increased with each dose. PICV-binding IgG antibodies peaked after the second dose, while anti-PICV neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) remained low even after the fourth dose. Immunization with the rP18tri-NPLCMV vaccine significantly reduced LCMV viral titers in a chronic LCMV Clone 13 infection model, demonstrating the protective role of LCMV NP-specific T cells.

Conclusion: These findings provide important insights into the antigen- and vector-specific immunity of the rP18tri-NPLCMV vaccine and support the development of NP-based vaccines against arenavirus pathogens.

{"title":"Evaluating Antigen- and Vector-Specific Immune Responses of a Recombinant Pichinde Virus-Based Vaccine Expressing the Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Nucleoprotein.","authors":"Michaela Cain, Qinfeng Huang, Shania Sanchez, Hinh Ly, Yuying Liang","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12121450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121450","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Live viral vector-based vaccines are known to elicit strong immune responses, but their use can be limited by anti-vector immunity. Here, we analyzed the immunological responses of a live-attenuated recombinant Pichinde virus (PICV) vector platform (rP18tri).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To evaluate anti-PICV immunity in the development of vaccine antigen-specific immune responses, we generated a rP18tri-based vaccine expressing the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) nucleoprotein (NP) and administered four doses of this rP18tri-NPLCMV vaccine to mice. Using MHC-I tetramers to detect PICV NP38-45 and LCMV NP396-404 epitope-specific CD8+ T cells, we monitored vector- and vaccine-antigen-specific immune responses after each vaccination dose.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>LCMV NP396-404-specific effector and memory CD8+ T cells were detected after the first dose and peaked after the second dose, whereas PICV NP38-45-specific memory CD8+ T cells increased with each dose. PICV-binding IgG antibodies peaked after the second dose, while anti-PICV neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) remained low even after the fourth dose. Immunization with the rP18tri-NPLCMV vaccine significantly reduced LCMV viral titers in a chronic LCMV Clone 13 infection model, demonstrating the protective role of LCMV NP-specific T cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings provide important insights into the antigen- and vector-specific immunity of the rP18tri-NPLCMV vaccine and support the development of NP-based vaccines against arenavirus pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680116/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142955848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Assessment of Simplified Surveillance for Congenital Rubella Syndrome in Sudan, 2014-2017.
IF 5.2 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-23 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12121447
Omayma Abdalla, Nada Ahmed, Hanan Abdo El-Hag Mukhtar, Susan Reef, Jose Hagan, Gavin Grant

Background/objectives: Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is a constellation of serious multi-organ birth defects following rubella virus infection during early pregnancy. Countries in which rubella vaccination has not yet been introduced can have a high burden of this disease. Data on CRS burden and epidemiology are needed to guide the introduction of a rubella vaccine and monitor progress for rubella elimination, but the multi-system nature of CRS manifestations and required specialized testing creates a challenge for conducting CRS surveillance in developing settings such as Sudan. To enhance data quality, we designed and tested a simplified approach for CRS surveillance in Sudan.

Methods: Seven CRS surveillance sentinel sites were set up at general pediatric, eye, and cardiology hospitals in Sudan, using standard definitions for reporting and classifying infants with CRS clinical manifestations. Between 2014 and 2017, we evaluated the system using WHO CRS surveillance monitoring indicators, comparing simplified approaches against a comprehensive one. The simplified approaches included (1) an ophthalmic-focused approach; (2) a heart-focused approach; and (3) a cataract-only approach.

Results: Surveillance identified 179 infants with suspected CRS via the comprehensive approach, with 25 infants classified as laboratory-confirmed and 6 as clinically compatible. Surveillance sensitivity was highest for the simplified ophthalmic approach, while cataract-based surveillance had the highest proportion of confirmed cases.

Conclusions: Simplified CRS surveillance, particularly focusing on detecting cataracts, can significantly contribute to monitoring the impact of rubella vaccine introduction. It could serve as an initial step towards comprehensive CRS surveillance, providing robust evidence to support rubella and CRS elimination efforts.

{"title":"Assessment of Simplified Surveillance for Congenital Rubella Syndrome in Sudan, 2014-2017.","authors":"Omayma Abdalla, Nada Ahmed, Hanan Abdo El-Hag Mukhtar, Susan Reef, Jose Hagan, Gavin Grant","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12121447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121447","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is a constellation of serious multi-organ birth defects following rubella virus infection during early pregnancy. Countries in which rubella vaccination has not yet been introduced can have a high burden of this disease. Data on CRS burden and epidemiology are needed to guide the introduction of a rubella vaccine and monitor progress for rubella elimination, but the multi-system nature of CRS manifestations and required specialized testing creates a challenge for conducting CRS surveillance in developing settings such as Sudan. To enhance data quality, we designed and tested a simplified approach for CRS surveillance in Sudan.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Seven CRS surveillance sentinel sites were set up at general pediatric, eye, and cardiology hospitals in Sudan, using standard definitions for reporting and classifying infants with CRS clinical manifestations. Between 2014 and 2017, we evaluated the system using WHO CRS surveillance monitoring indicators, comparing simplified approaches against a comprehensive one. The simplified approaches included (1) an ophthalmic-focused approach; (2) a heart-focused approach; and (3) a cataract-only approach.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Surveillance identified 179 infants with suspected CRS via the comprehensive approach, with 25 infants classified as laboratory-confirmed and 6 as clinically compatible. Surveillance sensitivity was highest for the simplified ophthalmic approach, while cataract-based surveillance had the highest proportion of confirmed cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Simplified CRS surveillance, particularly focusing on detecting cataracts, can significantly contribute to monitoring the impact of rubella vaccine introduction. It could serve as an initial step towards comprehensive CRS surveillance, providing robust evidence to support rubella and CRS elimination efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680228/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142955903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
T Cell Responses to BA.2.86 and JN.1 SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Elderly Subjects.
IF 5.2 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-23 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12121451
Irene Segato, Dalila Mele, Greta Forlani, Daniela Dalla Gasperina, Mario U Mondelli, Stefania Varchetta

Background/objectives: New SARS-CoV-2 variants are continuously emerging, making it essential to assess the efficacy of vaccine-induced immune protection. Limited information is available regarding T cell responses to BA.2.86 and JN.1 variants, particularly in elderly individuals.

Methods: We evaluated T cell and total IgG responses against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain, as well as BA.2.86 and JN.1 omicron subvariants, in two groups of subjects. One group consisted of SARS-CoV-2-exposed elderly individuals who were fully vaccinated with the BNT162B2 mRNA vaccine, with a booster dose of the updated 2023-2024 COVID-19 vaccine (XBB.1.5) at least 15 days after receiving a booster dose of the updated 2023-2024 COVID-19 vaccine. The second group consisted of healthcare workers who were unexposed to SARS-CoV-2 one month after the booster dose of the first-generation BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. T cell activation-induced markers (AIM) and IFN-γ secretion were evaluated by flow cytometry and ELISpot assays, respectively.

Results: Elderly subjects showed reduced IgG levels against JN.1 compared with the ancestral strain. BA.2.86 stimulation resulted in lower IFN-γ levels in the elderly versus the COVID-19-naïve group. AIM analysis showed that among T cells, CD4+ were the most responsive, with a reduced proportion of JN.1-reactive CD4+ T cells compared with the ancestral strain in the SARS-CoV-2-unexposed group. Despite receiving the updated booster, the elderly group showed reduced CD4+ T cell reactivity to BA.2.86.

Conclusions: The XBB.1.5-containing vaccine induced lower CD4+ T cell responses against BA.2.86 in the elderly. CD4+ T cells from BNT16b2-vaccinated, COVID-19-naïve subjects recognized ancestral and BA.2.86 RBD strains while showing reduced responses to JN.1. These results emphasize the need for tailored vaccine strategies for emerging variants, particularly in vulnerable populations.

{"title":"T Cell Responses to BA.2.86 and JN.1 SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Elderly Subjects.","authors":"Irene Segato, Dalila Mele, Greta Forlani, Daniela Dalla Gasperina, Mario U Mondelli, Stefania Varchetta","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12121451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121451","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>New SARS-CoV-2 variants are continuously emerging, making it essential to assess the efficacy of vaccine-induced immune protection. Limited information is available regarding T cell responses to BA.2.86 and JN.1 variants, particularly in elderly individuals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We evaluated T cell and total IgG responses against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain, as well as BA.2.86 and JN.1 omicron subvariants, in two groups of subjects. One group consisted of SARS-CoV-2-exposed elderly individuals who were fully vaccinated with the BNT162B2 mRNA vaccine, with a booster dose of the updated 2023-2024 COVID-19 vaccine (XBB.1.5) at least 15 days after receiving a booster dose of the updated 2023-2024 COVID-19 vaccine. The second group consisted of healthcare workers who were unexposed to SARS-CoV-2 one month after the booster dose of the first-generation BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. T cell activation-induced markers (AIM) and IFN-γ secretion were evaluated by flow cytometry and ELISpot assays, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Elderly subjects showed reduced IgG levels against JN.1 compared with the ancestral strain. BA.2.86 stimulation resulted in lower IFN-γ levels in the elderly versus the COVID-19-naïve group. AIM analysis showed that among T cells, CD4+ were the most responsive, with a reduced proportion of JN.1-reactive CD4+ T cells compared with the ancestral strain in the SARS-CoV-2-unexposed group. Despite receiving the updated booster, the elderly group showed reduced CD4+ T cell reactivity to BA.2.86.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The XBB.1.5-containing vaccine induced lower CD4+ T cell responses against BA.2.86 in the elderly. CD4+ T cells from BNT16b2-vaccinated, COVID-19-naïve subjects recognized ancestral and BA.2.86 RBD strains while showing reduced responses to JN.1. These results emphasize the need for tailored vaccine strategies for emerging variants, particularly in vulnerable populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680353/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142955820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Durability of Adaptive Immunity in Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Patients Across Different Respiratory Viruses: RSV, Influenza, and SARS-CoV-2.
IF 5.2 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-22 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12121444
Achilleas Livieratos, Lars Erik Schiro, Charalambos Gogos, Karolina Akinosoglou

Background/objectives: Research on respiratory virus immunity duration post-vaccination reveals variable outcomes. This study performed a literature review to assess the efficacy and longevity of immune protection post-vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), with a focus on immunocompromised populations. Specific objectives included examining humoral and cellular immune responses and exploring the impact of booster doses and hybrid immunity on extending protection.

Methods: A literature review was conducted focusing on studies published from January 2014 to November 2024. The search targeted adaptive immunity post-vaccination, natural immunity, and hybrid immunity for SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and RSV. Selection criteria emphasized human populations, adaptive immunity outcomes, and immunocompromised individuals. The PICO framework guided the analysis, culminating in a detailed review of 30 studies.

Results: SARS-CoV-2 vaccines exhibited robust initial antibody responses, which waned significantly within six months, necessitating frequent boosters. Influenza and RSV vaccines similarly showed declines in immunity, though some influenza vaccines demonstrated moderate durability. Hybrid immunity, arising from combined natural infection and vaccination, provided more resilient and lasting protection than vaccination alone, especially against emerging variants. Immunocompromised individuals consistently exhibited reduced durability in adaptive immune responses across all studied viruses. Challenges include rapid viral mutations, limiting the broad protection of current vaccines.

Conclusions: Immune durability varies significantly across virus types and patient populations. Frequent boosters and hybrid immunity are critical to optimizing protection, particularly for vulnerable groups. The findings underscore the need for adaptable vaccination strategies and advancements in vaccine design to counter rapidly mutating respiratory pathogens effectively.

{"title":"Durability of Adaptive Immunity in Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Patients Across Different Respiratory Viruses: RSV, Influenza, and SARS-CoV-2.","authors":"Achilleas Livieratos, Lars Erik Schiro, Charalambos Gogos, Karolina Akinosoglou","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12121444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121444","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Research on respiratory virus immunity duration post-vaccination reveals variable outcomes. This study performed a literature review to assess the efficacy and longevity of immune protection post-vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), with a focus on immunocompromised populations. Specific objectives included examining humoral and cellular immune responses and exploring the impact of booster doses and hybrid immunity on extending protection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A literature review was conducted focusing on studies published from January 2014 to November 2024. The search targeted adaptive immunity post-vaccination, natural immunity, and hybrid immunity for SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and RSV. Selection criteria emphasized human populations, adaptive immunity outcomes, and immunocompromised individuals. The PICO framework guided the analysis, culminating in a detailed review of 30 studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SARS-CoV-2 vaccines exhibited robust initial antibody responses, which waned significantly within six months, necessitating frequent boosters. Influenza and RSV vaccines similarly showed declines in immunity, though some influenza vaccines demonstrated moderate durability. Hybrid immunity, arising from combined natural infection and vaccination, provided more resilient and lasting protection than vaccination alone, especially against emerging variants. Immunocompromised individuals consistently exhibited reduced durability in adaptive immune responses across all studied viruses. Challenges include rapid viral mutations, limiting the broad protection of current vaccines.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Immune durability varies significantly across virus types and patient populations. Frequent boosters and hybrid immunity are critical to optimizing protection, particularly for vulnerable groups. The findings underscore the need for adaptable vaccination strategies and advancements in vaccine design to counter rapidly mutating respiratory pathogens effectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680120/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142955799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Boosting Vaccine Research: The 16-Year Journey of TRANSVAC Vaccine Infrastructure.
IF 5.2 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-22 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12121446
William Martin, Catarina Luís, Stefan Jungbluth, Monika Slezak, Frank A W Verreck, Holger Spiegel, Carlos A Guzman, António Roldão, Manuel J T Carrondo, Peter Van der Ley, Joaquim Segalés, Hazel M Dockrell, Mei Mei Ho, Gabriel K Pedersen, Maria Lawrenz, Ole F Olesen

TRANSVAC represents a long-running effort to accelerate the development of novel vaccines by integrating institutions from across Europe under a single collaborative framework. This initiative has empowered the global vaccine community since 2009 including contributing toward the development and optimization of vaccine candidates as well as the provision of new adjuvants, research protocols, and technologies. Scientific services were provided in support of 88 different vaccine development projects, and 400 professionals attended TRANSVAC training events on various vaccine-related topics. Here, we review the accomplishments of the TRANSVAC consortia and analyze the continued needs of academic and industrial vaccine developers in Europe. The findings highlight the benefits of coordination across different sectors, both through research infrastructures such as TRANSVAC and other mechanisms, to address the current and future global health challenges and ensure that European vaccine developers have the support required to successfully compete in the global market.

{"title":"Boosting Vaccine Research: The 16-Year Journey of TRANSVAC Vaccine Infrastructure.","authors":"William Martin, Catarina Luís, Stefan Jungbluth, Monika Slezak, Frank A W Verreck, Holger Spiegel, Carlos A Guzman, António Roldão, Manuel J T Carrondo, Peter Van der Ley, Joaquim Segalés, Hazel M Dockrell, Mei Mei Ho, Gabriel K Pedersen, Maria Lawrenz, Ole F Olesen","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12121446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121446","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>TRANSVAC represents a long-running effort to accelerate the development of novel vaccines by integrating institutions from across Europe under a single collaborative framework. This initiative has empowered the global vaccine community since 2009 including contributing toward the development and optimization of vaccine candidates as well as the provision of new adjuvants, research protocols, and technologies. Scientific services were provided in support of 88 different vaccine development projects, and 400 professionals attended TRANSVAC training events on various vaccine-related topics. Here, we review the accomplishments of the TRANSVAC consortia and analyze the continued needs of academic and industrial vaccine developers in Europe. The findings highlight the benefits of coordination across different sectors, both through research infrastructures such as TRANSVAC and other mechanisms, to address the current and future global health challenges and ensure that European vaccine developers have the support required to successfully compete in the global market.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680270/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142955932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Benefits of COVID-19 Vaccination for Pregnant Patients Hospitalized with Respiratory Symptoms: A Retrospective Cohort Study in South Brazil.
IF 5.2 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-22 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12121445
Christopher J Hernandez, Kavya G Sundar, Fernando Echegaray, Mary Catherine Cambou, Lanbo Z Yang, Eddy R Segura, Marineide Gonçalves de Melo, Breno Riegel Santos, Ivana Rosângela Dos Santos Varella, Karin Nielsen-Saines

Objectives: SARS-CoV-2 infection is a known risk factor for adverse health outcomes in pregnancy, affecting both maternal and neonatal health. Mounting evidence suggests that even a single dose of an approved COVID-19 vaccine protects against severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and is safe for both pregnant persons and neonates. Southern Brazil was heavily affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the protective effects of the vaccine on maternal and neonatal health are not well described. This study aims to examine the protective effects of maternal COVID-19 vaccination on both maternal and neonatal outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy.

Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study that leveraged medical data from a tertiary center in South Brazil to compare maternal and infant outcomes between hospitalized pregnant persons with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection between 1 March 2020, and 1 March 2023.

Results: In total, 524 patients were enrolled, including 275 pregnant patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and 249 without infection. SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with maternal ventilator support (adjusted Risk Ratio [aRR] = 1.48, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI]: 1.08-2.03), while receipt of at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine was associated with protection against maternal sepsis (aRR = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.03-0.56), intensive care unit (ICU) admission (aRR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.10-0.68), need for ventilator support (aRR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.43-0.84), infant admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) (aRR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.47-0.82), and neonatal respiratory distress (aRR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.43-0.83).

Conclusions: These findings further underscore the importance of maternal vaccination against COVID-19 during pregnancy. Even one dose of vaccine was protective against a variety of maternal and neonatal outcomes. Prenatal care should encourage COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy.

{"title":"The Benefits of COVID-19 Vaccination for Pregnant Patients Hospitalized with Respiratory Symptoms: A Retrospective Cohort Study in South Brazil.","authors":"Christopher J Hernandez, Kavya G Sundar, Fernando Echegaray, Mary Catherine Cambou, Lanbo Z Yang, Eddy R Segura, Marineide Gonçalves de Melo, Breno Riegel Santos, Ivana Rosângela Dos Santos Varella, Karin Nielsen-Saines","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12121445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121445","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>SARS-CoV-2 infection is a known risk factor for adverse health outcomes in pregnancy, affecting both maternal and neonatal health. Mounting evidence suggests that even a single dose of an approved COVID-19 vaccine protects against severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and is safe for both pregnant persons and neonates. Southern Brazil was heavily affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the protective effects of the vaccine on maternal and neonatal health are not well described. This study aims to examine the protective effects of maternal COVID-19 vaccination on both maternal and neonatal outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a retrospective cohort study that leveraged medical data from a tertiary center in South Brazil to compare maternal and infant outcomes between hospitalized pregnant persons with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection between 1 March 2020, and 1 March 2023.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 524 patients were enrolled, including 275 pregnant patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and 249 without infection. SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with maternal ventilator support (adjusted Risk Ratio [aRR] = 1.48, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI]: 1.08-2.03), while receipt of at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine was associated with protection against maternal sepsis (aRR = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.03-0.56), intensive care unit (ICU) admission (aRR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.10-0.68), need for ventilator support (aRR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.43-0.84), infant admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) (aRR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.47-0.82), and neonatal respiratory distress (aRR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.43-0.83).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings further underscore the importance of maternal vaccination against COVID-19 during pregnancy. Even one dose of vaccine was protective against a variety of maternal and neonatal outcomes. Prenatal care should encourage COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680175/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142955827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Construction of the First Russian Recombinant Live Attenuated Vaccine Strain and Evaluation of Its Protection Efficacy Against Two African Swine Fever Virus Heterologous Strains of Serotype 8.
IF 5.2 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-21 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12121443
Andrey Koltsov, Mikhail Sukher, Sergey Krutko, Sergey Belov, Alexey Korotin, Sofia Rudakova, Sergey Morgunov, Galina Koltsova

Background/Objectives: The spread of African swine fever virus (ASFV) has led to major economic losses to pork worldwide. In Russia, there are no developed or registered vaccines against ASFV genotype II, which is associated with numerous ASFV outbreaks in populations of domestic pigs and wild boars in the country. Methods: We introduced deletions of the six MGF360 and MGF505 genes of the ASFV virulent Stavropol_01/08 strain, isolated in Russia in 2008. Results: We show here that this deletion did lead to full attenuation of the ASFV virulent Stavropol_01/08 strain. Animals intramuscularly inoculated with 104 HAD50 of ΔMGF360/505_Stav developed a strong immune response and short period of viremia (at 3-7 days post-inoculation). Recombinant ΔMGF360/505_Stav strain provides complete protection of pigs against the ASFV parental Stavropol_01/08 strain (103 HAD50). Therefore, in our experiment, we did not detect the genome of both the virulent and the recombinant strains in the blood and organs post-challenge with the Stavropol_01/08. In contrast, we found only partial protection (40%) of the ΔMGF360/505_Stav-immunized pigs against challenge with the ASFV heterologous Rhodesia strain. Additionally, the surviving animals had a prolonged fever, and their condition was depressed for most of the experiment. Conclusions: Thus, the ASFV recombinant ΔMGF360/505_Stav strain is the first live attenuated vaccine (LAV) in Russia that induces complete protection in pigs challenged with the highly virulent, epidemiologically relevant strains genotype II and serotype 8. However, this ASF LAV is not able to provide a high level of protection against other variants of serotype 8.

{"title":"Construction of the First Russian Recombinant Live Attenuated Vaccine Strain and Evaluation of Its Protection Efficacy Against Two African Swine Fever Virus Heterologous Strains of Serotype 8.","authors":"Andrey Koltsov, Mikhail Sukher, Sergey Krutko, Sergey Belov, Alexey Korotin, Sofia Rudakova, Sergey Morgunov, Galina Koltsova","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12121443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121443","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> The spread of African swine fever virus (ASFV) has led to major economic losses to pork worldwide. In Russia, there are no developed or registered vaccines against ASFV genotype II, which is associated with numerous ASFV outbreaks in populations of domestic pigs and wild boars in the country. <b>Methods:</b> We introduced deletions of the six MGF360 and MGF505 genes of the ASFV virulent Stavropol_01/08 strain, isolated in Russia in 2008. <b>Results:</b> We show here that this deletion did lead to full attenuation of the ASFV virulent Stavropol_01/08 strain. Animals intramuscularly inoculated with 10<sup>4</sup> HAD<sub>50</sub> of ΔMGF360/505_Stav developed a strong immune response and short period of viremia (at 3-7 days post-inoculation). Recombinant ΔMGF360/505_Stav strain provides complete protection of pigs against the ASFV parental Stavropol_01/08 strain (10<sup>3</sup> HAD<sub>50</sub>). Therefore, in our experiment, we did not detect the genome of both the virulent and the recombinant strains in the blood and organs post-challenge with the Stavropol_01/08. In contrast, we found only partial protection (40%) of the ΔMGF360/505_Stav-immunized pigs against challenge with the ASFV heterologous Rhodesia strain. Additionally, the surviving animals had a prolonged fever, and their condition was depressed for most of the experiment. <b>Conclusions:</b> Thus, the ASFV recombinant ΔMGF360/505_Stav strain is the first live attenuated vaccine (LAV) in Russia that induces complete protection in pigs challenged with the highly virulent, epidemiologically relevant strains genotype II and serotype 8. However, this ASF LAV is not able to provide a high level of protection against other variants of serotype 8.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680325/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142955567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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Vaccines
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