Mathematics surrounds us and it starts in ancient times. Numerals began from the daily conceptual counting. Then symbols appeared for the memorisation. Later they were simplified and transformed into notations. The collection of these symbols/notations became words gradually developed language. Indeed, mathematics can be acted as a rational instrumental tool for linking all kinds of knowledge, thus it is known as the language of science. Besides, in our history, mathematics had connections with all past human endeavour. But these achievements are composed to form our cultures. Hence, mathematics is certainly part of them. In addition, our modern civilisation has only one common type of mathematics that in terms of symbols to depict our world’s natural phenomena. It is therefore for us to believe Mathematics is the common area (language) for different nations’ cultures. When one moves a step further, this implies human beings have only one creator, God - Jehovah.
{"title":"Mathematics As a Common Language to Our Civilisation","authors":"K. Lam","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3254903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3254903","url":null,"abstract":"Mathematics surrounds us and it starts in ancient times. Numerals began from the daily conceptual counting. Then symbols appeared for the memorisation. Later they were simplified and transformed into notations. The collection of these symbols/notations became words gradually developed language. Indeed, mathematics can be acted as a rational instrumental tool for linking all kinds of knowledge, thus it is known as the language of science. Besides, in our history, mathematics had connections with all past human endeavour. But these achievements are composed to form our cultures. Hence, mathematics is certainly part of them. In addition, our modern civilisation has only one common type of mathematics that in terms of symbols to depict our world’s natural phenomena. It is therefore for us to believe Mathematics is the common area (language) for different nations’ cultures. When one moves a step further, this implies human beings have only one creator, God - Jehovah.","PeriodicalId":236431,"journal":{"name":"MatSciRN eJournal","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128751167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the comparisons of Different substrate that can be used in Microstrip Patch antenna i.e. Bakelite, FR4 Glass Epoxy, RO4003, Taconic TLC and RT- Duroid, to operate in the frequency of 10 GHz. The aim of this review paper is to compare and propose a particular substrate that can be used in a patch antenna for a frequency of 10GHz with the substrate thickness of 1.6mm.By comparing different substrates of dielectric material, an appropriate substrate was proposed to design Microstrip antenna that can be used in simulation process so that the antenna performance characteristics such as antenna input impedance, VSWR, Return loss and current density can be obtained as its future work.
{"title":"Review of MSP Antenna Design for Various Substrates","authors":"Imran Khan, G. D, Raksha Gunjal, Rashmitha","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3230632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3230632","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the comparisons of Different substrate that can be used in Microstrip Patch antenna i.e. Bakelite, FR4 Glass Epoxy, RO4003, Taconic TLC and RT- Duroid, to operate in the frequency of 10 GHz. The aim of this review paper is to compare and propose a particular substrate that can be used in a patch antenna for a frequency of 10GHz with the substrate thickness of 1.6mm.By comparing different substrates of dielectric material, an appropriate substrate was proposed to design Microstrip antenna that can be used in simulation process so that the antenna performance characteristics such as antenna input impedance, VSWR, Return loss and current density can be obtained as its future work.","PeriodicalId":236431,"journal":{"name":"MatSciRN eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124636832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zambia has abundant renewable energy resources which could provide basic energy services to over 16 million Zambian citizens. Despite that only 25% of the population in Zambia have access to electricity and clean cooking facilities. This has led to a continued large scale usage of wood energy causing a strain on forestry stock. Further the country’s largest renewable energy generation potential exists through solar and hydro power. Although, Government efforts to invest in the solar and hydro energy sector has been slow, so far less than 30% of the available (6000MW) hydro potential has been harnessed and solar PV has been installed only on about 400 households, several schools and Chief’s Palaces in various parts of the country. Zambia aims to reach an electrification rate of 90% in urban and 51% in rural areas through its vision 2030. This will technically require policies and regulatory that build capacity for both public and private sector partnership with specific regard to promoting renewables energies. Therefore this paper seeks to address energy issue of access in Zambia and highlight the policy issues to harmonize the partnership of public and private sector investments in solving energy concern. This is done through an overview of the energy sector, review of the energy policies and private sector investments.
{"title":"Accelerating Energy Access Through Public-Private Partnership Investment in Zambia","authors":"Martin Lyambai","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3211256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3211256","url":null,"abstract":"Zambia has abundant renewable energy resources which could provide basic energy services to over 16 million Zambian citizens. Despite that only 25% of the population in Zambia have access to electricity and clean cooking facilities. This has led to a continued large scale usage of wood energy causing a strain on forestry stock. Further the country’s largest renewable energy generation potential exists through solar and hydro power. Although, Government efforts to invest in the solar and hydro energy sector has been slow, so far less than 30% of the available (6000MW) hydro potential has been harnessed and solar PV has been installed only on about 400 households, several schools and Chief’s Palaces in various parts of the country. Zambia aims to reach an electrification rate of 90% in urban and 51% in rural areas through its vision 2030. This will technically require policies and regulatory that build capacity for both public and private sector partnership with specific regard to promoting renewables energies. Therefore this paper seeks to address energy issue of access in Zambia and highlight the policy issues to harmonize the partnership of public and private sector investments in solving energy concern. This is done through an overview of the energy sector, review of the energy policies and private sector investments.","PeriodicalId":236431,"journal":{"name":"MatSciRN eJournal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114894929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The making of a model for management of buildings condition needs at first place to identify factors and their potential influence. As such has been recognizes the thickness of the thermoinsulation material, the energy savings provided by this material, the prices for the energy source used in the building and the size of investment in laying the thermoinsulation on the building. Measuring the impact of each factor requires specific analytical model. In addition, all these models can be combined in a system for evaluating the economic efficiency of an investment in overall building thermoinsulation. Expectations are that this system of models will allow to appraise in advance any investment when choosing among multitude thermoinsulation materials and having different energy sources within the building.
{"title":"Models for Energy Efficiency of Building Thermo Insulation","authors":"V. Terziev, S. Stefanov, Svetoslava Enimaneva","doi":"10.18769/IJASOS.455629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18769/IJASOS.455629","url":null,"abstract":"The making of a model for management of buildings condition needs at first place to identify factors and their potential influence. As such has been recognizes the thickness of the thermoinsulation material, the energy savings provided by this material, the prices for the energy source used in the building and the size of investment in laying the thermoinsulation on the building. Measuring the impact of each factor requires specific analytical model. In addition, all these models can be combined in a system for evaluating the economic efficiency of an investment in overall building thermoinsulation. Expectations are that this system of models will allow to appraise in advance any investment when choosing among multitude thermoinsulation materials and having different energy sources within the building.","PeriodicalId":236431,"journal":{"name":"MatSciRN eJournal","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116935389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims to evaluate whether the aforementioned method represents well the global expansion of the specimens. In the present experimental work, two mixtures of cylindrical cementitious materials exposed to sulfate solution are investigated. Those mixtures differ in the average size of coarse aggregates, yet have an identical specific surface area (SSA), which is the total surface of aggregates in a specimen. This attempt aims to isolate the effect of SSA in the sulfate attack mechanism, as the deterioration level is proportional to the SSA. An advance analysis was performed to observe deeply the phenomena experienced by the specimens, in micro, intermediate, and macro scales. The proposed analysis is also capable to predict the deterioration of the specimens such as mass variation, with excellent results. The results, like the most previous studies, show that the specimen with larger aggregates experienced more elongation. Interestingly, the other specimen, who’s the aggregates are smaller, presented a considerably greater expansion of the radius. The results prove that both specimens likely experienced an identical volumetric expansion but in different ways. Finally, this work suggests that observing expansion by only measuring the elongation should be evaluated.
{"title":"Evaluating the Durability Assessment of Cementitious Materials Under Sulfate Attack","authors":"A. B. Habieb, G. Bangga","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3215286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3215286","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to evaluate whether the aforementioned method represents well the global expansion of the specimens. In the present experimental work, two mixtures of cylindrical cementitious materials exposed to sulfate solution are investigated. Those mixtures differ in the average size of coarse aggregates, yet have an identical specific surface area (SSA), which is the total surface of aggregates in a specimen. This attempt aims to isolate the effect of SSA in the sulfate attack mechanism, as the deterioration level is proportional to the SSA. An advance analysis was performed to observe deeply the phenomena experienced by the specimens, in micro, intermediate, and macro scales. The proposed analysis is also capable to predict the deterioration of the specimens such as mass variation, with excellent results. The results, like the most previous studies, show that the specimen with larger aggregates experienced more elongation. Interestingly, the other specimen, who’s the aggregates are smaller, presented a considerably greater expansion of the radius. The results prove that both specimens likely experienced an identical volumetric expansion but in different ways. Finally, this work suggests that observing expansion by only measuring the elongation should be evaluated.","PeriodicalId":236431,"journal":{"name":"MatSciRN eJournal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131898189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soumia Karim, N. Machkour, M. Zegrari, A. AitElmahjoub, Z. Sabiri
The solar cell is the device which converts light into electricity. Many models of solar cells had been proposed since the beginning of the solar energy exploitation. This paper presents a mathematical modeling of the three single diode models, more than that this work shows the effect of irradiance and temperature on the I-V and P-V characteristics of the PV module. In order to increase the power extracted from the solar system, it is necessary to operate the PV system at the maximum power point (MPP). This paper focuses on the Perturb and Observe method to track the MPP. Then we have simulated the overall system with the P&O algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink software due to its frequent use and its effectiveness.
{"title":"Modeling Photovoltaic System Using MATLAB/Simulink","authors":"Soumia Karim, N. Machkour, M. Zegrari, A. AitElmahjoub, Z. Sabiri","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3185323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3185323","url":null,"abstract":"The solar cell is the device which converts light into electricity. Many models of solar cells had been proposed since the beginning of the solar energy exploitation. This paper presents a mathematical modeling of the three single diode models, more than that this work shows the effect of irradiance and temperature on the I-V and P-V characteristics of the PV module. In order to increase the power extracted from the solar system, it is necessary to operate the PV system at the maximum power point (MPP). This paper focuses on the Perturb and Observe method to track the MPP. Then we have simulated the overall system with the P&O algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink software due to its frequent use and its effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":236431,"journal":{"name":"MatSciRN eJournal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128264175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Angela De Rose, A. Kraft, S. Gledhill, Muhammad Tahir Ali, T. Kroyer, C. Pscherer, M. Graf, J. Nekarda, U. Eitner
Foil metallized (FolMet) solar cells combine the high-efficiency PERC technology and a cost-efficient rear side metallization based on a 9 µm thin aluminum foil. Laser fired contacts are used to attach the foil to the rear side and allow for the mechanical and electrical contact to the cell. Direct soldering on aluminum is hampered by a native oxide film formed immediately when exposed to air. To realize the cell interconnection by a standard solder process the Al foil is coated by sputter deposition or roll cladding of solderable layers. This work evaluates the solderability of 200 µm thick coated Al foils with the common solder interconnection process established in photovoltaics using standard copper ribbons for module integration. Our analysis reveals for both coating approaches strong initial mechanical adhesion of > 4 N/mm after soldering and very low contact resistivities of < 1.6 µ∙cm2. The contact resistivity shows no degradation after isothermal aging within 1000 hours at 85 °C. The mechanical adhesion of the sputter coated Al foils remains at 3 N/mm under thermal aging of more than 1000 h at 85 °C whereas the adhesion for the Al foils coated by roll cladding drops strongly to values of < 1 N/mm already after 50 hours. SEM images indicate that this effect is caused by re-oxidation of the aluminum surface supported by micro cracks in the solderable top layer.
{"title":"Solder Interconnection of Aluminum Foil Rear Side Metallization for Passivated Emitter and Rear Solar Cells","authors":"Angela De Rose, A. Kraft, S. Gledhill, Muhammad Tahir Ali, T. Kroyer, C. Pscherer, M. Graf, J. Nekarda, U. Eitner","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3152428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3152428","url":null,"abstract":"Foil metallized (FolMet) solar cells combine the high-efficiency PERC technology and a cost-efficient rear side metallization based on a 9 µm thin aluminum foil. Laser fired contacts are used to attach the foil to the rear side and allow for the mechanical and electrical contact to the cell. Direct soldering on aluminum is hampered by a native oxide film formed immediately when exposed to air. To realize the cell interconnection by a standard solder process the Al foil is coated by sputter deposition or roll cladding of solderable layers. This work evaluates the solderability of 200 µm thick coated Al foils with the common solder interconnection process established in photovoltaics using standard copper ribbons for module integration. Our analysis reveals for both coating approaches strong initial mechanical adhesion of > 4 N/mm after soldering and very low contact resistivities of < 1.6 µ∙cm2. The contact resistivity shows no degradation after isothermal aging within 1000 hours at 85 °C. The mechanical adhesion of the sputter coated Al foils remains at 3 N/mm under thermal aging of more than 1000 h at 85 °C whereas the adhesion for the Al foils coated by roll cladding drops strongly to values of < 1 N/mm already after 50 hours. SEM images indicate that this effect is caused by re-oxidation of the aluminum surface supported by micro cracks in the solderable top layer.","PeriodicalId":236431,"journal":{"name":"MatSciRN eJournal","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116583478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For the seventh-time experts and specialists from all over the world discussed the latest status, trends and new directions in the field of metallization and interconnection for crystalline silicon solar cells on October 23rd and 24th, 2017, in Constance, Germany. The first Workshop on Metallization for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells was held in 2008 in Utrecht, The Netherlands to provide a forum for metallization specialists and was followed by Workshops in Constance, Germany, 2010; in Charleroi, Belgium, 2011; and again, in Constance in 2013, 2014 and 2016. In 2016, the Workshop was renamed as Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells to reflect the growing importance of interconnection. This year, about 151 participants from 17 countries all over the world came to discuss the results of 35 presentations and participate to panel discussions. The presentations are available on www.metallizationworkshop.info as pdf documents. These proceedings contain peer-reviewed papers relating to some of the workshop contributions. During the Workshop, the participants filled in a questionnaire about their views on the future of metallization and interconnection. In these proceedings, we also show the results of the 7th edition questionnaire plotted together with results from previous editions and we discuss general trends.
{"title":"Editorial of the 7th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells","authors":"L. Tous, G. Beaucarne, G. Schubert, J. Hoornstra","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3152249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3152249","url":null,"abstract":"For the seventh-time experts and specialists from all over the world discussed the latest status, trends and new directions in the field of metallization and interconnection for crystalline silicon solar cells on October 23rd and 24th, 2017, in Constance, Germany. The first Workshop on Metallization for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells was held in 2008 in Utrecht, The Netherlands to provide a forum for metallization specialists and was followed by Workshops in Constance, Germany, 2010; in Charleroi, Belgium, 2011; and again, in Constance in 2013, 2014 and 2016. In 2016, the Workshop was renamed as Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells to reflect the growing importance of interconnection. This year, about 151 participants from 17 countries all over the world came to discuss the results of 35 presentations and participate to panel discussions. The presentations are available on www.metallizationworkshop.info as pdf documents. These proceedings contain peer-reviewed papers relating to some of the workshop contributions. During the Workshop, the participants filled in a questionnaire about their views on the future of metallization and interconnection. In these proceedings, we also show the results of the 7th edition questionnaire plotted together with results from previous editions and we discuss general trends.","PeriodicalId":236431,"journal":{"name":"MatSciRN eJournal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130923461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-02-28DOI: 10.24247/IJMPERDFEB20186
P. Kumar, B. Babu, V. Sugumaran
Roller burnishing is one of the surface finishing processes without removing of a material, where a roller rolls over the machined surface under high pressure and flattens, the roughness peaks into valley. It will improve surface finish, as well as enforces favorable compressive residual stresses and raises hardness in functional surfaces. Aluminium alloys find attractive alternate for high strength applications. In this experimental work, burnishing operation is carried out on various Aluminium alloys, such as Al 2014 and Al 6063 using different burnishing parameters, such as cutting speed, feed, no of passes and depth of cut using burnishing tool. Through this experimental work, parameter that affects the surface roughness and surface hardness, on Al 2014 and 6063 material was identified and its influence on these responses was discussed. Also, the studies include the application one of the machine learning techniques is fuzzy logic, in the aspects of modeling and optimization of various process parameters applied, with roller burnishing process. This would give the comprehensive idea on choosing an optimum burnishing condition.
{"title":"Comparative Modeling on Surface Roughness for Roller Burnishing Process, Using Fuzzy Logic","authors":"P. Kumar, B. Babu, V. Sugumaran","doi":"10.24247/IJMPERDFEB20186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24247/IJMPERDFEB20186","url":null,"abstract":"Roller burnishing is one of the surface finishing processes without removing of a material, where a roller rolls over the machined surface under high pressure and flattens, the roughness peaks into valley. It will improve surface finish, as well as enforces favorable compressive residual stresses and raises hardness in functional surfaces. Aluminium alloys find attractive alternate for high strength applications. In this experimental work, burnishing operation is carried out on various Aluminium alloys, such as Al 2014 and Al 6063 using different burnishing parameters, such as cutting speed, feed, no of passes and depth of cut using burnishing tool. Through this experimental work, parameter that affects the surface roughness and surface hardness, on Al 2014 and 6063 material was identified and its influence on these responses was discussed. Also, the studies include the application one of the machine learning techniques is fuzzy logic, in the aspects of modeling and optimization of various process parameters applied, with roller burnishing process. This would give the comprehensive idea on choosing an optimum burnishing condition.","PeriodicalId":236431,"journal":{"name":"MatSciRN eJournal","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131896590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Silva Jr., Sameque Santos Ribeiro, Vitor M. Quintella
The Brazilian government provides incentive mechanisms for photovoltaic projects to improve the power capacity in the country, to enhance the diversification of energy sources and promote cleaner energy production. In energy auctions, the government uses feed-in tariff, offers low-cost sources of financing and offers tax breaks, among other initiatives to stimulate investment in photovoltaic projects. This paper uses traditional and real option approaches to evaluate the mechanism of feed-in tariff in the auctions and the access to sources of financing with lower costs. The evaluation focuses on a specific restrictive clause in the contract for the winners of the energy auctions. Based on the financial evaluation the paper shows that more flexibility in the contract for auction winners may result in reduced bid prices in the auction, i.e. a lower feed-in-tariff incentive or a reduction in the need for credit lines from the Brazilian financial agency.
{"title":"Evaluation of Brazilian Auctions for Photovoltaic Projects Using Traditional and Real Option Approaches","authors":"A. Silva Jr., Sameque Santos Ribeiro, Vitor M. Quintella","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3131964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3131964","url":null,"abstract":"The Brazilian government provides incentive mechanisms for photovoltaic projects to improve the power capacity in the country, to enhance the diversification of energy sources and promote cleaner energy production. In energy auctions, the government uses feed-in tariff, offers low-cost sources of financing and offers tax breaks, among other initiatives to stimulate investment in photovoltaic projects. This paper uses traditional and real option approaches to evaluate the mechanism of feed-in tariff in the auctions and the access to sources of financing with lower costs. The evaluation focuses on a specific restrictive clause in the contract for the winners of the energy auctions. Based on the financial evaluation the paper shows that more flexibility in the contract for auction winners may result in reduced bid prices in the auction, i.e. a lower feed-in-tariff incentive or a reduction in the need for credit lines from the Brazilian financial agency.","PeriodicalId":236431,"journal":{"name":"MatSciRN eJournal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125253335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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