World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering最新文献
P. Donald, C. Sanchez, Mia Me, T. Aspe, Kenneth N. Sindol, C. SanchezP.D.
Global energy demand is expected to increase in the next few years due to the corresponding increase in the world’s population. The world’s increasing energy demand is the ultimate reason to utilize alternate sources such as renewable energy. There are various forms of renewable energy sources. However, biomass is the always widely available source of renewable energy worldwide. Agricultural wastes such as rice husks, corn cobs, and bagasse results from various agricultural activities. These wastes are commonly left piled in the field to decompose or burn in open fires which consequently provide risks to the environment and animal and human health. The bio-briquettes product is suitable as an energy source commonly used for electricity generation, heat, and cooking fuel. They are the perfect replacement for wood logs. Hence, this review paper provides an overview of the utilization of various agricultural wastes into bio-briquettes. This review discusses the production, characterization, processing (preparation, size reduction, pyrolysis, binder addition, and densification -shaping and sizing), and quality evaluation methods of briquettes. This comprehensive review also presents the technology advancements, challenges, and future trends in the bio-briquetting industry.
{"title":"An Overview on the Production of Bio-briquettes from Agricultural Wastes: Methods, Processes, and Quality","authors":"P. Donald, C. Sanchez, Mia Me, T. Aspe, Kenneth N. Sindol, C. SanchezP.D.","doi":"10.37865/jafe.2022.0036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37865/jafe.2022.0036","url":null,"abstract":"Global energy demand is expected to increase in the next few years due to the corresponding increase in the world’s population. The world’s increasing energy demand is the ultimate reason to utilize alternate sources such as renewable energy. There are various forms of renewable energy sources. However, biomass is the always widely available source of renewable energy worldwide. Agricultural wastes such as rice husks, corn cobs, and bagasse results from various agricultural activities. These wastes are commonly left piled in the field to decompose or burn in open fires which consequently provide risks to the environment and animal and human health. The bio-briquettes product is suitable as an energy source commonly used for electricity generation, heat, and cooking fuel. They are the perfect replacement for wood logs. Hence, this review paper provides an overview of the utilization of various agricultural wastes into bio-briquettes. This review discusses the production, characterization, processing (preparation, size reduction, pyrolysis, binder addition, and densification -shaping and sizing), and quality evaluation methods of briquettes. This comprehensive review also presents the technology advancements, challenges, and future trends in the bio-briquetting industry.","PeriodicalId":23659,"journal":{"name":"World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87544254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The knowledge of lithological formation is important to determine the potential aquifer for water resources management. This study aims to delineate the lithological formation of Bukit Merah, Semanggol using geological data. The preparation of lithological formation in the study was based on several factors such as electrical resistivity survey data, available well lithologies, geological map, and geological-related studies in the study area. The Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) profile produced from the resistivity survey was interpreted based on previous studies to determine the subsurface materials on the location. The estimation of soil lithology for the remaining wells was done to generate the overall subsoil pattern in the study area. A total of 15 types of soil were classified to represent the actual lithology in the study area. The simplification of the actual lithology was carried out based on rocks and soils group. The elevation of the ground surface and each soil layer were imported into Visual MODFLOW software, then the interpolation of elevation points was done. Two interpolators; Kriging and Natural Neighbouring were used to generate ground surface and model layers similar to the topography in the study area. As a result, it has been identified that the study areas consist of 4 main layers of lithological formation which are unconsolidated deposit, sedimentary, metamorphic, and granite. The upper layer is dominated by unconsolidated with a maximum thickness of about 150 m in the coastal area. Hence, it is concluded that the unconsolidated deposit layer in Bukit Merah is highly potential with groundwater resources in the alluvium aquifer at the upper layer which has the potential to be developed for purpose of irrigation in a paddy field in the Kerian area.
{"title":"Delineation of Lithological Formation in Bukit Merah, Semanggol, Perak Using Groundwater Modelling Software","authors":"","doi":"10.37865/jafe.2021.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37865/jafe.2021.0031","url":null,"abstract":"The knowledge of lithological formation is important to determine the potential aquifer for water resources management. This study aims to delineate the lithological formation of Bukit Merah, Semanggol using geological data. The preparation of lithological formation in the study was based on several factors such as electrical resistivity survey data, available well lithologies, geological map, and geological-related studies in the study area. The Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) profile produced from the resistivity survey was interpreted based on previous studies to determine the subsurface materials on the location. The estimation of soil lithology for the remaining wells was done to generate the overall subsoil pattern in the study area. A total of 15 types of soil were classified to represent the actual lithology in the study area. The simplification of the actual lithology was carried out based on rocks and soils group. The elevation of the ground surface and each soil layer were imported into Visual MODFLOW software, then the interpolation of elevation points was done. Two interpolators; Kriging and Natural Neighbouring were used to generate ground surface and model layers similar to the topography in the study area. As a result, it has been identified that the study areas consist of 4 main layers of lithological formation which are unconsolidated deposit, sedimentary, metamorphic, and granite. The upper layer is dominated by unconsolidated with a maximum thickness of about 150 m in the coastal area. Hence, it is concluded that the unconsolidated deposit layer in Bukit Merah is highly potential with groundwater resources in the alluvium aquifer at the upper layer which has the potential to be developed for purpose of irrigation in a paddy field in the Kerian area.","PeriodicalId":23659,"journal":{"name":"World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84012804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"June 2021","authors":"","doi":"10.37865/jafe.is62021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37865/jafe.is62021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23659,"journal":{"name":"World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79407048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In every cycle of harvesting operation, farmer does not have any information on how many bunches and which oil palm tree will be harvested. By introducing the 360ᵒ camera imaging system, number of Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB) can be determined for every tree in a plantation area. Black bunch census was done manually to estimate yield. This was improved by video acquisition using a high resolution 360ᵒ camera integrated with an image processing software for video image processing to calculate number of FFB. Based on the standard planting pattern, it is time consuming process to circle each tree to acquire the 360ᵒ view of each tree. Current technology to approach bunches is destructive and conventional since the process involve physical contact between workers and FFB. Thus, a new method was established by the execution of All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) between rows in plantation area for video acquisition. Images were extracted and threshold by using MATLAB software. L*, a*, and b* color space was used for the bunch identification throughout 90 samples of images to identify the mean intensity value. Model threshold verification for another 48 samples of images resulted with Coefficient of Determination, R2 of 0.8029 for bunch identification. As a result, a new method for video acquisition was established as well as processing method for bunch identification for large scale plantation area.
{"title":"Development of 360-degree imaging system for fresh fruit bunch (FFB) identification","authors":"","doi":"10.37865/jafe.2021.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37865/jafe.2021.0028","url":null,"abstract":"In every cycle of harvesting operation, farmer does not have any information on how many bunches and which oil palm tree will be harvested. By introducing the 360ᵒ camera imaging system, number of Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB) can be determined for every tree in a plantation area. Black bunch census was done manually to estimate yield. This was improved by video acquisition using a high resolution 360ᵒ camera integrated with an image processing software for video image processing to calculate number of FFB. Based on the standard planting pattern, it is time consuming process to circle each tree to acquire the 360ᵒ view of each tree. Current technology to approach bunches is destructive and conventional since the process involve physical contact between workers and FFB. Thus, a new method was established by the execution of All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) between rows in plantation area for video acquisition. Images were extracted and threshold by using MATLAB software. L*, a*, and b* color space was used for the bunch identification throughout 90 samples of images to identify the mean intensity value. Model threshold verification for another 48 samples of images resulted with Coefficient of Determination, R2 of 0.8029 for bunch identification. As a result, a new method for video acquisition was established as well as processing method for bunch identification for large scale plantation area.","PeriodicalId":23659,"journal":{"name":"World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88378874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of fertilizer particularly for the inorganic fertilizers has increased annually to cope the global demand of crop production. Nevertheless, inorganic fertilizer is expensive and associate with the negative effects to the environment and the soil structure. Alternatively, agricultural waste can be composted and used as organic fertilizer. Although such fertilizer has low nutrient concentration and solubility, it releases nutrients slowly which makes them available for a longer period. Moreover, this agricultural waste such as biomass and manure from plantation and livestock farms are available in abundance. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effects of different types of fertilizer treatments as listed; T1 – inorganic fertilizer (control), T2 – chicken manure, T3 – cow manure, T4 – empty fruit bunch and T5 – cocoa pod husk on the production of cocoa mature tree and its soil fertility. The results have shown that organic fertilizers with its consistency application has produce comparable production with inorganic fertiliser and have no differences in the soil chemical properties between the treatments. Hence, this study has clearly demonstrated that agricultural wastes act as organic fertilizers were able to increase crop production and improved the soil fertility in cocoa cultivation.
{"title":"Effect of agricultural waste as organic fertilizer on yield and soil properties of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)","authors":"","doi":"10.37865/jafe.2021.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37865/jafe.2021.0024","url":null,"abstract":"The use of fertilizer particularly for the inorganic fertilizers has increased annually to cope the global demand of crop production. Nevertheless, inorganic fertilizer is expensive and associate with the negative effects to the environment and the soil structure. Alternatively, agricultural waste can be composted and used as organic fertilizer. Although such fertilizer has low nutrient concentration and solubility, it releases nutrients slowly which makes them available for a longer period. Moreover, this agricultural waste such as biomass and manure from plantation and livestock farms are available in abundance. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effects of different types of fertilizer treatments as listed; T1 – inorganic fertilizer (control), T2 – chicken manure, T3 – cow manure, T4 – empty fruit bunch and T5 – cocoa pod husk on the production of cocoa mature tree and its soil fertility. The results have shown that organic fertilizers with its consistency application has produce comparable production with inorganic fertiliser and have no differences in the soil chemical properties between the treatments. Hence, this study has clearly demonstrated that agricultural wastes act as organic fertilizers were able to increase crop production and improved the soil fertility in cocoa cultivation.","PeriodicalId":23659,"journal":{"name":"World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73690447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent trend in production of healthy food products has stimulated ice cream manufacturers to minimize the saturated fat content by replacing it with high-unsaturated fat or oil such as canola oil, yet maintaining the physical properties of the end product. Addition of maltodextrin (MD) into the formulation may assist in obtaining the desirable physical properties. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop hard ice creams containing different ratios of canola oil and MD. Four ice cream formulations were prepared by weight: MD-0 (5% oil, 0% MD), MD-1 (4% oil, 1% MD), MD-2 (3% oil, 2% MD), and MD-3 (2% oil, 3% MD). Both MD-2 and MD-1 exhibited the highest (45.05±4.28%) and the lowest (32.49±1.20%) overrun, respectively, yet there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between all ice creams in terms of hardness (3.20-4.79 kg). Additionally, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between MD-0, MD-1, and MD-2 in their melting rates which were significantly slower (p < 0.05) than those of MD-3. In overall, decreasing the amount of oil (i.e. increasing amount of MD) resulted in significant (p < 0.05) increase in overrun, yet had no significant (p > 0.05) effect on the ice cream's hardness and melting rate except for MD-3 for the latter. The ice cream that exhibited the most desirable physical properties was MD-2 (overrun, 45.05±4.28%; hardness, 3.73±0.75 kg; slowest melting rate). This finding highlighted the potential of MD in providing desirable texture to the ice creams to certain extent. Future studies are recommended in maintaining the ice cream's flavour and physical properties upon storage, and in determining its sensory acceptability among consumers.
{"title":"Effects of maltodextrin on the physical properties of canola oil-based ice creams","authors":"","doi":"10.37865/jafe.2020.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37865/jafe.2020.0025","url":null,"abstract":"Recent trend in production of healthy food products has stimulated ice cream manufacturers to minimize the saturated fat content by replacing it with high-unsaturated fat or oil such as canola oil, yet maintaining the physical properties of the end product. Addition of maltodextrin (MD) into the formulation may assist in obtaining the desirable physical properties. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop hard ice creams containing different ratios of canola oil and MD. Four ice cream formulations were prepared by weight: MD-0 (5% oil, 0% MD), MD-1 (4% oil, 1% MD), MD-2 (3% oil, 2% MD), and MD-3 (2% oil, 3% MD). Both MD-2 and MD-1 exhibited the highest (45.05±4.28%) and the lowest (32.49±1.20%) overrun, respectively, yet there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between all ice creams in terms of hardness (3.20-4.79 kg). Additionally, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between MD-0, MD-1, and MD-2 in their melting rates which were significantly slower (p < 0.05) than those of MD-3. In overall, decreasing the amount of oil (i.e. increasing amount of MD) resulted in significant (p < 0.05) increase in overrun, yet had no significant (p > 0.05) effect on the ice cream's hardness and melting rate except for MD-3 for the latter. The ice cream that exhibited the most desirable physical properties was MD-2 (overrun, 45.05±4.28%; hardness, 3.73±0.75 kg; slowest melting rate). This finding highlighted the potential of MD in providing desirable texture to the ice creams to certain extent. Future studies are recommended in maintaining the ice cream's flavour and physical properties upon storage, and in determining its sensory acceptability among consumers.","PeriodicalId":23659,"journal":{"name":"World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90241449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was carried out to extract gelatin from the bone of Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) by incorporating enzymatic pre-treatment. Papain-aided extraction (PE) (9.1 ppm of papain at 50 °C water) was employed in the pre-treatment step, in which non-enzymatic extraction (NE) was carried out for comparison. The gelatin obtained were next evaluated for their physicochemical properties such as moisture, protein, and ash content, colour, and UV-vis absorption. Functional properties of the gelatin which included emulsifying and foaming properties were also determined. Four-fold increments in yield (wet basis) were obtained for PE (29.92 %) as compared to NE (7.5 %). Moreover, no significance difference (p > 0.05) in moisture content was observed for both PE and NE, although the protein content of the gelatin was observed in the range between 70-90 %. The resulting gelatin from both extractions was generally yellowish in appearance and was confirmed by the colourimetry data where no significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed for both samples. The maximum absorption peak for both PE and NE were observed at 210 nm, which was in the range commonly reported for gelatin. In addition, the emulsifying and foaming capacity of PE and NE had no significant difference (p > 0.05), although emulsion stability for PE was shown to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared to NE. The present study was an attempt to evaluate the potential use of local buffalo bone as raw material for gelatin production, which found that extractability could be improved with enzymatic pre-treatment in obtaining acceptable gelatin qualities.
{"title":"Characterisation of gelatin extracted from buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) bone using papain pre-treatment","authors":"","doi":"10.37865/jafe.2020.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37865/jafe.2020.0027","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out to extract gelatin from the bone of Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) by incorporating enzymatic pre-treatment. Papain-aided extraction (PE) (9.1 ppm of papain at 50 °C water) was employed in the pre-treatment step, in which non-enzymatic extraction (NE) was carried out for comparison. The gelatin obtained were next evaluated for their physicochemical properties such as moisture, protein, and ash content, colour, and UV-vis absorption. Functional properties of the gelatin which included emulsifying and foaming properties were also determined. Four-fold increments in yield (wet basis) were obtained for PE (29.92 %) as compared to NE (7.5 %). Moreover, no significance difference (p > 0.05) in moisture content was observed for both PE and NE, although the protein content of the gelatin was observed in the range between 70-90 %. The resulting gelatin from both extractions was generally yellowish in appearance and was confirmed by the colourimetry data where no significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed for both samples. The maximum absorption peak for both PE and NE were observed at 210 nm, which was in the range commonly reported for gelatin. In addition, the emulsifying and foaming capacity of PE and NE had no significant difference (p > 0.05), although emulsion stability for PE was shown to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared to NE. The present study was an attempt to evaluate the potential use of local buffalo bone as raw material for gelatin production, which found that extractability could be improved with enzymatic pre-treatment in obtaining acceptable gelatin qualities.","PeriodicalId":23659,"journal":{"name":"World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81450630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of agricultural tractors for various operations within a day calls for adoption of condition monitoring techniques in maintenance management strategies especially regarding engine lubricating oil change interval and predicting components replacement time before premature failure. Six Fiat tractors from TPU/UPM were monitored over three oil change intervals and oil samples taken for analysis using inductively coupled plasma and optical emission spectroscopy (ICP & OES). Twenty-three elements including wearing elements from engine, additive elements from oil manufacturers, and contaminating elements from the environment were determined from 39 samples collected. Results indicated significant differences for 15 elements (Al, B, Ca, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mg, Mo, P, Ti, V, Zn, Si, K, and Na) belonging to wear, additive, and contaminating sources. This necessitated the use of condition monitoring for individual tractors instead of the general rule of preventive maintenance or even breakdown maintenance performed after the occurrence of failure.
{"title":"Condition monitoring of TPU/UPM Fiat tractors using ICP and OES techniques","authors":"","doi":"10.37865/jafe.2020.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37865/jafe.2020.0026","url":null,"abstract":"The use of agricultural tractors for various operations within a day calls for adoption of condition monitoring techniques in maintenance management strategies especially regarding engine lubricating oil change interval and predicting components replacement time before premature failure. Six Fiat tractors from TPU/UPM were monitored over three oil change intervals and oil samples taken for analysis using inductively coupled plasma and optical emission spectroscopy (ICP & OES). Twenty-three elements including wearing elements from engine, additive elements from oil manufacturers, and contaminating elements from the environment were determined from 39 samples collected. Results indicated significant differences for 15 elements (Al, B, Ca, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mg, Mo, P, Ti, V, Zn, Si, K, and Na) belonging to wear, additive, and contaminating sources. This necessitated the use of condition monitoring for individual tractors instead of the general rule of preventive maintenance or even breakdown maintenance performed after the occurrence of failure.","PeriodicalId":23659,"journal":{"name":"World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88105024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The loss and impact of non-renewable fossil energy on global warming concerns are prompting to intensive research to find viable, less emissions-oriented alternative energies. The present work aims to study the potential of hydrogen gas production (for renewable energy) by electrocoagulation process from landfill leachate. The Design-Expert software for response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the process variables in the hydrogen production system. The effects of three independent variables; namely pH (4-8) and voltage (3-9 V), using different types of electrodes (Al, Fe, and Ni) were studied. At the optimal condition of voltage 9V and initial pH 6 at 20 minutes, the Al electrode recorded an upturn maximum H2 yield of 697 ppm, while 554 and 551 ppm were obtained with Ni and Fe electrode, respectively. Moreover, the coefficient of determination (R2) showed a good relationship between actual and expected results.
{"title":"Optimizing hydrogen production from the Landfill Leachate by electro-coagulation technique","authors":"","doi":"10.37865/jafe.2020.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37865/jafe.2020.0020","url":null,"abstract":"The loss and impact of non-renewable fossil energy on global warming concerns are prompting to intensive research to find viable, less emissions-oriented alternative energies. The present work aims to study the potential of hydrogen gas production (for renewable energy) by electrocoagulation process from landfill leachate. The Design-Expert software for response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the process variables in the hydrogen production system. The effects of three independent variables; namely pH (4-8) and voltage (3-9 V), using different types of electrodes (Al, Fe, and Ni) were studied. At the optimal condition of voltage 9V and initial pH 6 at 20 minutes, the Al electrode recorded an upturn maximum H2 yield of 697 ppm, while 554 and 551 ppm were obtained with Ni and Fe electrode, respectively. Moreover, the coefficient of determination (R2) showed a good relationship between actual and expected results.","PeriodicalId":23659,"journal":{"name":"World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72990860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A mini combine harvester was efficiently designed and developed to harvest grain corn on a small scale farm in order to reduce manpower and operating time as delayed harvesting leads to grain loss. Two typical mini combine harvesters namely Kubota DC105X (KDC) and World Star 7.0Plus (WS) have been introduced to farmers as high output, low fuel consumption and ease of maintenance in grain corn production. This research was undertaken to evaluate and compare the field performance of KDC and WS mini combine harvester which included the field efficiency (FE), effective field capacity (EFC), fuel consumption (FC), field machine index (FMI) and total field time under similar field condition and soil properties. A time-motion study was conducted during harvesting in two consecutive growing seasons. The mean values of EFC, FE, FC, FMI and total field time for KDC were found to be 0.28 ha/hr, 50.00%, 16.85 l/ha, 0.84 and 3.55 hr/ha, respectively. The mean values of EFC, FE, FC, FMI and total field time for WS were found to be 0.25 ha/hr, 54.35%, 12.57 l/ha, 0.81 and 3.99 hr/ha, respectively. The statistical analysis (ANOVA) shows that there were no significant differences in field performance between both mini combine harvesters at 5% significance level (α = 0.05). Both mini combine harvesters had performed with consistent and reliable results in conducting the harvesting. This study concludes that the WS is more efficient than KDC in terms of FE and FC.
{"title":"Comparison of field performances between two typical mini combine harvesters in grain corn production","authors":"","doi":"10.37865/jafe.2020.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37865/jafe.2020.0022","url":null,"abstract":"A mini combine harvester was efficiently designed and developed to harvest grain corn on a small scale farm in order to reduce manpower and operating time as delayed harvesting leads to grain loss. Two typical mini combine harvesters namely Kubota DC105X (KDC) and World Star 7.0Plus (WS) have been introduced to farmers as high output, low fuel consumption and ease of maintenance in grain corn production. This research was undertaken to evaluate and compare the field performance of KDC and WS mini combine harvester which included the field efficiency (FE), effective field capacity (EFC), fuel consumption (FC), field machine index (FMI) and total field time under similar field condition and soil properties. A time-motion study was conducted during harvesting in two consecutive growing seasons. The mean values of EFC, FE, FC, FMI and total field time for KDC were found to be 0.28 ha/hr, 50.00%, 16.85 l/ha, 0.84 and 3.55 hr/ha, respectively. The mean values of EFC, FE, FC, FMI and total field time for WS were found to be 0.25 ha/hr, 54.35%, 12.57 l/ha, 0.81 and 3.99 hr/ha, respectively. The statistical analysis (ANOVA) shows that there were no significant differences in field performance between both mini combine harvesters at 5% significance level (α = 0.05). Both mini combine harvesters had performed with consistent and reliable results in conducting the harvesting. This study concludes that the WS is more efficient than KDC in terms of FE and FC.","PeriodicalId":23659,"journal":{"name":"World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90329296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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