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Clinical Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Viral Respiratory Infection in Patients Undergoing Immunosuppressive Therapy. 免疫抑制治疗患者病毒性呼吸道感染的临床特点及影响因素
IF 1.2 4区 医学 Q4 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1177/08828245251407696
Ming Chen, Na Li, Haifeng Yun, Guoxing Zhang, Rui Liu

The clinical features of viral respiratory infections in individuals with rheumatic immune diseases, renal diseases, hematological diseases, and healthy individuals were analyzed. Additionally, the impact of immunosuppressive therapy on the clinical manifestations of viral respiratory infections was explored. Patients attending the outpatient clinic of the Department of Rheumatology and Immunology at Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from October 1, 2023, to May 1, 2024, as well as healthy individuals undergoing physical examinations, were selected for the study. Data were collected through questionnaires, including information on viral respiratory infections, vaccination status, clinical symptoms, and medication use. A total of 425 questionnaires were collected. There were significant differences among groups in recovery time, disease classification, vaccination rates, and specific clinical symptoms (p < 0.05). Immunosuppressive therapy significantly reduced the incidence of runny nose (p = 0.046) and chills (p < 0.001) but was associated with a higher proportion of ordinary cases, suggesting that it may be associated with increased disease severity (p = 0.012). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the use of glucocorticoids significantly prolonged both recovery time (p = 0.007) and duration of cough (p = 0.044). The rheumatology group experienced shorter recovery time (p = 0.016) and a lower risk of fever (38°C-39°C), whereas the hematology group had an increased risk of high fever (>39°C; p = 0.037). Vaccination significantly increased the likelihood of mild cases (p = 0.041), serving as an important protective factor. Additionally, younger patients and females tended to exhibit relatively more severe clinical manifestations. Significant differences between the groups existed in terms of symptomatology, clinical symptoms, and time to recovery, and the use of immunosuppressive therapy, especially glucocorticoids, may have exacerbated the patient's condition. Vaccination provided a protective effect for patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, mitigating the condition to a certain extent.

分析了风湿性免疫疾病、肾脏疾病、血液病和健康人病毒性呼吸道感染的临床特点。此外,还探讨了免疫抑制治疗对病毒性呼吸道感染临床表现的影响。研究对象为2023年10月1日至2024年5月1日在苏州中医医院风湿病与免疫科门诊就诊的患者,以及接受体检的健康个体。通过问卷收集数据,包括病毒性呼吸道感染、疫苗接种状况、临床症状和药物使用信息。共收集问卷425份。两组患者在康复时间、疾病分型、疫苗接种率、特定临床症状等方面差异均有统计学意义(p < 0.05)。免疫抑制治疗显著降低了流鼻涕(p = 0.046)和发冷(p < 0.001)的发生率,但与普通病例的比例较高相关,这表明免疫抑制治疗可能与疾病严重程度增加有关(p = 0.012)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,使用糖皮质激素可显著延长恢复时间(p = 0.007)和咳嗽持续时间(p = 0.044)。风湿病组恢复时间较短(p = 0.016),发热风险较低(38°C-39°C),而血液病组高热风险增加(>39°C; p = 0.037)。疫苗接种显著增加了轻度病例的可能性(p = 0.041),这是一个重要的保护因素。此外,年轻患者和女性往往表现出相对更严重的临床表现。两组之间在症状、临床症状和恢复时间方面存在显著差异,使用免疫抑制治疗,特别是糖皮质激素,可能加重了患者的病情。接种疫苗对接受免疫抑制治疗的患者有保护作用,在一定程度上缓解病情。
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引用次数: 0
Immune and Virological Factors Influencing Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Circulation and Increased Prevalence During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic. COVID-19大流行期间和之后影响人类呼吸道合胞病毒循环和增加流行的免疫和病毒学因素
IF 1.2 4区 医学 Q4 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1177/08828245251407618
Fela Mendlovic, Tanya Plett, Carlos Santiago-Olivares, Guillermina Avila-Ramírez, Ana Flisser, Evelyn Rivera-Toledo

Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is a leading cause of respiratory infections in infants and older adults. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted hRSV transmission due to non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI), resulting in atypical circulation patterns, earlier seasonal peaks, and increased post-pandemic prevalence. Two key factors are proposed to underlie these changes: a reduced specific immune response due to decreased viral exposure and the emergence of novel hRSV variants. These factors contributed to a larger cohort of immunologically naïve children and lower levels of maternally derived antibodies, increasing susceptibility to severe hRSV disease, particularly in infants and children. Additionally, adults experienced waning immunity following prolonged periods of limited hRSV circulation. The post-pandemic resurgence was accompanied by the emergence of novel hRSV variants with altered transmissibility and virulence, such as GB5.0.6a in Europe and B.D.E.1 in China. These variants may reflect mutations driven by the reduced immunity, though further research is needed to assess their pathogenicity. Understanding the interplay between the reduced immunity due to NPI and virological factors is essential for addressing hRSV epidemiology. Enhanced molecular surveillance and immunological monitoring are crucial for guiding vaccination strategies and protecting vulnerable populations against future hRSV outbreaks.

人呼吸道合胞病毒(hRSV)是婴儿和老年人呼吸道感染的主要原因。由于非药物干预措施(NPI), COVID-19大流行中断了hRSV的传播,导致非典型传播模式、季节性高峰提前以及大流行后流行率上升。提出了导致这些变化的两个关键因素:由于病毒暴露减少而导致的特异性免疫反应降低以及新型hRSV变体的出现。这些因素导致免疫系统naïve儿童的队列更大,母源抗体水平更低,增加了对严重hRSV疾病的易感性,特别是在婴儿和儿童中。此外,成年人在长时间有限的hRSV循环后会出现免疫力下降。大流行后的死灰复燃伴随着传播力和毒力发生改变的新型hRSV变种的出现,如欧洲的GB5.0.6a和中国的B.D.E.1。这些变异可能反映了由免疫力下降引起的突变,但需要进一步研究来评估其致病性。了解NPI导致的免疫力下降与病毒学因素之间的相互作用对于解决hRSV流行病学至关重要。加强分子监测和免疫监测对于指导疫苗接种战略和保护脆弱人群免受未来hRSV疫情的影响至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2-Specific IgM and IgG Antibodies in Serum Samples of Patients with COVID-19. COVID-19患者血清样本中sars - cov -2特异性IgM和IgG抗体的检测
IF 1.2 4区 医学 Q4 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-10 DOI: 10.1177/08828245251407701
Neda Hampaiian, Asghar Tanomand

Background: Several lines of evidence have shown high intraindividual and intraindividual variability in serum levels of IgM and IgG antibodies in response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The present study aimed to assess the levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM and IgG antibodies in serum samples of laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients.

Methods: The study included 286 patients diagnosed with COVID-19, with 118 males and 168 females. Serum samples were taken from all subjects at two different time points, including 2 and 4 weeks after the onset of symptoms. Serological levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM and IgG was assessed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. The Student's t-test were used to compare the mean levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM and IgG between groups.

Results: We found that the mean serum levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM and IgG in COVID-19 patients were increased in 4 weeks after symptom onset compared to 2 weeks earlier, but it was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). There was no significant sex-dependent difference in serological levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM and IgG (p > 0.05).

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the serum levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM and IgG did not show significant differences depending on sex. Furthermore, serological levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM and IgG did not significantly differ between 2- and 4-weeks following illness onset.

背景:几条证据表明,在应对严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒-2 (SARS-CoV-2)时,血清IgM和IgG抗体水平存在高度的个体和个体差异。本研究旨在评估2019年实验室确诊的冠状病毒病(COVID-19)患者血清样本中sars - cov -2特异性IgM和IgG抗体的水平。方法:纳入286例新冠肺炎确诊患者,其中男性118例,女性168例。在两个不同的时间点(包括症状出现后2周和4周)采集所有受试者的血清样本。采用酶联免疫吸附法测定血清sars - cov -2特异性IgM和IgG水平。采用学生t检验比较各组间sars - cov -2特异性IgM和IgG的平均水平。结果:我们发现COVID-19患者在症状出现后4周的平均血清中sars - cov -2特异性IgM和IgG水平较2周前升高,但差异无统计学意义(p < 0.05)。血清sars - cov -2特异性IgM和IgG水平无显著性差异(p < 0.05)。结论:血清中sars - cov -2特异性IgM和IgG水平无性别差异。此外,sars - cov -2特异性IgM和IgG的血清学水平在发病后2周和4周之间没有显着差异。
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引用次数: 0
Advances in Mucosal Adjuvants for Influenza Vaccines. 流感疫苗黏膜佐剂研究进展
IF 1.2 4区 医学 Q4 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1177/08828245251413233
Genzhu Wang, Li Wu, Xing Wu, Yingying Tao, Shaozhen Li, Chengying Li, Yao Yao, Shijia Xu, Hongyi Xia, Menghao Li, Jianhong Shu, Yulong He, Huapeng Feng

Vaccination is an effective way to prevent influenza virus infection. Currently, intramuscular vaccines are the most commonly used and can provide strong humoral immunity, but they may not induce the mucosal immune response well. A variety of pathogens gain access to the host via the respiratory tract, and the mucosa serves as the initial line of defense against bacterial invasions. Therefore, developing mucosal vaccines is a valuable strategy for preventing respiratory infectious diseases. The mucosal barrier hinders antigen delivery and immune activation, making efficient mucosal adjuvants crucial for vaccine advancement, though their use faces several obstacles. The main challenges faced by mucosal adjuvants are mucosal tolerance, delivery efficiency, and immune response balance. Future mucosal adjuvants will continue to focus on multitarget synergistic design and combination adjuvant application. The safety and efficacy of future influenza vaccines are contingent upon the judicious selection of suitable mucosal adjuvants. The creation of next-generation influenza vaccines will be made easier as our knowledge of adjuvants grows. In this review, we summarize the current progress and applications of mucosal adjuvants for influenza vaccines, with implications for the development of novel influenza vaccines and vaccines against other infectious diseases.

接种疫苗是预防流感病毒感染的有效方法。目前最常用的是肌肉注射疫苗,可以提供较强的体液免疫,但可能不能很好地诱导粘膜免疫反应。多种病原体通过呼吸道进入宿主体内,而粘膜则是抵御细菌入侵的第一道防线。因此,开发粘膜疫苗是预防呼吸道传染病的一种有价值的策略。粘膜屏障阻碍抗原传递和免疫激活,使有效的粘膜佐剂对疫苗的进展至关重要,尽管它们的使用面临几个障碍。粘膜佐剂面临的主要挑战是粘膜耐受性、递送效率和免疫反应平衡。未来的粘膜佐剂将继续关注多靶点协同设计和联合佐剂的应用。未来流感疫苗的安全性和有效性取决于明智地选择合适的粘膜佐剂。随着佐剂知识的增长,下一代流感疫苗的研制将变得更加容易。本文就流感疫苗粘膜佐剂的研究进展及应用进行综述,以期对新型流感疫苗和其他传染病疫苗的开发具有指导意义。
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引用次数: 0
Metagenomic Applications in the Early Detection of Human Viral Threats. 宏基因组在早期检测人类病毒威胁中的应用。
IF 1.2 4区 医学 Q4 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-24 DOI: 10.1177/08828245251400169
Donath Damian

The rapid evolution of viral pathogens presents significant challenges for global health, as traditional methods for virus detection often fail to identify novel or genetically diverse viruses. The emergence and reemergence of viral pathogens necessitate more advanced and inclusive diagnostic approaches. This review aims to explore the role of metagenomics in overcoming the limitations of traditional viral detection methods and to assess its impact on the discovery, characterization, and surveillance of viral pathogens. A comprehensive review of recent studies employing metagenomic approaches to viral detection was conducted. High-throughput sequencing technologies and bioinformatics tools were highlighted as key components in enabling broad-spectrum viral identification and characterization. Metagenomic approaches have successfully identified novel pathogens, including new arboviruses and reemerging strains of known viruses. These techniques provide a more complete understanding of viral diversity and dynamics, surpassing the limitations of targeted assays and culturing methods. Key findings emphasize the capability of metagenomics to detect viruses previously undetected by conventional methods, improving the scope of surveillance. Metagenomics offers transformative advantages for viral surveillance and outbreak management. It enhances early detection, allows for better-informed responses to viral threats, and contributes to more effective strategies for managing emerging and reemerging viral pathogens. Integration of metagenomic techniques into public health practices is crucial for combating the evolving landscape of viral diseases.

病毒病原体的快速进化给全球卫生带来了重大挑战,因为传统的病毒检测方法往往无法识别新的或基因多样化的病毒。病毒性病原体的出现和重新出现需要更先进和包容性的诊断方法。本文旨在探讨宏基因组学在克服传统病毒检测方法的局限性方面的作用,并评估其在病毒病原体的发现、表征和监测方面的影响。全面回顾了最近的研究采用宏基因组方法进行病毒检测。高通量测序技术和生物信息学工具是实现广谱病毒鉴定和表征的关键组成部分。宏基因组方法已成功地鉴定出新的病原体,包括新的虫媒病毒和已知病毒的重新出现的毒株。这些技术提供了对病毒多样性和动态的更全面的了解,超越了靶向检测和培养方法的局限性。关键的发现强调了宏基因组学检测以前传统方法无法检测到的病毒的能力,从而提高了监测的范围。宏基因组学为病毒监测和疫情管理提供了变革性的优势。它加强了早期发现,使人们能够对病毒威胁作出更明智的反应,并有助于制定更有效的战略来管理新出现和再出现的病毒性病原体。将宏基因组技术纳入公共卫生实践对于应对不断变化的病毒性疾病格局至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
COVID-19: Understanding the Granulocyte Response and Exploring Their Therapeutic Interventions. COVID-19:了解粒细胞反应并探索其治疗干预措施。
IF 1.2 4区 医学 Q4 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-31 DOI: 10.1177/08828245251391816
Zahra Farjami, Mina Moradi, Neshat Ebrahimi, Mohammad Mehdi Akbarin

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has led to a global health crisis by triggering extensive systemic and immune dysregulation. Granulocytes, including neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, are critical components of the innate immune system that play dual roles in protection and pathogenesis during infection. In this review, we examine the multifaceted roles of granulocytes in COVID-19 and their impact on disease severity through excessive inflammation, cytokine storm, and tissue damage. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and the overactivation of neutrophil subtypes contribute to the development of thrombosis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. In contrast, eosinophils and basophils modulate T helper 2-type and allergic responses that may influence recovery or disease progression. We further summarize the therapeutic strategies targeting granulocyte activation and signaling pathways, including IL-1, IL-6, IL-17, IL-5 receptor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor inhibitors, and antihistamines, emphasizing their clinical outcomes, approval status, and the global regions in which they are studied. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of granulocyte activation and inhibition provides new insights into COVID-19 immunopathology and opens pathways for targeted immunomodulatory therapy. These findings underscore the importance of balancing protective immune functions with controlled anti-inflammatory interventions to mitigate the severe complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2 (SARS-CoV-2)是2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)的病原体,通过引发广泛的全身和免疫失调,导致了全球健康危机。粒细胞,包括中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞,是先天免疫系统的重要组成部分,在感染过程中起保护和发病的双重作用。在这篇综述中,我们研究了粒细胞在COVID-19中的多方面作用,以及它们通过过度炎症、细胞因子风暴和组织损伤对疾病严重程度的影响。中性粒细胞胞外陷阱(NETs)和中性粒细胞亚型的过度激活有助于血栓形成和急性呼吸窘迫综合征的发展。相反,嗜酸性粒细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞调节辅助性T - 2型和过敏反应,可能影响恢复或疾病进展。我们进一步总结了针对粒细胞活化和信号通路的治疗策略,包括IL-1、IL-6、IL-17、IL-5受体、粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子抑制剂和抗组胺药,重点介绍了它们的临床结果、批准状况和全球研究区域。了解粒细胞活化和抑制的调控机制可为COVID-19免疫病理学提供新的见解,并为靶向免疫调节治疗开辟途径。这些发现强调了平衡保护性免疫功能和可控抗炎干预以减轻SARS-CoV-2感染严重并发症的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluating the Immunological Properties of Recombinant Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Using a Multitiered In Vivo and In Vitro Approach. 利用体内和体外多层方法评价重组乙型肝炎表面抗原的免疫学特性。
IF 1.2 4区 医学 Q4 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-17 DOI: 10.1177/08828245251389235
Xuan Zhao, Tianshu Shao, Wendong Li, Hong Ji, Yali Zeng, Chunran Cao

The immunological properties of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (rHBsAg), prepared using yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae [SC]) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, were evaluated through in vitro and in vivo assays to support the efficacy of recombinant hepatitis B vaccines. In vitro, antigenicity was assessed by measuring the affinity of rHBsAg to anti-HB antibodies using surface plasmon resonance. In vivo, mice were intraperitoneally injected with 3 µg of simulated vaccines containing anti-HB antibodies absorbed onto aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. Humoral responses were evaluated by measuring serum anti-HB antibody titers and seroconversion rates on days 7, 14, 21, and 28. Cellular immune responses were assessed based on cytokine (Interferon-γ-IFN-γ) and (Tumor Necrosis Factor-α- TNF-α) production from splenic lymphocytes on day 28 postimmunization. A recombinant Huh-7-HBsAg cell line, developed to analyze cellular immune responses, was established through cytotoxicity and apoptosis assays. In vitro, the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of rHBsAg from CHO cells was significantly lower than that from yeast cells, indicating stronger antibody affinity. In vivo, rHBsAg-CHO induced faster and higher antibody titers compared with rHBsAg-SC. Cellular responses showed higher levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ for rHBsAg-CHO. In addition, the rHBsAg-CHO group exhibited higher late apoptosis rates in target cells. The rates induced in the rHBsAg-CHO and rHBsAg-SC groups were 25.0% and 19.2%, respectively. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the immunological properties of rHBsAg vary based on the expression systems and provides nonclinical data supporting the evaluation of vaccine efficacy.

利用酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae [SC])和中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞制备的重组乙型肝炎表面抗原(rHBsAg),通过体外和体内实验对其免疫特性进行了评价,以支持重组乙型肝炎疫苗的有效性。体外,通过表面等离子体共振测量rHBsAg对抗hb抗体的亲和力来评估抗原性。在体内,小鼠腹腔注射3µg含有抗hb抗体的模拟疫苗,该疫苗吸附在氢氧化铝佐剂上。在第7、14、21和28天,通过测定血清抗hb抗体滴度和血清转化率来评估体液反应。细胞免疫应答是根据刺激后第28天脾淋巴细胞产生的细胞因子(干扰素-γ- ifn -γ)和(肿瘤坏死因子-α- TNF-α)来评估的。通过细胞毒性和凋亡实验,建立了一株重组Huh-7-HBsAg细胞系,用于分析细胞免疫反应。在体外,CHO细胞中rHBsAg的平衡解离常数(KD)显著低于酵母细胞,表明其抗体亲和力较强。在体内,与rHBsAg-SC相比,rHBsAg-CHO诱导的抗体滴度更快、更高。细胞反应显示rHBsAg-CHO的TNF-α和IFN-γ水平升高。此外,rHBsAg-CHO组在靶细胞中表现出更高的晚期凋亡率。rHBsAg-CHO组和rHBsAg-SC组的诱导率分别为25.0%和19.2%。总之,本研究表明,rHBsAg的免疫学特性因表达系统的不同而不同,并为疫苗疗效的评价提供了非临床数据支持。
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引用次数: 0
NK Cells Were Activated and Involved in the Physiopathology of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome. NK细胞被激活并参与肾综合征出血热的生理病理过程。
IF 1.2 4区 医学 Q4 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/08828245251386762
Huanjun Shen, Pingzhong Wang, Xiaofei Yang, Xiaoyan Wang, Lina Yan, Yidi Ding, Yan Liang, Rongrong Zhang, Yao Wei, Haitao Yu, Hong Du

As a key component of innate immunity, natural killer (NK) cells initiate rapid effector responses against various viral pathogens. However, their role in the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) remains unclear. In this study, NK cell subsets and receptor expression were analyzed by flow cytometry in patients with HFRS. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) levels in plasma. In experimental models of acute viral infection, changes in the expression of several NK cell receptor ligands were also detected by flow cytometry. Flow cytometry revealed a redistribution of NK cell subsets in patients with HFRS, characterized by the expansion of CD56+CD16- NK cells, which remained elevated from the acute phase to the convalescent phase. In addition, sustained overexpression of NK cell receptors (NCR p30+, NCR p44+, NCR p46+, KIR2DL2/3, and KIR2DL4) was observed beyond the acute phase. Higher plasma concentrations of sHLA-G were detected in mild-type cases compared with moderate-type, severe-type, and critical-type patients. Hantaan virus infection was also found to upregulate intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), CD62E, CD62P, human leukocyte antigen-A, B, C (HLA-A, B, C), HLA-E, and HLA-G. These findings suggest that NK cells undergo rapid expansion following viral infection and maintain elevated levels throughout the clinical course, accompanied by persistent overexpression of NK receptors. Lower concentrations of soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) in moderate-type, severe-type, and critical-type patients may indicate a potential mechanism contributing to increased vascular permeability in HFRS.

作为先天免疫的关键组成部分,自然杀伤细胞(NK)对各种病毒病原体启动快速效应反应。然而,它们在肾综合征出血热(HFRS)发病机制中的作用尚不清楚。在本研究中,流式细胞术分析了HFRS患者的NK细胞亚群和受体表达。采用酶联免疫吸附法测定血浆中可溶性HLA-G (sHLA-G)水平。在急性病毒感染的实验模型中,流式细胞术还检测了几种NK细胞受体配体表达的变化。流式细胞术显示HFRS患者NK细胞亚群的重新分布,其特征是CD56+CD16- NK细胞的扩增,从急性期到恢复期均保持升高。此外,急性期后NK细胞受体(NCR p30+、NCR p44+、NCR p46+、KIR2DL2/3和KIR2DL4)持续过表达。与中度、重度和危重型患者相比,轻度患者血浆中sHLA-G浓度较高。汉滩病毒感染还可上调细胞间粘附分子-1 (ICAM-1)、血管细胞粘附分子-1 (VCAM-1)、CD62E、CD62P、人白细胞抗原a、B、C (HLA-A、B、C)、HLA-E和HLA-G。这些发现表明NK细胞在病毒感染后迅速扩增,并在整个临床过程中保持高水平,并伴有NK受体的持续过表达。在中度型、重度型和危重型患者中,可溶性HLA-G (sHLA-G)浓度较低可能提示HFRS中血管通透性增加的潜在机制。
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引用次数: 0
Antibody Development Strategies for SFTSV: From Hybridoma to Emerging Technologies. SFTSV抗体开发策略:从杂交瘤到新兴技术。
IF 1.2 4区 医学 Q4 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1177/08828245251381140
Wanqing Lu, Yan Liu, Boyu Zhang, Zhuo Guan, Zheng Xuan, Lingkun Jin, Mingsheng Qu

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the tick-borne SFTS virus (SFTSV), with a case fatality rate of 16.2-32.6% in East Asia. Currently, no approved vaccines or antiviral treatments exist. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy offers rapid immune protection and is a promising strategy against SFTSV. This review outlines advances in SFTSV neutralizing mAb research, covering conventional generation methods (hybridoma, phage display) and innovative approaches such as single B cell sequencing. We also introduce computational tools like artificial intelligence -assisted epitope prediction and in silico mAb design. Furthermore, we discuss the structure-function relationships of mAbs targeting Gn and Gc glycoproteins, their mechanisms (e.g., fusion inhibition, receptor blockade), and key functional attributes including breadth, potency, and cross-reactivity. Challenges such as limited epitope accessibility, immune interference, and antibody-dependent enhancement are highlighted. Finally, we propose a multipronged strategy integrating structure-guided engineering, high-throughput screening, and rigorous preclinical evaluation to accelerate the development of safe and effective SFTSV therapeutics.

发热伴血小板减少综合征(SFTS)是由蜱传SFTS病毒(SFTSV)引起的一种新出现的人畜共患疾病,在东亚的病死率为16.2-32.6%。目前还没有批准的疫苗或抗病毒治疗方法。单克隆抗体(mAb)治疗提供了快速的免疫保护,是一种很有前景的治疗SFTSV的策略。本文综述了SFTSV中和单抗的研究进展,包括传统的产生方法(杂交瘤、噬菌体展示)和创新的方法,如单B细胞测序。我们还介绍了人工智能辅助表位预测和单抗设计等计算工具。此外,我们还讨论了靶向Gn和Gc糖蛋白的单克隆抗体的结构-功能关系,它们的机制(如融合抑制、受体阻断),以及包括宽度、效力和交叉反应性在内的关键功能属性。挑战,如有限的表位可及性,免疫干扰和抗体依赖性增强被强调。最后,我们提出了一种多管齐下的策略,将结构引导工程、高通量筛选和严格的临床前评估相结合,以加速开发安全有效的SFTSV治疗方法。
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引用次数: 0
Immunogenic Response Assessment of Hepatitis Delta Virus Antigen from Pakistani Isolate in Rabbits Using a Prokaryotic Expression System. 用原核表达系统评价兔巴基斯坦分离物丁型肝炎病毒抗原的免疫原性反应。
IF 1.2 4区 医学 Q4 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-26 DOI: 10.1177/08828245251382143
Hifza Manzoor, Muhammad Shahid, Nadeem Ahmed, Samia Afzal, Muhammad Huzaifa, Saad Tahir, Iram Amin

The hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a defective and small, blood-borne viroid-like pathogen that coinfects with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) in about 5% of the infected individuals as it is a satellite virus of HBV. The treatment of HDV infection is quite challenging because there is no vaccine against HDV. Several commercial PCR and in-house assays have been developed, but there are greater variations in the results of these assays because they are not standardized properly. Studies are also delayed because of the unavailability of commercial HDV-specific antibodies for the diagnosis of HDV infection, even for the research devotions. To fill this gap, the recombinant antigenic HDAg protein of genotype I of HDV from the local isolate was successfully expressed and purified in the Escherichia coli (E. coli) system, followed by anti-HDAg antibodies production in rabbits. After determining and amplifying the antigenic region of HDAg of HDV, the fragment was cloned into the pET-28a vector and expressed in E. coli TOP10 cells. Following the successful expression of recombinant HDAg protein with a His-tag at its C-terminal end, we purified the HDAg protein using affinity chromatography. Both the expression and purification of HDAg-An protein were confirmed through SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. Through proper optimization, the HDAg-An protein was obtained with more than 90% purity. The next step involved immunizing Japanese White rabbits with the purified HDAg. The immunization protocol included 80 µg of HDAg-An in two subcutaneous priming doses and four 40 µg booster doses, followed by blood collection two weeks after each boost to monitor antibody production. The level of anti-HDAg antibodies in the rabbit serum was assessed using a quantitative ELISA technique. In the future, these antibodies could be used for the development of HDV-specific in-house assays as well as vaccines against the HDV genotype I that is locally predominant, potentially decreasing the burden of imported diagnostic tools and reagents.

丁型肝炎病毒(HDV)是一种有缺陷的小型血源性病毒样病原体,约5%的感染者与乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)合并感染,因为它是乙型肝炎病毒的卫星病毒。由于没有针对HDV的疫苗,治疗HDV感染相当具有挑战性。已经开发了几种商业PCR和内部分析方法,但这些分析的结果差异较大,因为它们没有适当地标准化。由于无法获得用于诊断HDV感染的商用HDV特异性抗体,甚至用于研究投入,研究也被推迟。为了填补这一空白,在大肠杆菌系统中成功表达并纯化了HDV基因I型重组抗原HDAg蛋白,随后在家兔体内产生了抗HDAg抗体。确定并扩增HDV HDAg抗原区后,将片段克隆到pET-28a载体中,在大肠杆菌TOP10细胞中表达。在成功表达重组HDAg蛋白后,我们利用亲和层析纯化了HDAg蛋白。通过SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析证实了HDAg-An蛋白的表达和纯化。通过适当的优化,获得了纯度在90%以上的HDAg-An蛋白。下一步是用纯化的HDAg免疫日本大白兔。免疫方案包括两次皮下注射80µg HDAg-An和四次注射40µg加强剂,每次加强后两周采集血液以监测抗体产生。采用定量ELISA技术检测兔血清中抗hdag抗体水平。在未来,这些抗体可用于开发HDV特异性内部检测以及针对HDV基因I型的疫苗(在当地占主导地位),从而有可能减少进口诊断工具和试剂的负担。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Viral immunology
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