Pub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-06-03DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0154
Laisa Marina Rosa Rey, Robson Michael Delai, Aline Cristiane Cechinel Assing Batista, Leonardo Ferreira, Isabela Carvalho Dos Santos, Marco Aurélio Cunha Del Vecchio, Ana Cláudia Souza Andrade, Pedro Teles, Ulisses de Pádua Pereira, Alexandra Lehmkuhl Gerber, Ana Paula de Campos Guimarães, Luiz Gonzaga Paula de Almeida, Alessandra Pavan Lamarca, Ana Tereza Ribeiro de Vasconcelos, Daniela Dib Gonçalves
Introduction: COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 that has become a serious threat to public health owing to its rapid spread from aerosols from infected people. Despite being considered a strictly human disease, there are reports in the literature about animals with confirmed presence of the virus. Aim: Owing to the scarcity of scientific literature on the potential for infection of animals and their importance for One Health, the objective of this work was to research SARS-CoV-2 RNA in felines (Felis silvestris catus) and dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) domiciled. Materials and Methods: Oropharyngeal swabs were collected from domestic dogs and cats belonging to patients diagnosed with COVID-19 from August to October 2021 and residents of the northwest and west regions of Paraná, Brazil. Results: Of the 34 samples collected, 14 were from dogs and 20 from cats. Three of these samples tested positive in real-time PCR, and two of them were also positive in the immunochromatographic test. After testing positive in real-time PCR, the samples underwent genetic sequencing using the Illumina COVIDSeq test. Of the 34 samples collected, three (9%), all of them female and from the feline species, tested positive in real-time PCR, with two of these (67%) also testing positive in the immunochromatographic test. Regarding sequencing, it was possible to sequence the three samples aligned with the AY.101 lineage, corresponding to the Delta variant. Conclusion: The occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in dogs and cats is seen as an unintended event with significant implications for public health, including its potential transmission to other animal species. Further research is required to enhance our understanding of how this disease spreads among these animals and its broader impact on One Health initiatives.
{"title":"SARS-CoV-2 Research in Dogs (<i>Canis lupus familiaris</i>) and Felines (<i>Felis silvestris catus</i>) Domiciled in an International Border Region (Paraguay and Brazil).","authors":"Laisa Marina Rosa Rey, Robson Michael Delai, Aline Cristiane Cechinel Assing Batista, Leonardo Ferreira, Isabela Carvalho Dos Santos, Marco Aurélio Cunha Del Vecchio, Ana Cláudia Souza Andrade, Pedro Teles, Ulisses de Pádua Pereira, Alexandra Lehmkuhl Gerber, Ana Paula de Campos Guimarães, Luiz Gonzaga Paula de Almeida, Alessandra Pavan Lamarca, Ana Tereza Ribeiro de Vasconcelos, Daniela Dib Gonçalves","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2023.0154","DOIUrl":"10.1089/vbz.2023.0154","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Introduction:</i></b> COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 that has become a serious threat to public health owing to its rapid spread from aerosols from infected people. Despite being considered a strictly human disease, there are reports in the literature about animals with confirmed presence of the virus. <b><i>Aim:</i></b> Owing to the scarcity of scientific literature on the potential for infection of animals and their importance for One Health, the objective of this work was to research SARS-CoV-2 RNA in felines (Felis silvestris catus) and dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) domiciled. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> Oropharyngeal swabs were collected from domestic dogs and cats belonging to patients diagnosed with COVID-19 from August to October 2021 and residents of the northwest and west regions of Paraná, Brazil. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Of the 34 samples collected, 14 were from dogs and 20 from cats. Three of these samples tested positive in real-time PCR, and two of them were also positive in the immunochromatographic test. After testing positive in real-time PCR, the samples underwent genetic sequencing using the Illumina COVIDSeq test. Of the 34 samples collected, three (9%), all of them female and from the feline species, tested positive in real-time PCR, with two of these (67%) also testing positive in the immunochromatographic test. Regarding sequencing, it was possible to sequence the three samples aligned with the AY.101 lineage, corresponding to the Delta variant. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in dogs and cats is seen as an unintended event with significant implications for public health, including its potential transmission to other animal species. Further research is required to enhance our understanding of how this disease spreads among these animals and its broader impact on One Health initiatives.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141200668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-04-30DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0071
Germain Gil Padonou, Alphonse Keller Konkon, David Mahouton Zoungbédji, Albert Sourou Salako, Arthur Sovi, Olivier Oussou, Aboubakar Sidick, Juvénal Ahouandjinou, Linda Towakinou, Razaki Ossé, Lamine Baba-Moussa, Martin Codjo Akogbéto
Background: This study conducted in the departments of Oueme and Plateau aims to assess the presence of the dengue virus and its different serotypes in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, as well as the epidemic risk incurred by the populations. Methods: Collections of adult mosquitoes using human landing catches (HLC) were carried out in six communes, three (Porto-Novo, Adjarra, and Avrankou) in the Oueme department and the rest (Ifangni, Kétou, and Pobè) in the Plateau department. Pools of ten Aedes mosquitoes were formed, and stored at -80°C in RNA later. RT-PCR was used to detect dengue virus, and conventional PCR for the different serotypes. Inspection of water containers and collection of Aedes larvae was performed inside and around each house to calculate the stegomyan indices. Results: In the six communes, the dengue virus was present both in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Combined data of the two Aedes species at the communes level revealed infection rates ranging from 80.00% (95% CI: 61.43-92.29) to 96.67% (95% CI: 82.78-99.92). In all the communes, the values of stegomyan indices reached the WHO threshold, which indicates the existence of the risk of an arbovirus epidemic. In addition, the infection rates were similar for Ae. aegypti [88.19% (95% CI: 81.27-93.24)] and Ae. albopictus [86.79% (95% CI: 74.66-94.52)]. The three virus serotypes detected in the pools of Aedes were DENV-1, DENV-3, and DENV-4, with a high prevalence for the first two. Conclusion: This study revealed that three serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-3, and DENV-4) of dengue virus circulate in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in the departments of Oueme and Plateau. Moreover, the risk of transmission of arboviruses was globally high and variable from commune to commune. This information is essential for informed decision-making in the preventive control of the disease.
{"title":"Detection of DENV-1, DENV-3, and DENV-4 Serotypes in <i>Aedes aegypti</i> and <i>Aedes albopictus</i>, and Epidemic Risk in the Departments of Oueme and Plateau, South-Eastern Benin.","authors":"Germain Gil Padonou, Alphonse Keller Konkon, David Mahouton Zoungbédji, Albert Sourou Salako, Arthur Sovi, Olivier Oussou, Aboubakar Sidick, Juvénal Ahouandjinou, Linda Towakinou, Razaki Ossé, Lamine Baba-Moussa, Martin Codjo Akogbéto","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2023.0071","DOIUrl":"10.1089/vbz.2023.0071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> This study conducted in the departments of Oueme and Plateau aims to assess the presence of the dengue virus and its different serotypes in <i>Aedes aegypti</i> and <i>Aedes albopictus</i>, as well as the epidemic risk incurred by the populations. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Collections of adult mosquitoes using human landing catches (HLC) were carried out in six communes, three (Porto-Novo, Adjarra, and Avrankou) in the Oueme department and the rest (Ifangni, Kétou, and Pobè) in the Plateau department. Pools of ten <i>Aedes</i> mosquitoes were formed, and stored at -80°C in RNA later. RT-PCR was used to detect dengue virus, and conventional PCR for the different serotypes. Inspection of water containers and collection of <i>Aedes</i> larvae was performed inside and around each house to calculate the stegomyan indices. <b><i>Results:</i></b> In the six communes, the dengue virus was present both in <i>Ae. aegypti</i> and <i>Ae. albopictus</i>. Combined data of the two <i>Aedes</i> species at the communes level revealed infection rates ranging from 80.00% (95% CI: 61.43-92.29) to 96.67% (95% CI: 82.78-99.92). In all the communes, the values of stegomyan indices reached the WHO threshold, which indicates the existence of the risk of an arbovirus epidemic. In addition, the infection rates were similar for <i>Ae. aegypti</i> [88.19% (95% CI: 81.27-93.24)] and <i>Ae. albopictus</i> [86.79% (95% CI: 74.66-94.52)]. The three virus serotypes detected in the pools of <i>Aedes</i> were DENV-1, DENV-3, and DENV-4, with a high prevalence for the first two. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> This study revealed that three serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-3, and DENV-4) of dengue virus circulate in <i>Ae. aegypti</i> and <i>Ae. albopictus</i> in the departments of Oueme and Plateau. Moreover, the risk of transmission of arboviruses was globally high and variable from commune to commune. This information is essential for informed decision-making in the preventive control of the disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140855385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Data mining and artificial intelligence algorithms can estimate the probability of future occurrences with defined precision. Yet, the prediction of infectious disease outbreaks remains a complex and difficult task. This is demonstrated by the limited accuracy and sensitivity of current models in predicting the emergence of previously unknown pathogens such as Zika, Chikungunya, and SARS-CoV-2, and the resurgence of Mpox, along with their impacts on global health, trade, and security. Comprehensive analysis of infectious disease risk profiles, vulnerabilities, and mitigation capacities, along with their spatiotemporal dynamics at the international level, is essential for preventing their transnational propagation. However, annual indexes about the impact of infectious diseases provide a low level of granularity to allow stakeholders to craft better mitigation strategies. A quantitative risk assessment by analytical platforms requires billions of near real-time data points from heterogeneous sources, integrating and analyzing univariable or multivariable data with different levels of complexity and latency that, in most cases, overwhelm human cognitive capabilities. Autonomous biosurveillance can open the possibility for near real-time, risk- and evidence-based policymaking and operational decision support.
{"title":"Precognition of Known And Unknown Biothreats: A Risk-Based Approach.","authors":"Romelito L Lapitan","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2023.0169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2023.0169","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Data mining and artificial intelligence algorithms can estimate the probability of future occurrences with defined precision. Yet, the prediction of infectious disease outbreaks remains a complex and difficult task. This is demonstrated by the limited accuracy and sensitivity of current models in predicting the emergence of previously unknown pathogens such as Zika, Chikungunya, and SARS-CoV-2, and the resurgence of Mpox, along with their impacts on global health, trade, and security. Comprehensive analysis of infectious disease risk profiles, vulnerabilities, and mitigation capacities, along with their spatiotemporal dynamics at the international level, is essential for preventing their transnational propagation. However, annual indexes about the impact of infectious diseases provide a low level of granularity to allow stakeholders to craft better mitigation strategies. A quantitative risk assessment by analytical platforms requires billions of near real-time data points from heterogeneous sources, integrating and analyzing univariable or multivariable data with different levels of complexity and latency that, in most cases, overwhelm human cognitive capabilities. Autonomous biosurveillance can open the possibility for near real-time, risk- and evidence-based policymaking and operational decision support.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142074085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Toxoplasmosis is caused by infection with Toxoplasma gondii. No Symptoms in healthy people. Notably, very dangerous symptoms in immunocompromised, or patients with immune diseases. Previous research has shown that the parasite's resistance to drugs continues to emerge and has indicated this resistance as a cause for concern. In this context, researchers have a great responsibility to search for alternative treatments, as well as to develop existing ones. Essentially, this improves the therapeutic efficacy of drugs and prevents the emergence of resistance to them. The present study aims to evaluate antitoxoplasma effects of niosomal loaded curcumin and silymarin and their synergistic effects with clindamycin against T. gondii RH strain in vitro. Materials and Methods: Experiments were conducted on the tachyzoites of T. gondii RH-strain, based on: the free and nieosomal compounds of curcumin and silymarin, in addition to the drug clindamycin. Data were collected to estimate parasite viability during exposure to the therapeutic compounds under study using a special MTT assay ((3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolioum bromide) assay: is a colorimetric assay for measuring cellular growth) kit provided by (Bio Idea Company, Tehran, Iran). Hence, the effect of the therapeutic compounds on the parasite load was studied using the quantitative molecular technique real-time PCR. Results: The results indicate that the combination of N-silymarin and N-curcumin with clindamycin has active synergistic effects against T. gondii leading to complete elimination of the parasite. Data revealed that curcumin and silymarin in both their free and nisomal forms had inhibitory effects on the parasite, and minimal toxic effects on normal cells. Conclusions: The results highlight the successful synergistic effect of clindamycin and the niosomal compounds curcumin and silymarin in completely eradicating the T. gondii RH-strain. This finding contributes positively to the field of safe and effective treatments.
背景:弓形虫病是由弓形虫感染引起的。健康人无症状。值得注意的是,免疫力低下或患有免疫疾病的患者会出现非常危险的症状。以往的研究表明,寄生虫的抗药性不断出现,并指出这种抗药性令人担忧。在这种情况下,研究人员肩负着寻找替代治疗方法和开发现有治疗方法的重大责任。从根本上说,这样做可以提高药物的疗效,防止出现抗药性。本研究旨在评估姜黄素和水飞蓟素的抗弓形虫作用,以及它们与克林霉素在体外对淋球菌 RH 株的协同作用。材料与方法:对 RH 株淋病双球菌的寄生虫进行了实验,除了药物克林霉素外,还使用了姜黄素和水飞蓟素的游离和脂质体化合物。研究人员使用由伊朗德黑兰 Bio Idea 公司提供的 MTT(3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑基-2)-2,5-二苯基四氮唑溴化物)检测试剂盒收集数据,以估计寄生虫在接触研究中的治疗化合物期间的存活率。因此,使用定量分子技术实时 PCR 研究了治疗化合物对寄生虫负荷的影响。结果显示结果表明,N-水飞蓟素和 N-姜黄素与克林霉素的组合对刚地虫具有积极的协同作用,可彻底清除寄生虫。数据显示,姜黄素和水飞蓟素的游离态和异构态对寄生虫都有抑制作用,而对正常细胞的毒性影响极小。结论研究结果表明,克林霉素与姜黄素和水飞蓟素这两种异构体化合物在彻底消灭 RH 型淋病双球菌方面具有成功的协同作用。这一发现为安全有效的治疗方法做出了积极贡献。
{"title":"Antiparasitic Effects of Niosomal Formulations of Curcumin and Silymarin Against <i>Toxoplasma gondii In Vitro</i>.","authors":"Hiba Riyadh Al-Abodi","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2024.0044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Toxoplasmosis is caused by infection with <i>Toxoplasma gondii.</i> No Symptoms in healthy people. Notably, very dangerous symptoms in immunocompromised, or patients with immune diseases. Previous research has shown that the parasite's resistance to drugs continues to emerge and has indicated this resistance as a cause for concern. In this context, researchers have a great responsibility to search for alternative treatments, as well as to develop existing ones. Essentially, this improves the therapeutic efficacy of drugs and prevents the emergence of resistance to them. The present study aims to evaluate antitoxoplasma effects of niosomal loaded curcumin and silymarin and their synergistic effects with clindamycin against <i>T. gondii</i> RH strain <i>in vitro</i>. <b><i>Materials and Methods</i></b>: Experiments were conducted on the tachyzoites of <i>T. gondii</i> RH-strain, based on: the free and nieosomal compounds of curcumin and silymarin, in addition to the drug clindamycin. Data were collected to estimate parasite viability during exposure to the therapeutic compounds under study using a special MTT assay ((3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolioum bromide) assay: is a colorimetric assay for measuring cellular growth) kit provided by (Bio Idea Company, Tehran, Iran). Hence, the effect of the therapeutic compounds on the parasite load was studied using the quantitative molecular technique real-time PCR. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The results indicate that the combination of N-silymarin and N-curcumin with clindamycin has active synergistic effects against <i>T. gondii</i> leading to complete elimination of the parasite. Data revealed that curcumin and silymarin in both their free and nisomal forms had inhibitory effects on the parasite, and minimal toxic effects on normal cells. <b><i>Conclusions</i></b>: The results highlight the successful synergistic effect of clindamycin and the niosomal compounds curcumin and silymarin in completely eradicating the <i>T. gondii</i> RH-strain. This finding contributes positively to the field of safe and effective treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142005438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bankole Emmanuel Ofeniforo, Olalekan Bukunmi Ogunro, Charles Ebere Dike, Eleojo Samuel Agada, Kemi Feyisayo Akinwunmi
Background and Objectives: Malaria airs a life-threatening risk in Tropical African countries, stemming from infection by Plasmodium species. This region is richly endowed by nature with a wealth of diverse and largely unexplored plants that hold the potential for managing this protozoan parasite. The currently accessible over-the-counter drugs for disease management often present affordability challenges for the average person, exacerbated by the parasite's increasing resistance to them. This study investigated the phytoconstituents present in the ethyl acetate fraction of Spilanthes filicaulis (EFSF) and explored the antimalarial effects of EFSF on mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. Methods: Standard methods and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to identify phytoconstituents. Chloroquine phosphate-sensitive P. berghei (NK-65) was intraperitoneally inoculated into Swiss mice. The in vivo antimalarial activity of EFSF was assessed at dose levels of 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg, using 4-day suppressive and curative antimalarial models. Parameters evaluated in the inoculated mice included rectal temperature (RT), body weight (BW), packed cell volume (PCV), level of parasitemia, and mean survival time (MST). Results: Steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, and cardiac glycosides were the identified phytochemicals present in EFSF, and GC-MS alongside reveals the presence of 20 bioactive compounds predominantly fatty acids and alcohol esters. Significant prevention of reductions in RT, BW, and PCV was observed in the EFSF-treated groups dose dependently relative to the untreated group. In addition, EFSF-treated groups significantly (p < 0.05) suppressed parasitemia and exhibited chemosuppression of 79.46% and 77.38% in 4-day suppressive, whereas suppression of 59.74% and 58.66% in curative treatment, respectively, at 500 and 750 mg/kg thus consequently extending the MST of infected treated mice compared with the untreated group. Interpretation and Conclusion: Put together, the EFSF exhibited enhanced antimalarial efficacy against mice infected with P. berghei thus affirming that plants still maintain lead way as a potential source of novel antimalarial remedies.
{"title":"Phytochemical Analysis and <i>In Vivo</i> Antimalarial Activities of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of <i>Spilanthes filicaulis</i> on Mice Subjected to <i>Plasmodium berghei</i>.","authors":"Bankole Emmanuel Ofeniforo, Olalekan Bukunmi Ogunro, Charles Ebere Dike, Eleojo Samuel Agada, Kemi Feyisayo Akinwunmi","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2024.0039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background and Objectives:</i></b> Malaria airs a life-threatening risk in Tropical African countries, stemming from infection by <i>Plasmodium</i> species. This region is richly endowed by nature with a wealth of diverse and largely unexplored plants that hold the potential for managing this protozoan parasite. The currently accessible over-the-counter drugs for disease management often present affordability challenges for the average person, exacerbated by the parasite's increasing resistance to them. This study investigated the phytoconstituents present in the ethyl acetate fraction of <i>Spilanthes filicaulis</i> (EFSF) and explored the antimalarial effects of EFSF on mice infected with <i>Plasmodium berghei</i>. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Standard methods and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to identify phytoconstituents. Chloroquine phosphate-sensitive <i>P. berghei</i> (NK-65) was intraperitoneally inoculated into Swiss mice. The <i>in vivo</i> antimalarial activity of EFSF was assessed at dose levels of 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg, using 4-day suppressive and curative antimalarial models. Parameters evaluated in the inoculated mice included rectal temperature (RT), body weight (BW), packed cell volume (PCV), level of parasitemia, and mean survival time (MST). <b><i>Results:</i></b> Steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, and cardiac glycosides were the identified phytochemicals present in EFSF, and GC-MS alongside reveals the presence of 20 bioactive compounds predominantly fatty acids and alcohol esters. Significant prevention of reductions in RT, BW, and PCV was observed in the EFSF-treated groups dose dependently relative to the untreated group. In addition, EFSF-treated groups significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) suppressed parasitemia and exhibited chemosuppression of 79.46% and 77.38% in 4-day suppressive, whereas suppression of 59.74% and 58.66% in curative treatment, respectively, at 500 and 750 mg/kg thus consequently extending the MST of infected treated mice compared with the untreated group. <b><i>Interpretation and Conclusion:</i></b> Put together, the EFSF exhibited enhanced antimalarial efficacy against mice infected with <i>P. berghei</i> thus affirming that plants still maintain lead way as a potential source of novel antimalarial remedies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142005439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The emergence and spread of infectious diseases, particularly zoonotic diseases originating from wildlife, pose significant threats to global health and economy. This review examines the pivotal role of ticks as vectors in transmitting pathogens to humans, livestock, and wildlife and the use of molecular techniques in their identification. Tick infestations result in economic losses through reduced animal productivity, anemia, and quality deterioration of hides. Furthermore, ticks serve as reservoirs for a wide range of pathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and nematodes, contributing to the transmission of diseases such as Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, tick-borne encephalitis, and African swine fever among others. The interface between wildlife, livestock, and humans facilitates the transmission of zoonotic pathogens, exacerbated by nomadic and pastoralist lifestyles that promote interactions between wildlife and domestic animals. This movement of animals across landscapes enhances the dispersion of tick vectors, increasing the risk of pathogen exposure for diverse populations. Historically, tick identification in sub-Saharan Africa has relied on morphological characteristics despite limitations such as species overlap and variability. Molecular techniques offer a more precise means of species identification, providing critical data for effective tick and pathogen management strategies. Integrating molecular approaches into tick research enhances our understanding of tick diversity, distribution patterns, and pathogen dynamics. This knowledge is essential for developing targeted interventions to mitigate the impact of tick-borne diseases on public and veterinary health worldwide.
{"title":"Navigating the Landscape of Tick Diversity: Integrating Molecular Approaches for Enhanced Control Measures.","authors":"Donath Damian","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2024.0052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The emergence and spread of infectious diseases, particularly zoonotic diseases originating from wildlife, pose significant threats to global health and economy. This review examines the pivotal role of ticks as vectors in transmitting pathogens to humans, livestock, and wildlife and the use of molecular techniques in their identification. Tick infestations result in economic losses through reduced animal productivity, anemia, and quality deterioration of hides. Furthermore, ticks serve as reservoirs for a wide range of pathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and nematodes, contributing to the transmission of diseases such as Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, tick-borne encephalitis, and African swine fever among others. The interface between wildlife, livestock, and humans facilitates the transmission of zoonotic pathogens, exacerbated by nomadic and pastoralist lifestyles that promote interactions between wildlife and domestic animals. This movement of animals across landscapes enhances the dispersion of tick vectors, increasing the risk of pathogen exposure for diverse populations. Historically, tick identification in sub-Saharan Africa has relied on morphological characteristics despite limitations such as species overlap and variability. Molecular techniques offer a more precise means of species identification, providing critical data for effective tick and pathogen management strategies. Integrating molecular approaches into tick research enhances our understanding of tick diversity, distribution patterns, and pathogen dynamics. This knowledge is essential for developing targeted interventions to mitigate the impact of tick-borne diseases on public and veterinary health worldwide.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141976785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Philip Raj Abraham, Tharini Gopinath, Akash Dhotre, Ashwani Kumar
Background: Dengue is a mosquito-borne tropical disease, caused by the Dengue virus (DENV). It has become a severe problem and is a rising threat to public health. In this study, we have evaluated commercial Merilisa i Dengue NS1 Antigen kit (Meril LifeSciences India Pvt. Ltd.) to detect recombinant dengue virus 2 NS1 antigen (rDNS1Ag) and secreted forms of NS1 antigen (sDNS1Ag). Methods: To determine the detection limit of the kit, 100 nanogram (ng) to 0.001 ng rDNS1Ag was tested. The sensitivity and specificity of the kit was determined using recombinant NS1 antigens of all serotypes of DENV and other flaviviruses. For testing sDNS1Ag, the culture supernatant of the Vero cell lines infected with DENV-2 was tested. Further, a spiking experiment was carried out to check the sensitivity of the kit to detect rDNS1Ag in the pools of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Results: It was observed that the kit can detect the rDNS1Ag at 1 ng concentration. The kit was sensitive to detect NS1 antigen of DENV-1, DENV-2 and DENV-3 serotypes and specific for detection of only DNS1Ag as it did not cross-react with NS1 antigen of flaviviruses. The kit was sensitive to detect rDNS1Ag in the mosquito pools as well. In addition, the kit was able to detect the sDNS1Ag in Vero cell culture supernatant. Conclusions: Overall, we observed that the Merilisa i Dengue NS1 Ag kit is sensitive and specific for the detection of DNS1Ag both in recombinant and secretory forms.
背景:登革热是一种由登革热病毒(DENV)引起的蚊媒热带疾病。登革热已成为一个严重的问题,对公众健康的威胁日益严重。在本研究中,我们对商用 Merilisa i 登革热 NS1 抗原试剂盒(Meril LifeSciences India Pvt. Ltd.)进行了评估,以检测重组登革热病毒 2 NS1 抗原(rDNS1Ag)和分泌型 NS1 抗原(sDNS1Ag)。检测方法为确定试剂盒的检测限,对 100 纳克(ng)至 0.001 纳克 rDNS1Ag 进行了测试。使用 DENV 和其他黄病毒所有血清型的重组 NS1 抗原确定试剂盒的灵敏度和特异性。为检测 sDNS1Ag,对感染 DENV-2 的 Vero 细胞系的培养上清液进行了检测。此外,还进行了一次加标实验,以检查试剂盒检测埃及伊蚊池中 rDNS1Ag 的灵敏度。结果显示结果表明,该试剂盒能检测出 1 纳克浓度的 rDNS1Ag。该试剂盒对检测 DENV-1、DENV-2 和 DENV-3 血清型的 NS1 抗原很敏感,而且只对检测 DNS1Ag 有特异性,因为它不会与黄病毒的 NS1 抗原发生交叉反应。该试剂盒对检测蚊子池中的 rDNS1Ag 也很敏感。此外,该试剂盒还能检测 Vero 细胞培养上清中的 sDNS1Ag。结论总之,我们发现 Merilisa i 登革病毒 NS1 Ag 检测试剂盒对重组型和分泌型 DNS1Ag 的检测既敏感又特异。
{"title":"Commercial Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Kit Is Useful for Detection of Recombinant and Secretory Nonstructural-1 Protein Antigen of Dengue Virus.","authors":"Philip Raj Abraham, Tharini Gopinath, Akash Dhotre, Ashwani Kumar","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2024.0009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Dengue is a mosquito-borne tropical disease, caused by the Dengue virus (DENV). It has become a severe problem and is a rising threat to public health. In this study, we have evaluated commercial Merilisa i Dengue NS1 Antigen kit (Meril LifeSciences India Pvt. Ltd.) to detect recombinant dengue virus 2 NS1 antigen (rDNS1Ag) and secreted forms of NS1 antigen (sDNS1Ag). <b>Methods:</b> To determine the detection limit of the kit, 100 nanogram (ng) to 0.001 ng rDNS1Ag was tested. The sensitivity and specificity of the kit was determined using recombinant NS1 antigens of all serotypes of DENV and other flaviviruses. For testing sDNS1Ag, the culture supernatant of the Vero cell lines infected with DENV-2 was tested. Further, a spiking experiment was carried out to check the sensitivity of the kit to detect rDNS1Ag in the pools of <i>Aedes aegypti</i> mosquitoes. <b>Results:</b> It was observed that the kit can detect the rDNS1Ag at 1 ng concentration. The kit was sensitive to detect NS1 antigen of DENV-1, DENV-2 and DENV-3 serotypes and specific for detection of only DNS1Ag as it did not cross-react with NS1 antigen of flaviviruses. The kit was sensitive to detect rDNS1Ag in the mosquito pools as well. In addition, the kit was able to detect the sDNS1Ag in Vero cell culture supernatant. <b>Conclusions:</b> Overall, we observed that the Merilisa i Dengue NS1 Ag kit is sensitive and specific for the detection of DNS1Ag both in recombinant and secretory forms.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141971956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah E Mays Maestas, Lauren P Maestas, Phillip E Kaufman
Background: Soft ticks (Family: Argasidae) are vectors of relapsing fever Borrelia in the United States and are potential vectors of African swine fever virus, a pathogen that could have a devastating effect on the U.S. swine industry if introduced to the U.S. mainland. Much of the tick-borne disease research in the U.S. focuses on hard ticks, and less is known about the ecology of soft ticks. Some soft tick species found in the southern U.S. have a wide host range and may feed on cattle, swine, native and exotic ungulates, small mammals, reptiles, and humans. Because the feeding habit of most soft tick species involves taking short, repeated blood meals that may include multiple host species, pathogen transmission among hosts is a concern both for human and animal health. Materials and Methods: Sampling was carried out at four locations in south Texas using dry ice traps placed in or near animal burrows and other sheltering cracks and crevasses that may provide refuge for soft ticks. Collected ticks were identified and subsequently screened for Rickettsia and Borrelia species and for host bloodmeal detection using conventional polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing for pathogen and host species identification. Results: In total, 256 ticks of two Ornithodorinae species were screened. Borrelia species were identified in three samples. Bloodmeal detections were made in 22 tick specimens, representing eight vertebrate host species. Conclusions: Results demonstrate that the soft tick species detected herein feed on a range of wildlife hosts in south Texas and are associated with agents of human disease.
{"title":"Pathogen and Host Associations of Soft Ticks Collected in South Texas.","authors":"Sarah E Mays Maestas, Lauren P Maestas, Phillip E Kaufman","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2023.0135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2023.0135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Soft ticks (Family: Argasidae) are vectors of relapsing fever <i>Borrelia</i> in the United States and are potential vectors of African swine fever virus, a pathogen that could have a devastating effect on the U.S. swine industry if introduced to the U.S. mainland. Much of the tick-borne disease research in the U.S. focuses on hard ticks, and less is known about the ecology of soft ticks. Some soft tick species found in the southern U.S. have a wide host range and may feed on cattle, swine, native and exotic ungulates, small mammals, reptiles, and humans. Because the feeding habit of most soft tick species involves taking short, repeated blood meals that may include multiple host species, pathogen transmission among hosts is a concern both for human and animal health. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> Sampling was carried out at four locations in south Texas using dry ice traps placed in or near animal burrows and other sheltering cracks and crevasses that may provide refuge for soft ticks. Collected ticks were identified and subsequently screened for <i>Rickettsia</i> and <i>Borrelia</i> species and for host bloodmeal detection using conventional polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing for pathogen and host species identification. <b><i>Results:</i></b> In total, 256 ticks of two Ornithodorinae species were screened. <i>Borrelia</i> species were identified in three samples. Bloodmeal detections were made in 22 tick specimens, representing eight vertebrate host species. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Results demonstrate that the soft tick species detected herein feed on a range of wildlife hosts in south Texas and are associated with agents of human disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141971957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Isabelle Couloigner, Carl Dizon, Sunny Mak, Elizabeth Dykstra, Erin Fraser, Muhammad Morshed, Stefan Iwasawa, Sylvia Checkley, Susan Cork
Introduction: Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States and Canada. The primary vector for the causative agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, in the Pacific Northwest is the western blacklegged tick, Ixodes pacificus. Materials and Methods: Using active tick surveillance data from British Columbia, Canada, and Washington State, USA, habitat suitability models using MaxEnt (maximum entropy) were developed for I. pacificus to predict its current and mid-century geographic distributions. Passive surveillance data both from BC and WA were also visualized. Results: According to the constructed models, the number of frost-free days during the winter is the most relevant predictor of its habitat suitability, followed by summer climate moisture, ecoregion, and mean minimum fall temperature. The ensemble geographic distribution map predicts that the coastal regions and inland valleys of British Columbia and the Puget Lowlands of Washington State provide the most suitable habitats for I. pacificus. The density map of ticks submitted from passive surveillance data was overlaid on the current distribution map and demonstrates the correlation between numbers of submissions and habitat suitability. Mid-century projections, based on current climate change predictions, indicate a range expansion, especially of low and moderate suitability, from current distribution. Regarding Lyme disease risk, I. pacificus identified from both active and passive surveillance and tested positive for B. burgdorferi were found to be in areas of moderate to very high suitability for I. pacificus. Conclusion: According to developed models, the total suitable habitat area for I. pacificus will expand in the interior regions of British Columbia and Washington State. However, the risk remains small given relatively low infection rates among I. pacificus. Further studies are required to better understand how this might change in the future.
导言:莱姆病是美国和加拿大最常见的病媒传播疾病。在西北太平洋地区,莱姆病病原体博氏菌的主要传播媒介是西部黑腿蜱(Ixodes pacificus)。材料和方法:利用加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省和美国华盛顿州的主动蜱虫监测数据,使用 MaxEnt(最大熵)为 I. pacificus 建立了栖息地适宜性模型,以预测其当前和本世纪中期的地理分布。同时还对不列颠哥伦比亚省和华盛顿州的被动监测数据进行了可视化分析。结果根据所构建的模型,冬季无霜期天数是预测其栖息地适宜性的最相关因素,其次是夏季气候湿度、生态区域和秋季平均最低气温。根据集合地理分布图预测,不列颠哥伦比亚省的沿海地区和内陆山谷以及华盛顿州的普吉特低地为太平洋蜱提供了最适合的栖息地。根据被动监测数据提交的蜱虫密度图被叠加在当前分布图上,显示了提交数量与栖息地适宜性之间的相关性。根据目前的气候变化预测,本世纪中叶的预测表明,蜱的分布范围将扩大,尤其是低度和中度适宜性分布区。在莱姆病风险方面,从主动和被动监测中发现的太平洋鼠,在 B. burgdorferi 检测中呈阳性的,都是在中度到高度适合太平洋鼠的地区。结论根据开发的模型,不列颠哥伦比亚省和华盛顿州内陆地区的太平洋鼠疫病适宜栖息地总面积将扩大。然而,由于太平洋蛙的感染率相对较低,因此风险仍然很小。要想更好地了解这种情况在未来会如何变化,还需要进一步的研究。
{"title":"Mapping <i>Ixodes pacificus</i> and <i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i> Habitat Suitability Under Current and Mid-Century Climate in the Pacific Northwest (BC and WA).","authors":"Isabelle Couloigner, Carl Dizon, Sunny Mak, Elizabeth Dykstra, Erin Fraser, Muhammad Morshed, Stefan Iwasawa, Sylvia Checkley, Susan Cork","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2024.0025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States and Canada. The primary vector for the causative agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, in the Pacific Northwest is the western blacklegged tick, Ixodes pacificus. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> Using active tick surveillance data from British Columbia, Canada, and Washington State, USA, habitat suitability models using MaxEnt (maximum entropy) were developed for <i>I. pacificus</i> to predict its current and mid-century geographic distributions. Passive surveillance data both from BC and WA were also visualized. <b><i>Results:</i></b> According to the constructed models, the number of frost-free days during the winter is the most relevant predictor of its habitat suitability, followed by summer climate moisture, ecoregion, and mean minimum fall temperature. The ensemble geographic distribution map predicts that the coastal regions and inland valleys of British Columbia and the Puget Lowlands of Washington State provide the most suitable habitats for <i>I. pacificus</i>. The density map of ticks submitted from passive surveillance data was overlaid on the current distribution map and demonstrates the correlation between numbers of submissions and habitat suitability. Mid-century projections, based on current climate change predictions, indicate a range expansion, especially of low and moderate suitability, from current distribution. Regarding Lyme disease risk, <i>I. pacificus</i> identified from both active and passive surveillance and tested positive for <i>B. burgdorferi</i> were found to be in areas of moderate to very high suitability for <i>I. pacificus</i>. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> According to developed models, the total suitable habitat area for <i>I. pacificus</i> will expand in the interior regions of British Columbia and Washington State. However, the risk remains small given relatively low infection rates among <i>I. pacificus</i>. Further studies are required to better understand how this might change in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141876148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2024-04-29DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0157
Zhenxing Yang, Yuwen He, Susheng Li, Jinxin Meng, Nan Li, Jinglin Wang
Background: Kadipiro virus (KDV) is a species of the new 12 segmented RNA virus grouped under the genus Seadornavirus within the Reoviridae family. It has previously been isolated or detected from mosquito, Odonata, and bat feces in Indonesia, China, and Denmark, respectively. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of a viral strain from mosquitoes in Yunnan Province, China. Methods: Mosquitoes were collected overnight using light traps in Shizong county, on July 17, 2023. Virus was isolated from the mosquito homogenate and grown using baby hamster kidney and Aedes albopictus (C6/36) cells. Preliminary identification of the virus was performed by agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE). The full-genome sequences of the strain were determined by full-length amplification of cDNAs and sequenced using next-generation sequencing. Results: We isolated a viral strain (SZ_M48) from mosquitoes (Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles) that caused cytopathogenic effects in C6/36 cells. AGE analysis indicated a genome consisting of 12 segments of double-stranded RNA that demonstrated a "6-5-1" pattern, similar to the migrating bands of KDV. Phylogenetic analysis based on the full-genome sequence revealed that SZ_M48 is more clustered with KDV isolates from Hubei and Shangdong in China than with Indonesian and Danish strains. The identity between SZ_M48 and SDKL1625 (Shandong, China) is slightly lower than that of QTM27331 (Hubei, China), and the identity with JKT-7075 (Indonesia) and 21164-6/M.dau/DK (Denmark) is the lowest. Conclusion: The full-genome sequence of the new KDV strain described in this study may be useful for surveillance of the evolutionary characteristics of KDVs. Moreover, these findings extend the knowledge about the genomic diversity, potential vectors, and the distribution of KDVs in China.
{"title":"Isolation and Genomic Characterization of Kadipiro Virus from Mosquitoes in Yunnan, China.","authors":"Zhenxing Yang, Yuwen He, Susheng Li, Jinxin Meng, Nan Li, Jinglin Wang","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2023.0157","DOIUrl":"10.1089/vbz.2023.0157","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Kadipiro virus (KDV) is a species of the new 12 segmented RNA virus grouped under the genus <i>Seadornavirus</i> within the <i>Reoviridae</i> family. It has previously been isolated or detected from <i>mosquito</i>, <i>Odonata</i>, and bat feces in Indonesia, China, and Denmark, respectively. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of a viral strain from mosquitoes in Yunnan Province, China. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Mosquitoes were collected overnight using light traps in Shizong county, on July 17, 2023. Virus was isolated from the mosquito homogenate and grown using baby hamster kidney and <i>Aedes albopictus</i> (C6/36) cells. Preliminary identification of the virus was performed by agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE). The full-genome sequences of the strain were determined by full-length amplification of cDNAs and sequenced using next-generation sequencing. <b><i>Results:</i></b> We isolated a viral strain (SZ_M48) from mosquitoes (<i>Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles</i>) that caused cytopathogenic effects in C6/36 cells. AGE analysis indicated a genome consisting of 12 segments of double-stranded RNA that demonstrated a \"6-5-1\" pattern, similar to the migrating bands of KDV. Phylogenetic analysis based on the full-genome sequence revealed that SZ_M48 is more clustered with KDV isolates from Hubei and Shangdong in China than with Indonesian and Danish strains. The identity between SZ_M48 and SDKL1625 (Shandong, China) is slightly lower than that of QTM27331 (Hubei, China), and the identity with JKT-7075 (Indonesia) and 21164-6/M.dau/DK (Denmark) is the lowest. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The full-genome sequence of the new KDV strain described in this study may be useful for surveillance of the evolutionary characteristics of KDVs. Moreover, these findings extend the knowledge about the genomic diversity, potential vectors, and the distribution of KDVs in China.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140855628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}