Objective:Spirometra mansoni is a crucial zoonotic parasite. Its larvae are more harmful than adult worms due to their ability to migrate through the host's tissues and organs. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an animal model of spargana for observing pathological changes and exploring diagnostic techniques. Methods: In this study, we infected Kunming mice and cats without any pathogens by feeding sparganum (with the scolex and neck) in order to understand the infection cycle of S. mansoni and explore the preservation host of sparganosis. The infection of S. mansoni was determined by fecal detection and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: In the model of cats, the eggs of S. mansoni were found in the feces ten days after the infection. The serum-specific IgG antibodies against S. mansoni were positive in experimental groups (mice and cats), and after sixty days, the S. mansoni worms isolated from experimental groups were collected. Conclusion: In conclusion, the experimental results show that mice and cats can be stably infected with S. mansoni through feeding sparganum (with the scolex and neck). The infection method of this study has the potential to establish a practical model for investigating the diagnostic process of S. mansoni, laying the groundwork for application and development. ELISA was used to diagnose mice and cats infected with sparganosis mansoni, providing a case for non-invasive identification of animal sparganosis.
{"title":"Establishment of Animal Infection Model of <i>Spirometra Mansoni</i> and Identification of <i>Spirometra Mansoni</i> by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay.","authors":"Anqi Luo, Shuyu Chen, Mingye He, Xiaoruo Tan, Zhikang Li, Wei Liu, Yisong Liu","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0051","DOIUrl":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> <i>Spirometra mansoni</i> is a crucial zoonotic parasite. Its larvae are more harmful than adult worms due to their ability to migrate through the host's tissues and organs. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an animal model of spargana for observing pathological changes and exploring diagnostic techniques. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In this study, we infected Kunming mice and cats without any pathogens by feeding sparganum (with the scolex and neck) in order to understand the infection cycle of <i>S. mansoni</i> and explore the preservation host of sparganosis. The infection of <i>S. mansoni</i> was determined by fecal detection and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). <b><i>Results:</i></b> In the model of cats, the eggs of <i>S. mansoni</i> were found in the feces ten days after the infection. The serum-specific IgG antibodies against <i>S. mansoni</i> were positive in experimental groups (mice and cats), and after sixty days, the S. mansoni worms isolated from experimental groups were collected. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> In conclusion, the experimental results show that mice and cats can be stably infected with S. mansoni through feeding sparganum (with the scolex and neck). The infection method of this study has the potential to establish a practical model for investigating the diagnostic process of <i>S. mansoni</i>, laying the groundwork for application and development. ELISA was used to diagnose mice and cats infected with sparganosis mansoni, providing a case for non-invasive identification of animal sparganosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"133-141"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01Epub Date: 2024-08-20DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2024.0044
Hiba Riyadh Al-Abodi
Background: Toxoplasmosis is caused by infection with Toxoplasma gondii. No Symptoms in healthy people. Notably, very dangerous symptoms in immunocompromised, or patients with immune diseases. Previous research has shown that the parasite's resistance to drugs continues to emerge and has indicated this resistance as a cause for concern. In this context, researchers have a great responsibility to search for alternative treatments, as well as to develop existing ones. Essentially, this improves the therapeutic efficacy of drugs and prevents the emergence of resistance to them. The present study aims to evaluate antitoxoplasma effects of niosomal loaded curcumin and silymarin and their synergistic effects with clindamycin against T. gondii RH strain in vitro. Materials and Methods: Experiments were conducted on the tachyzoites of T. gondii RH-strain, based on: the free and nieosomal compounds of curcumin and silymarin, in addition to the drug clindamycin. Data were collected to estimate parasite viability during exposure to the therapeutic compounds under study using a special MTT assay ((3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolioum bromide) assay: is a colorimetric assay for measuring cellular growth) kit provided by (Bio Idea Company, Tehran, Iran). Hence, the effect of the therapeutic compounds on the parasite load was studied using the quantitative molecular technique real-time PCR. Results: The results indicate that the combination of N-silymarin and N-curcumin with clindamycin has active synergistic effects against T. gondii leading to complete elimination of the parasite. Data revealed that curcumin and silymarin in both their free and nisomal forms had inhibitory effects on the parasite, and minimal toxic effects on normal cells. Conclusions: The results highlight the successful synergistic effect of clindamycin and the niosomal compounds curcumin and silymarin in completely eradicating the T. gondii RH-strain. This finding contributes positively to the field of safe and effective treatments.
背景:弓形虫病是由弓形虫感染引起的。健康人无症状。值得注意的是,免疫力低下或患有免疫疾病的患者会出现非常危险的症状。以往的研究表明,寄生虫的抗药性不断出现,并指出这种抗药性令人担忧。在这种情况下,研究人员肩负着寻找替代治疗方法和开发现有治疗方法的重大责任。从根本上说,这样做可以提高药物的疗效,防止出现抗药性。本研究旨在评估姜黄素和水飞蓟素的抗弓形虫作用,以及它们与克林霉素在体外对淋球菌 RH 株的协同作用。材料与方法:对 RH 株淋病双球菌的寄生虫进行了实验,除了药物克林霉素外,还使用了姜黄素和水飞蓟素的游离和脂质体化合物。研究人员使用由伊朗德黑兰 Bio Idea 公司提供的 MTT(3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑基-2)-2,5-二苯基四氮唑溴化物)检测试剂盒收集数据,以估计寄生虫在接触研究中的治疗化合物期间的存活率。因此,使用定量分子技术实时 PCR 研究了治疗化合物对寄生虫负荷的影响。结果显示结果表明,N-水飞蓟素和 N-姜黄素与克林霉素的组合对刚地虫具有积极的协同作用,可彻底清除寄生虫。数据显示,姜黄素和水飞蓟素的游离态和异构态对寄生虫都有抑制作用,而对正常细胞的毒性影响极小。结论研究结果表明,克林霉素与姜黄素和水飞蓟素这两种异构体化合物在彻底消灭 RH 型淋病双球菌方面具有成功的协同作用。这一发现为安全有效的治疗方法做出了积极贡献。
{"title":"Antiparasitic Effects of Niosomal Formulations of Curcumin and Silymarin Against <i>Toxoplasma gondii In Vitro</i>.","authors":"Hiba Riyadh Al-Abodi","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0044","DOIUrl":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Toxoplasmosis is caused by infection with <i>Toxoplasma gondii.</i> No Symptoms in healthy people. Notably, very dangerous symptoms in immunocompromised, or patients with immune diseases. Previous research has shown that the parasite's resistance to drugs continues to emerge and has indicated this resistance as a cause for concern. In this context, researchers have a great responsibility to search for alternative treatments, as well as to develop existing ones. Essentially, this improves the therapeutic efficacy of drugs and prevents the emergence of resistance to them. The present study aims to evaluate antitoxoplasma effects of niosomal loaded curcumin and silymarin and their synergistic effects with clindamycin against <i>T. gondii</i> RH strain <i>in vitro</i>. <b><i>Materials and Methods</i></b>: Experiments were conducted on the tachyzoites of <i>T. gondii</i> RH-strain, based on: the free and nieosomal compounds of curcumin and silymarin, in addition to the drug clindamycin. Data were collected to estimate parasite viability during exposure to the therapeutic compounds under study using a special MTT assay ((3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolioum bromide) assay: is a colorimetric assay for measuring cellular growth) kit provided by (Bio Idea Company, Tehran, Iran). Hence, the effect of the therapeutic compounds on the parasite load was studied using the quantitative molecular technique real-time PCR. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The results indicate that the combination of N-silymarin and N-curcumin with clindamycin has active synergistic effects against <i>T. gondii</i> leading to complete elimination of the parasite. Data revealed that curcumin and silymarin in both their free and nisomal forms had inhibitory effects on the parasite, and minimal toxic effects on normal cells. <b><i>Conclusions</i></b>: The results highlight the successful synergistic effect of clindamycin and the niosomal compounds curcumin and silymarin in completely eradicating the <i>T. gondii</i> RH-strain. This finding contributes positively to the field of safe and effective treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"125-132"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142005438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Toscana virus (TOSV) is an arthropod-borne virus transmitted by sandflies and is mainly found in countries around the Mediterranean basin. In this article, we present the findings of a seroprevalence study on TOSV in Bulgaria. We aim to assess the current epidemiological situation regarding TOSV in the country and raise clinical awareness. Methods: Serum samples (n = 1892) were collected in December 2023. Serological tests were performed using a commercial anti-TOSV ELISA kit. Results: Specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were detected in 6.4% (121/1892) of the participants. A significantly higher seropositivity rate was found in the age group over 65 years compared with the age groups 18-29 and 40-64 (11.8% vs. 3.9% vs. 3.4%), as well as in males compared with females (8.0% vs. 5.3%). The seroprevalence rates in districts ranged from 0% to 18.5%. Higher seropositivity was found in the southern and northern regions. Conclusions: The seroprevalence rate of TOSV in Bulgaria, found in this study, is a significant decrease compared with the seropositivity rate of 24.5% reported in the country in 2018. The reasons for this are unknown and could possibly be related to the COVID-19 pandemic and the constantly changing environmental conditions. There is also a possibility that the higher seropositivity detected in 2018 together with the rise in clinical cases reported from endemic countries around that time might have been due to an unrecognized TOSV outbreak taking place in this period. Continued clinical awareness and surveillance are necessary for recognition and management of potential cases of TOSV neuroinfection, especially during summer.
简介托斯卡纳病毒(TOSV)是一种由沙蝇传播的节肢动物病毒,主要存在于地中海盆地周边国家。本文介绍了保加利亚 TOSV 血清流行率研究的结果。我们的目的是评估 TOSV 在保加利亚的流行现状,并提高临床认识。研究方法2023 年 12 月采集了血清样本(n = 1892)。使用商用抗 TOSV ELISA 试剂盒进行血清学检测。结果6.4%的参与者(121/1892)检测到特异性免疫球蛋白 G (IgG) 抗体。与 18-29 岁和 40-64 岁年龄组相比,65 岁以上年龄组的血清阳性率明显更高(11.8% vs. 3.9% vs. 3.4%);与女性相比,男性的血清阳性率也明显更高(8.0% vs. 5.3%)。各地区的血清阳性率从 0% 到 18.5% 不等。南部和北部地区的血清阳性率较高。结论与2018年保加利亚报告的24.5%的血清阳性率相比,本研究发现的保加利亚TOSV血清流行率显著下降。其原因尚不清楚,可能与 COVID-19 大流行和不断变化的环境条件有关。还有一种可能性是,2018 年检测到的较高血清阳性率以及流行国家在这一时期报告的临床病例增加,可能是由于这一时期爆发了一场未被发现的 TOSV 疫情。要识别和处理潜在的 TOSV 神经感染病例,尤其是在夏季,有必要继续进行临床宣传和监测。
{"title":"Prevalence of Toscana Virus Antibodies in Residents of Bulgaria: A Nationwide Study Following the Pandemic of COVID-19.","authors":"Iva Trifonova, Kim Ngoc, Teodora Gladnishka, Elitsa Panayotova, Evgenia Taseva, Vladislava Ivanova, Iva Vladimirova, Eleonora Kuteva, Iva Christova","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0050","DOIUrl":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Toscana virus (TOSV) is an arthropod-borne virus transmitted by sandflies and is mainly found in countries around the Mediterranean basin. In this article, we present the findings of a seroprevalence study on TOSV in Bulgaria. We aim to assess the current epidemiological situation regarding TOSV in the country and raise clinical awareness. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Serum samples (<i>n</i> = 1892) were collected in December 2023. Serological tests were performed using a commercial anti-TOSV ELISA kit. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were detected in 6.4% (121/1892) of the participants. A significantly higher seropositivity rate was found in the age group over 65 years compared with the age groups 18-29 and 40-64 (11.8% vs. 3.9% vs. 3.4%), as well as in males compared with females (8.0% vs. 5.3%). The seroprevalence rates in districts ranged from 0% to 18.5%. Higher seropositivity was found in the southern and northern regions. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The seroprevalence rate of TOSV in Bulgaria, found in this study, is a significant decrease compared with the seropositivity rate of 24.5% reported in the country in 2018. The reasons for this are unknown and could possibly be related to the COVID-19 pandemic and the constantly changing environmental conditions. There is also a possibility that the higher seropositivity detected in 2018 together with the rise in clinical cases reported from endemic countries around that time might have been due to an unrecognized TOSV outbreak taking place in this period. Continued clinical awareness and surveillance are necessary for recognition and management of potential cases of TOSV neuroinfection, especially during summer.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"142-147"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01Epub Date: 2024-10-15DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2024.0082
Alaa A Shaker, Ahmed Samir, Hala M Zaher, Khaled A Abdel-Moein
Background: Researchers paid more attention to nosocomial Acinetobacter baumannii in veterinary hospitals worldwide; however, the research scope toward community-acquired A. baumannii infections among animals is largely ignored. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the role of diseased dogs and cats suffering from respiratory illness in transmission of community-acquired A. baumannii infection and its public health threat. Materials and methods: Oral swabs were collected from 154 pet animals with respiratory signs, including 80 cats and 74 dogs (outpatient visits). The obtained swabs were cultured on CHROMagar™ MH Orientation media for isolation of A. baumannii, and identification of suspected isolates was conducted via Gram staining, conventional biochemical tests, and molecular detection of the blaOXA-51-like gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of A. baumannii isolates was carried out using the disc diffusion method. Results: Overall, 10 (6.5%) out of 154 diseased pet animals were positive for A. baumannii, where 6 (8.1%) and 4 (5%) dogs and cats were positive, respectively. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) A. baumannii was found in 3.9% of the examined animals. The phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the obtained sequences from dogs and cats were closely related to human and animal sequences. Conclusion: The occurrence of MDR A. baumannii among dogs and cats suffering from respiratory illness highlights the potential role of pet animals in the dissemination of MDR A. baumannii in the community.
{"title":"The Burden of <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> Among Pet Dogs and Cats with Respiratory Illness Outside the Healthcare Facilities: A Possible Public Health Concern.","authors":"Alaa A Shaker, Ahmed Samir, Hala M Zaher, Khaled A Abdel-Moein","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0082","DOIUrl":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Researchers paid more attention to nosocomial <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> in veterinary hospitals worldwide; however, the research scope toward community-acquired <i>A. baumannii</i> infections among animals is largely ignored. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the role of diseased dogs and cats suffering from respiratory illness in transmission of community-acquired <i>A. baumannii</i> infection and its public health threat. <b><i>Materials and methods:</i></b> Oral swabs were collected from 154 pet animals with respiratory signs, including 80 cats and 74 dogs (outpatient visits). The obtained swabs were cultured on CHROMagar™ MH Orientation media for isolation of <i>A. baumannii</i>, and identification of suspected isolates was conducted via Gram staining, conventional biochemical tests, and molecular detection of the <i>bla</i><sub>OXA-51-like</sub> gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of <i>A. baumannii</i> isolates was carried out using the disc diffusion method. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Overall, 10 (6.5%) out of 154 diseased pet animals were positive for <i>A. baumannii</i>, where 6 (8.1%) and 4 (5%) dogs and cats were positive, respectively. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) <i>A. baumannii</i> was found in 3.9% of the examined animals. The phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the obtained sequences from dogs and cats were closely related to human and animal sequences. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The occurrence of MDR <i>A. baumannii</i> among dogs and cats suffering from respiratory illness highlights the potential role of pet animals in the dissemination of MDR <i>A. baumannii</i> in the community.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"118-124"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Bats act as reservoirs for a variety of zoonotic viruses, sometimes leading to spillover into humans and potential risks of global transmission. Viral shedding from bats is an essential prerequisite to bat-to-human viral transmission and understanding the timing and intensity of viral shedding from bats is critical to mitigate spillover risks. However, there are limited investigations on bats' seasonal viral shedding patterns and their related risk factors. We conducted a comprehensive review of longitudinal studies on bat viruses with spillover potential to synthesize patterns of seasonal viral shedding and explore associated risk factors. Methods: We extracted data from 60 reviewed articles and obtained 1085 longitudinal sampling events. We analyzed viral shedding events using entropy values to quantitatively assess whether they occur in a consistent, pulsed pattern in a given season. Results: We found that clear seasonal shedding patterns were common in bats. Eight out of seventeen species-level analyses presented clear seasonal patterns. Viral shedding pulses often coincide with bats' life cycles, especially in weaning and parturition seasons. Juvenile bats with waning maternal antibodies, pregnant bats undergoing immunity changes, and hibernation periods with decreased immune responses could be potential risk factors influencing seasonal shedding patterns. Conclusion: Based on our findings, we recommend future longitudinal studies on bat viruses that combine direct viral testing and serological testing, prioritize longitudinal research following young bats throughout their developmental stages, and broaden the geographical range of longitudinal studies on bat viruses based on current surveillance reports. Our review identified critical periods with heightened viral shedding for some viruses in bat species, which would help promote efforts to minimize spillovers and prevent outbreaks.
{"title":"Bat Viral Shedding: A Review of Seasonal Patterns and Risk Factors.","authors":"Yannan Niu, Clifton D McKee","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2024.0091","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Bats act as reservoirs for a variety of zoonotic viruses, sometimes leading to spillover into humans and potential risks of global transmission. Viral shedding from bats is an essential prerequisite to bat-to-human viral transmission and understanding the timing and intensity of viral shedding from bats is critical to mitigate spillover risks. However, there are limited investigations on bats' seasonal viral shedding patterns and their related risk factors. We conducted a comprehensive review of longitudinal studies on bat viruses with spillover potential to synthesize patterns of seasonal viral shedding and explore associated risk factors. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We extracted data from 60 reviewed articles and obtained 1085 longitudinal sampling events. We analyzed viral shedding events using entropy values to quantitatively assess whether they occur in a consistent, pulsed pattern in a given season. <b><i>Results:</i></b> We found that clear seasonal shedding patterns were common in bats. Eight out of seventeen species-level analyses presented clear seasonal patterns. Viral shedding pulses often coincide with bats' life cycles, especially in weaning and parturition seasons. Juvenile bats with waning maternal antibodies, pregnant bats undergoing immunity changes, and hibernation periods with decreased immune responses could be potential risk factors influencing seasonal shedding patterns. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Based on our findings, we recommend future longitudinal studies on bat viruses that combine direct viral testing and serological testing, prioritize longitudinal research following young bats throughout their developmental stages, and broaden the geographical range of longitudinal studies on bat viruses based on current surveillance reports. Our review identified critical periods with heightened viral shedding for some viruses in bat species, which would help promote efforts to minimize spillovers and prevent outbreaks.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143012607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yangchao Dong, Chuantao Ye, Peijun Han, Wei Ye, Yuan Wang, Jing Yang, Zhikai Xu, Fanglin Zhang, Yingfeng Lei
Background: Dengue virus (DENV) infection, caused by serotypes DENV 1-4, represents a significant global public health challenge, with no antiviral drugs currently available for treatment. The host Protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway is crucial for DENV infection, presenting a potential target for antiviral drug development. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antiviral activity of kinase inhibitors that target the AKT pathway, focusing on the compound AT13148. Methods: A mini-screening was conducted to identify kinase inhibitors with antiviral properties against DENV-2. The effects of AT13148 on viral RNA replication and translation were assessed in a dose- and time-dependent manner following DENV-2 entry. The mechanism of action was further investigated by evaluating the impact of AT13148 on AKT kinase activity and phosphorylation status. Results: AT13148 exhibited potent antiviral activity against DENV-2, significantly inhibiting viral RNA replication and translation post-entry. The compound was found to inhibit AKT kinase activity through hyperphosphorylation. Conclusion: The findings indicate that AT13148 effectively targets the AKT pathway, demonstrating potential as an antiviral therapeutic against DENV-2 by interfering with the virus's post-entry processes. Further in vivo studies are warranted to assess the efficacy of AT13148 in controlling DENV infection.
{"title":"The Compound AT13148 Targeting AKT Suppresses Dengue Virus 2 Replication.","authors":"Yangchao Dong, Chuantao Ye, Peijun Han, Wei Ye, Yuan Wang, Jing Yang, Zhikai Xu, Fanglin Zhang, Yingfeng Lei","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2024.0069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Dengue virus (DENV) infection, caused by serotypes DENV 1-4, represents a significant global public health challenge, with no antiviral drugs currently available for treatment. The host Protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway is crucial for DENV infection, presenting a potential target for antiviral drug development. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> This study aimed to evaluate the antiviral activity of kinase inhibitors that target the AKT pathway, focusing on the compound AT13148. Methods: A mini-screening was conducted to identify kinase inhibitors with antiviral properties against DENV-2. The effects of AT13148 on viral RNA replication and translation were assessed in a dose- and time-dependent manner following DENV-2 entry. The mechanism of action was further investigated by evaluating the impact of AT13148 on AKT kinase activity and phosphorylation status. <b><i>Results:</i></b> AT13148 exhibited potent antiviral activity against DENV-2, significantly inhibiting viral RNA replication and translation post-entry. The compound was found to inhibit AKT kinase activity through hyperphosphorylation. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The findings indicate that AT13148 effectively targets the AKT pathway, demonstrating potential as an antiviral therapeutic against DENV-2 by interfering with the virus's post-entry processes. Further in vivo studies are warranted to assess the efficacy of AT13148 in controlling DENV infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142955923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Richard Rusk, Salima Gasmi, Annie-Claude Bourgeois, Mandy Whitlock, Gilles R Detillieux, Kelly Stimpert, David Buckeridge, Jules K Koffi
Introduction: Lyme disease (LD) surveillance yields useful information to monitor the disease trends and spatial distribution. However, due to several factors, the Manitoba Health surveillance system, as with other systems, could be subject to underreporting. Objectives: To estimate the number and incidence of clinician-diagnosed LD over the study period in Manitoba, describe the epidemiology of clinician-diagnosed LD, and compare the findings with Manitoba Health LD surveillance data during the same period to estimate the extent of underreporting. Methods: A retrospective analysis of administrative health data was performed to calculate the number and incidence of clinician-diagnosed LD from 2009 to 2018 in Manitoba and describe the epidemiological characteristics using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth and Ninth Revision (ICD-10-CA and ICD-9-CM) codes, and antimicrobial drug prescriptions. Conclusion: Of the 1,629,698 registrants within the Manitoba Health Insurance Registry followed over 10 years, 1658 LD events were identified. Most of the cases occurred from May to July and corresponded to the peak activity of the nymphal stage of the blacklegged tick in the province. LD events presented a bimodal distribution with a peak in children between 5 and 9 years of age for both sexes, and a peak in adults from 65 to 84 and from 50 to 74, respectively, for males and females. We estimated that an average of 165 LD events occurred annually in Manitoba (mean annual incidence of 10.17 per 100,000 population), compared with 30 cases per year reported in the surveillance system; therefore, the LD surveillance yields an important underreporting.
{"title":"Perspective: Incidence of Clinician-Diagnosed Lyme Disease in Manitoba, Canada 2009-2018.","authors":"Richard Rusk, Salima Gasmi, Annie-Claude Bourgeois, Mandy Whitlock, Gilles R Detillieux, Kelly Stimpert, David Buckeridge, Jules K Koffi","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2024.0088","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Lyme disease (LD) surveillance yields useful information to monitor the disease trends and spatial distribution. However, due to several factors, the Manitoba Health surveillance system, as with other systems, could be subject to underreporting. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> To estimate the number and incidence of clinician-diagnosed LD over the study period in Manitoba, describe the epidemiology of clinician-diagnosed LD, and compare the findings with Manitoba Health LD surveillance data during the same period to estimate the extent of underreporting. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A retrospective analysis of administrative health data was performed to calculate the number and incidence of clinician-diagnosed LD from 2009 to 2018 in Manitoba and describe the epidemiological characteristics using the <i>International Classification of Diseases</i>, <i>Tenth and Ninth Revision</i> (ICD-10-CA and ICD-9-CM) codes, and antimicrobial drug prescriptions. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Of the 1,629,698 registrants within the Manitoba Health Insurance Registry followed over 10 years, 1658 LD events were identified. Most of the cases occurred from May to July and corresponded to the peak activity of the nymphal stage of the blacklegged tick in the province. LD events presented a bimodal distribution with a peak in children between 5 and 9 years of age for both sexes, and a peak in adults from 65 to 84 and from 50 to 74, respectively, for males and females. We estimated that an average of 165 LD events occurred annually in Manitoba (mean annual incidence of 10.17 per 100,000 population), compared with 30 cases per year reported in the surveillance system; therefore, the LD surveillance yields an important underreporting.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142932708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01Epub Date: 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0170
Kozue Miura, James Chambers, Naohiro Takahashi, Harimurti Nuradji, Nlp Indi Dharmayanti, Susanti, Parriantariksina Randusari, Susan M Noor, Rahmat Setya Adji, Muharam Saepulloh, Sumarningsih, Kumiko Yoshimatsu, Nobuo Koizumi
Background: Rats are an important reservoir animal for several zoonotic pathogens worldwide, including hantaviruses and Leptospira spp., which are the causative agents of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome, and leptospirosis. Although a previous study indicated a high frequency of antihantaviral antibodies in patients with acute fever in Indonesia, circulating hantaviruses and their reservoir animals in the country remain limited. Materials and Methods: The presence of hantavirus in rats captured in the urban area of Bogor, Indonesia, from which Leptospira spp. were isolated using PCR, followed by DNA sequencing. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed to detect hantaviral and leptospiral antigens in rat kidney tissues. Results: Seoul of Orthohantavirus seoulense (SEOV) RNA was detected from 24 of 80 Rattus norvegicus (30%). SEOV and Leptospira coinfection was detected in 10 of 80 rats (12.5%). Immunohistochemistry revealed that hantavirus antigens were positively stained in the interstitial capillaries and cells, whereas Leptospira antigens were stained in the luminal side of the renal tubules. Conclusion: This study revealed a high prevalence of SEOV and SEOV and Leptospira coinfection among rats in the urban areas of Bogor, Indonesia, indicating a potential risk of rat-borne zoonotic diseases in the area.
{"title":"Coinfection with Orthohantavirus and <i>Leptospira</i> spp. in Rats Collected from Markets in Indonesia.","authors":"Kozue Miura, James Chambers, Naohiro Takahashi, Harimurti Nuradji, Nlp Indi Dharmayanti, Susanti, Parriantariksina Randusari, Susan M Noor, Rahmat Setya Adji, Muharam Saepulloh, Sumarningsih, Kumiko Yoshimatsu, Nobuo Koizumi","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2023.0170","DOIUrl":"10.1089/vbz.2023.0170","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Rats are an important reservoir animal for several zoonotic pathogens worldwide, including hantaviruses and Leptospira spp., which are the causative agents of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome, and leptospirosis. Although a previous study indicated a high frequency of antihantaviral antibodies in patients with acute fever in Indonesia, circulating hantaviruses and their reservoir animals in the country remain limited. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> The presence of hantavirus in rats captured in the urban area of Bogor, Indonesia, from which Leptospira spp. were isolated using PCR, followed by DNA sequencing. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed to detect hantaviral and leptospiral antigens in rat kidney tissues. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Seoul of Orthohantavirus seoulense (SEOV) RNA was detected from 24 of 80 Rattus norvegicus (30%). SEOV and Leptospira coinfection was detected in 10 of 80 rats (12.5%). Immunohistochemistry revealed that hantavirus antigens were positively stained in the interstitial capillaries and cells, whereas Leptospira antigens were stained in the luminal side of the renal tubules. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> This study revealed a high prevalence of SEOV and SEOV and Leptospira coinfection among rats in the urban areas of Bogor, Indonesia, indicating a potential risk of rat-borne zoonotic diseases in the area.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"43-48"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01Epub Date: 2024-10-31DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2024.0026
Bekir Çelebi, Rita Zgheib, Ahmet Karataş, Cahit Babür, İbrahim Mehmet Ali Öktem, Ferhat Matur, Mustafa Sözen, Bernard Davoust, Oleg Mediannikov, Pierre-Edouard Fournier
Background: The genus Bartonella is composed of Gram-negative, fastidious, facultative intracellular bacteria that can cause bacteremia in mammals and various disorders in humans. Rodents have been reported as reservoirs of more than 30 Bartonella species, seven of which cause zoonotic infections. Materials and Methods: In the present study, the isolation of Bartonella sp. was attempted from 150 spleen samples from 13 rodent species (mostly Apodemus species) from three geographically different regions in Turkey. Results:Bartonella sp. was successfully isolated from 65 of these 150 samples (43%). The prevalences of Bartonella sp. in tested rodents in the regions of Giresun, Yozgat, and Burdur were 68%, 44%, and 16%, respectively. Using polymerase chain reaction/sequence analysis of the citrate synthase-coding gene (gltA), Bartonellaisolates were classified seven species including B. taylorii, B. grahamii, B. birtlesii, B. mastomydis, and three putatively new Bartonella species. We performed further identification techniques for one of the three Bartonella species that were different from the validated Bartonella species according to the gltA sequence analysis. Conclusion: Here, we report the genomic and phenotypic characterization of Bartonella sp. strain G70 that was isolated from the splenic tissue of an Apodemus uralensis (Pallas 1881), the Ural field mouse, captured in the Giresun region of northeastern Turkey. Bartonella sp. strainG70 (RSKK 22001) was characterized by whole genome and partial gene (gltA, 16S ribosomal RNA) sequencing and comparison, scanning electron microscopy, biochemical tests, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. This novel Bartonella is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium and has neither flagella nor pili. The genome from strain G70 was 1,606,969-bp-long with a G + C content of 35.7%. Bartonella rochalimae was found to be the closest phylogenetic relative of strain G70 (OrthoANI = 90.5%, digital DNA-DNA hybridization = 41.4%). We therefore propose that this new species be named Bartonella bilalgolemii sp. nov. with strain G70T as the type strain.
{"title":"<i>Bartonella</i> Species in Small Mammals in Turkey: <i>Bartonella bilalgolemii</i> sp. nov. Isolated from a Ural Field Mouse (<i>Apodemus uralensis</i>).","authors":"Bekir Çelebi, Rita Zgheib, Ahmet Karataş, Cahit Babür, İbrahim Mehmet Ali Öktem, Ferhat Matur, Mustafa Sözen, Bernard Davoust, Oleg Mediannikov, Pierre-Edouard Fournier","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0026","DOIUrl":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> The genus <i>Bartonella</i> is composed of Gram-negative, fastidious, facultative intracellular bacteria that can cause bacteremia in mammals and various disorders in humans. Rodents have been reported as reservoirs of more than 30 <i>Bartonella</i> species, seven of which cause zoonotic infections. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> In the present study, the isolation of <i>Bartonella</i> sp. was attempted from 150 spleen samples from 13 rodent species (mostly <i>Apodemus</i> species) from three geographically different regions in Turkey. <b><i>Results:</i></b> <i>Bartonella</i> sp. was successfully isolated from 65 of these 150 samples (43%). The prevalences of <i>Bartonella</i> sp. in tested rodents in the regions of Giresun, Yozgat, and Burdur were 68%, 44%, and 16%, respectively. Using polymerase chain reaction/sequence analysis of the citrate synthase-coding gene (<i>gltA</i>), Bartonellaisolates were classified seven species including <i>B. taylorii</i>, <i>B. grahamii</i>, <i>B. birtlesii</i>, <i>B. mastomydis</i>, and three putatively new <i>Bartonella</i> species. We performed further identification techniques for one of the three <i>Bartonella</i> species that were different from the validated <i>Bartonella</i> species according to the <i>gltA</i> sequence analysis. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Here, we report the genomic and phenotypic characterization of <i>Bartonella</i> sp. strain G70 that was isolated from the splenic tissue of an <i>Apodemus uralensis</i> (Pallas 1881), the Ural field mouse, captured in the Giresun region of northeastern Turkey. <i>Bartonella</i> sp. strainG70 (RSKK 22001) was characterized by whole genome and partial gene (<i>gltA</i>, 16S ribosomal RNA) sequencing and comparison, scanning electron microscopy, biochemical tests, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. This novel <i>Bartonella</i> is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium and has neither flagella nor pili. The genome from strain G70 was 1,606,969-bp-long with a G + C content of 35.7%. <i>Bartonella rochalimae</i> was found to be the closest phylogenetic relative of strain G70 (OrthoANI = 90.5%, digital DNA-DNA hybridization = 41.4%). We therefore propose that this new species be named <i>Bartonella bilalgolemii</i> sp. nov. with strain G70<sup>T</sup> as the type strain.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"60-70"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142547834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01Epub Date: 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2024.0062
Dai Peijun, Shen Weiwei, Pu Zhongshu
Background: Brucellosis is a major global public health problem. Brucellosis usually coinfects with zoonoses because of their similar reservoir and infection routes. Materials and Methods: Here, we present a patient who was diagnosed with coinfecting with liver cyst and brucellosis. Results: A 57-year-old female farmer was hospitalized with right hip joint pain approximately 4 weeks earlier. The patient reported a history of hydatid cysts and a family history of brucellosis. Abdominal computerized tomography and ultrasonography revealed a liver hydatid cyst. The standard agglutination test titer of Wright's test was 1:100. Computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed brucellosis hip arthritis. The patient was treated with a combination of doxycycline, rifampicin, and cefotaxime. The symptoms immediately improved. The patient was well and asymptomatic during the 6-month follow-up. We reviewed the literature on other zoonoses superinfection with brucellosis. Conclusion: Brucellosis coinfects with multiple zoonosis organisms and poses a serious health threat to humans. Awareness of possible brucellosis coinfection with other zoonoses, especially professionally exposed persons in endemic regions, is warranted.
{"title":"Brucellosis Coinfecting with Liver Hydatid Cyst: Case Report and Literature Review of Zoonoses Coinfection of Human Brucellosis.","authors":"Dai Peijun, Shen Weiwei, Pu Zhongshu","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0062","DOIUrl":"10.1089/vbz.2024.0062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Brucellosis is a major global public health problem. Brucellosis usually coinfects with zoonoses because of their similar reservoir and infection routes. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> Here, we present a patient who was diagnosed with coinfecting with liver cyst and brucellosis. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A 57-year-old female farmer was hospitalized with right hip joint pain approximately 4 weeks earlier. The patient reported a history of hydatid cysts and a family history of brucellosis. Abdominal computerized tomography and ultrasonography revealed a liver hydatid cyst. The standard agglutination test titer of Wright's test was 1:100. Computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed brucellosis hip arthritis. The patient was treated with a combination of doxycycline, rifampicin, and cefotaxime. The symptoms immediately improved. The patient was well and asymptomatic during the 6-month follow-up. We reviewed the literature on other zoonoses superinfection with brucellosis. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Brucellosis coinfects with multiple zoonosis organisms and poses a serious health threat to humans. Awareness of possible brucellosis coinfection with other zoonoses, especially professionally exposed persons in endemic regions, is warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"74-77"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}