Samuel Bazzi, A. Chari, S. Nataraj, Alexander D. Rothenberg
Despite the importance of agglomeration externalities in theoretical work, evidence for their nature, scale, and scope remains elusive, particularly in developing countries. Identification of productivity spillovers between firms is a challenging task, and estimation typically requires, at a minimum, panel data, which are often not available in developing country contexts. In this paper, we develop a novel identification strategy that uses information on the network structure of producer relationships to provide estimates of the size of productivity spillovers. Our strategy builds on that proposed by Bramoulle et al. (2009) for estimating peer effects, and is one of the first applications of this idea to the estimation of productivity spillovers. We improve upon the network structure identification strategy by using panel data and validate it with exchange-rate induced trade shocks that provide additional identifying variation. We apply this strategy to a long panel dataset of manufacturers in Indonesia to provide new estimates of the scale and size of productivity spillovers. Our results suggest positive productivity spillovers between manufacturers in Indonesia, but estimates of TFP spillovers are considerably smaller than similar estimates based on firm-level data from the U.S. and Europe, and they are only observed in a few industries.
{"title":"Identifying Productivity Spillovers Using the Structure of Production Networks","authors":"Samuel Bazzi, A. Chari, S. Nataraj, Alexander D. Rothenberg","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2929089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2929089","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the importance of agglomeration externalities in theoretical work, evidence for their nature, scale, and scope remains elusive, particularly in developing countries. Identification of productivity spillovers between firms is a challenging task, and estimation typically requires, at a minimum, panel data, which are often not available in developing country contexts. In this paper, we develop a novel identification strategy that uses information on the network structure of producer relationships to provide estimates of the size of productivity spillovers. Our strategy builds on that proposed by Bramoulle et al. (2009) for estimating peer effects, and is one of the first applications of this idea to the estimation of productivity spillovers. We improve upon the network structure identification strategy by using panel data and validate it with exchange-rate induced trade shocks that provide additional identifying variation. We apply this strategy to a long panel dataset of manufacturers in Indonesia to provide new estimates of the scale and size of productivity spillovers. Our results suggest positive productivity spillovers between manufacturers in Indonesia, but estimates of TFP spillovers are considerably smaller than similar estimates based on firm-level data from the U.S. and Europe, and they are only observed in a few industries.","PeriodicalId":237187,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Production; Cost; Capital & Total Factor Productivity; Value Theory (Topic)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123637681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper shows that the Bennet-Bowley profit indicator is an exact and superlative approximation of the additively complete Luenberger-Hicks-Moorsteen productivity indicator when the input and output directional distance functions can be represented up to the second order by a quadratic functional form. It also establishes the conditions under which the exact and superlative measures of the Luenberger productivity indicator and Luenberger-Hicks-Moorsteen productivity indicator coincide.
{"title":"Exact and Superlative Measurement of the Luenberger-Hicks-Moorsteen Productivity Indicator","authors":"Frederic Ang, P. Kerstens","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2902579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2902579","url":null,"abstract":"This paper shows that the Bennet-Bowley profit indicator is an exact and superlative approximation of the additively complete Luenberger-Hicks-Moorsteen productivity indicator when the input and output directional distance functions can be represented up to the second order by a quadratic functional form. It also establishes the conditions under which the exact and superlative measures of the Luenberger productivity indicator and Luenberger-Hicks-Moorsteen productivity indicator coincide.","PeriodicalId":237187,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Production; Cost; Capital & Total Factor Productivity; Value Theory (Topic)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124880614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper provides worldwide projections of population, educational attainment, international migration and income for the 21st century. We develop and parametrize a dynamic, stylized model of the world economy that accounts for the key interdependencies between demographic and economic variables. Our baseline scenario is in line with the ‘high-fertility’ population prospects of the United Nations, assumes constant education and migration policies, long-run absolute convergence in total factor productivity (TFP) between emerging and high-income countries, and the absence of economic takeoff in Africa. It predicts a rise in the income share of Asia (from 38 to 59 percent of the world income) and in the demographic share of Africa (from 10 to 25 percent of the world population). However, over the 21st century, the worldwide proportion of adult migrants will only increase by one percentage point (from 3.5 to 4.5 percent). Half of this change is explained by the increased attractiveness of China and India; and the remaining part is explained by the increased migration pressure from Africa to Western Europe. Keeping its immigration policy unchanged, the 15 members of the European Union will see their average immigration rate increase from 7.5 to 17.2 percent. On the contrary, immigration rates will remain stable in the other high-income countries. Then, we assess the sensitivity of our projections to changes in migration policies, TFP disparities, fertility and education. The evolution of productivity in emerging economies and in Africa will have a drastic impact on the worldwide population size, income disparities and the migration pressure to the European Union. The world economy will also be drastically affected if TFP convergence is accompanied by a fall in migration costs to China and India. However, a large increase in the average European immigration rate is obtained under all the scenarios. More than ever, the management of immigration will become a major societal challenge for Europe.
{"title":"Income Disparities, Population and Migration Flows Over the 21st Century","authors":"F. Docquier, Joël Machado","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2992689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2992689","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides worldwide projections of population, educational attainment, international migration and income for the 21st century. We develop and parametrize a dynamic, stylized model of the world economy that accounts for the key interdependencies between demographic and economic variables. Our baseline scenario is in line with the ‘high-fertility’ population prospects of the United Nations, assumes constant education and migration policies, long-run absolute convergence in total factor productivity (TFP) between emerging and high-income countries, and the absence of economic takeoff in Africa. It predicts a rise in the income share of Asia (from 38 to 59 percent of the world income) and in the demographic share of Africa (from 10 to 25 percent of the world population). However, over the 21st century, the worldwide proportion of adult migrants will only increase by one percentage point (from 3.5 to 4.5 percent). Half of this change is explained by the increased attractiveness of China and India; and the remaining part is explained by the increased migration pressure from Africa to Western Europe. Keeping its immigration policy unchanged, the 15 members of the European Union will see their average immigration rate increase from 7.5 to 17.2 percent. On the contrary, immigration rates will remain stable in the other high-income countries. Then, we assess the sensitivity of our projections to changes in migration policies, TFP disparities, fertility and education. The evolution of productivity in emerging economies and in Africa will have a drastic impact on the worldwide population size, income disparities and the migration pressure to the European Union. The world economy will also be drastically affected if TFP convergence is accompanied by a fall in migration costs to China and India. However, a large increase in the average European immigration rate is obtained under all the scenarios. More than ever, the management of immigration will become a major societal challenge for Europe.","PeriodicalId":237187,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Production; Cost; Capital & Total Factor Productivity; Value Theory (Topic)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128739592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyses the unit cost effects of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) using linear, quadratic, and translog cost functions. In addition to a basic unit cost model we specify separate models for distress, profit, relative size, and cost difference, among the merging firms. We use a sample of 19 horizontal M&As in the international airline industry and data spanning from 1980 to 2012. Our models show that M&As do not affect unit costs in a significant way, unless the relative size difference of the merging firms is large, in which case we detect an increase in unit costs.
{"title":"Cost Functions and Determinants of Unit Cost Effects in Horizontal Airline M&As","authors":"Sveinn Vidar Gudmundsson, Rico Merkert, Renato Redondi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2918879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2918879","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses the unit cost effects of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) using linear, quadratic, and translog cost functions. In addition to a basic unit cost model we specify separate models for distress, profit, relative size, and cost difference, among the merging firms. We use a sample of 19 horizontal M&As in the international airline industry and data spanning from 1980 to 2012. Our models show that M&As do not affect unit costs in a significant way, unless the relative size difference of the merging firms is large, in which case we detect an increase in unit costs.","PeriodicalId":237187,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Production; Cost; Capital & Total Factor Productivity; Value Theory (Topic)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128556416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Korean Abstract: 본 연구에서는 한국의 수입구조에 대한 이해를 높이기 위하여 수입구조를 수출 및 해외투자와의 상호작용 속에서 파악하고, 수입이 기업의 퇴출과 구성요소별 생산성을 통해 기업의 분포구조에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 이를 토대로 수출 및 투자와 연동된 새로운 수입통계 시스템 도입, 무역조정 지원제도의 개선, 유형별 수입을 고려한 맞춤형 대책수립을 제안하였다. English Abstract: Recently, our trades have been declining for the second year in a row, due to the maturity of the global value chain and the delay in the recovery of the world economy. In particular, imports decline more than exports, but trade surplus is rather expanding. Policy makers and experts expressed concern about the decline in exports, but did not show interest in decreased imports. Behind these responses, there is dichotomy that the increase in exports is positive but the increase in imports is negative. More importantly, there is still a lack of clear understanding of Korea's import structure. In this paper, we analyze determinants of Korea's imports in the context of the interaction between exports and foreign investments, and investigate the effects of imports on firms' exit and productivity in order to understand Korea's import structure and distributional influences of imports. Since 1988, Korea's overall imports have increased substantially, except for the currency crisis and the period of the global financial crisis, but it has recorded a continuous declining trend due to recent sharp drop in imports of raw materials. Major importing countries have changed from developed countries in the past to resource-abundant countries and developing countries. By type, intermediate goods account for about 50% of imports, raw materials and capital goods account for 20% respectively, and consumption goods account for around 10%. In order to analyze determinants of imports by type, we constructed theoretical model and found two propositions. First, regardless of types, imports will increase as the economic sizes of importing countries become larger, and will decrease as the transaction cost with the importing partner increases. Second, while imports of consumption goods increase as the income level and market size of importing countries increases, imports of intermediate goods and raw materials used as production inputs increases as the outputs and exports of industries increase. The results of the empirical analysis based on the theoretical model are summarized as follows. First, as the export becomes more active, imports of intermediate goods and raw materials used as production input factors will increase, while imports of consumer goods will decrease. Second, imports of intermediate goods and raw materials are positively related with inward foreign direct investment (FDI), but imports of consumption goods are negatively affected by inward FDI. Third, the more industries spend R&D investments, the more the industries import intermediate goods and raw materials. Fourth, the effects of import liberalization are different for each type of import. The influence of the tariff rate was limited for raw materials and capital good
Korean Abstract:本研究为了提高对韩国进口结构的理解，从出口及海外投资的相互作用中把握进口结构，分析了进口通过企业退出和各构成要素的生产性对企业分布结构产生的影响。在此基础上，提出了引进与出口及投资联动的新的进口统计系统、改善贸易调整支援制度、建立考虑各类型进口的量身定做型对策。英语Abstract: Recently，我们的trades have been declining for the second year in a row, due to the maturity of the global value chain and the delay in the recovery of the world economy。In particular, imports decline more than exports, but trade surplus is rather expanding。Policy makers and experts expressed concern about the decline in exports, but did not show interest in decreased imports。Behind these responses there is dichotomy that the increase in exports is positive but the increase in imports is negative。More importantly, there is still a lack of clear understanding of Korea's import structure。In this paper，我们analyze determinants of Korea's imports In the context of the interaction between exports and foreign investmentsand investigate the effects of imports on firms' exit and productivity in order to understand Korea's import structure and distributional influences of imports。Since 1988, Korea's overall imports have increased substantially, except for the currency crisis and the period of the global financial crisis，but it has recorded a continuous declining trend due to recent sharp drop in imports of raw materials。Major importing countries have changed from developed countries in the past to resource-abundant countries and developing countries。By type, intermediate goods account for about 50% of imports, raw materials and capital goods account for 20% respectively, and consumption goods account for around 10%In order to analyze determinants of imports by type, we constructed theoretical model and found two propositions。First, regardless of types, imports will increase as the economic sizes of importing countries become larger, and will decrease as the transaction cost with the importing partner increases。【小题3】while imports of consumption goods increase as the income level and market size of importing countries increasesintermediate goods and raw materials used as production increases as the outputs and exports of industries increasesThe results of The empirical analysis based on The theoretical model are summarized as follows。First, as the export becomes more active, imports of intermediate goods and raw materials used as production input factors will increase, while imports of consumer goods will decrease。“Second, imports of intermediate goods and raw materials are positively related with inward foreign direct investment (FDI)， but imports of consumption goods are negatively affected by inward FDI”。the more industries spend r&d investments, the more the industries import intermediate goods and raw materials。effects of import liberalization are different for each type of import。The influence of The tariff rate was limited for raw materials and capital goods imports。According to the analysis of Korea's import structure, imports of consumption goods declined by 0.137%，and imports of intermediate m
{"title":"한국의 수입구조 결정요인과 기업분포에 미치는 영향 (Determinants of Korea's Import and Its Effects on Firm's Distribution)","authors":"Young Gui Kim, Hyeri Park, H. Keum, Seungrae Lee","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2946036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2946036","url":null,"abstract":"Korean Abstract: 본 연구에서는 한국의 수입구조에 대한 이해를 높이기 위하여 수입구조를 수출 및 해외투자와의 상호작용 속에서 파악하고, 수입이 기업의 퇴출과 구성요소별 생산성을 통해 기업의 분포구조에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 이를 토대로 수출 및 투자와 연동된 새로운 수입통계 시스템 도입, 무역조정 지원제도의 개선, 유형별 수입을 고려한 맞춤형 대책수립을 제안하였다. \u0000English Abstract: Recently, our trades have been declining for the second year in a row, due to the maturity of the global value chain and the delay in the recovery of the world economy. In particular, imports decline more than exports, but trade surplus is rather expanding. Policy makers and experts expressed concern about the decline in exports, but did not show interest in decreased imports. Behind these responses, there is dichotomy that the increase in exports is positive but the increase in imports is negative. More importantly, there is still a lack of clear understanding of Korea's import structure. \u0000In this paper, we analyze determinants of Korea's imports in the context of the interaction between exports and foreign investments, and investigate the effects of imports on firms' exit and productivity in order to understand Korea's import structure and distributional influences of imports. \u0000Since 1988, Korea's overall imports have increased substantially, except for the currency crisis and the period of the global financial crisis, but it has recorded a continuous declining trend due to recent sharp drop in imports of raw materials. \u0000Major importing countries have changed from developed countries in the past to resource-abundant countries and developing countries. By type, intermediate goods account for about 50% of imports, raw materials and capital goods account for 20% respectively, and consumption goods account for around 10%. \u0000In order to analyze determinants of imports by type, we constructed theoretical model and found two propositions. First, regardless of types, imports will increase as the economic sizes of importing countries become larger, and will decrease as the transaction cost with the importing partner increases. Second, while imports of consumption goods increase as the income level and market size of importing countries increases, imports of intermediate goods and raw materials used as production inputs increases as the outputs and exports of industries increase. \u0000The results of the empirical analysis based on the theoretical model are summarized as follows. First, as the export becomes more active, imports of intermediate goods and raw materials used as production input factors will increase, while imports of consumer goods will decrease. Second, imports of intermediate goods and raw materials are positively related with inward foreign direct investment (FDI), but imports of consumption goods are negatively affected by inward FDI. Third, the more industries spend R&D investments, the more the industries import intermediate goods and raw materials. Fourth, the effects of import liberalization are different for each type of import. The influence of the tariff rate was limited for raw materials and capital good","PeriodicalId":237187,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Production; Cost; Capital & Total Factor Productivity; Value Theory (Topic)","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126752375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Egger, U. Kreickemeier, Christoph Moser, J. Wrona
We set up a general equilibrium model, in which offshoring to a low-wage country can lead to job polarisation in the high-wage country. Job polarisation is the result of a reallocation of labour across firms that differ in productivity and pay wages that are positively linked to their profits by a rent-sharing mechanism. Offshoring involves fixed and task-specific variable costs, and as a consequence it is chosen only by the most productive firms, and only for those tasks with the lowest variable offshoring costs. A reduction in those variable costs increases offshoring at the intensive and at the extensive margin, with domestic employment shifted from the newly offshoring firms in the middle of the productivity distribution to firms at the tails of this distribution, paying either very low or very high wages. We also study how the reallocation of labour across firms affects economy-wide unemployment. Offshoring reduces unemployment when it is confined to high-productivity firms, while this outcome is not guaranteed when offshoring is also chosen by low-productivity firms.
{"title":"Offshoring and Job Polarisation between Firms","authors":"H. Egger, U. Kreickemeier, Christoph Moser, J. Wrona","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2877095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2877095","url":null,"abstract":"We set up a general equilibrium model, in which offshoring to a low-wage country can lead to job polarisation in the high-wage country. Job polarisation is the result of a reallocation of labour across firms that differ in productivity and pay wages that are positively linked to their profits by a rent-sharing mechanism. Offshoring involves fixed and task-specific variable costs, and as a consequence it is chosen only by the most productive firms, and only for those tasks with the lowest variable offshoring costs. A reduction in those variable costs increases offshoring at the intensive and at the extensive margin, with domestic employment shifted from the newly offshoring firms in the middle of the productivity distribution to firms at the tails of this distribution, paying either very low or very high wages. We also study how the reallocation of labour across firms affects economy-wide unemployment. Offshoring reduces unemployment when it is confined to high-productivity firms, while this outcome is not guaranteed when offshoring is also chosen by low-productivity firms.","PeriodicalId":237187,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Production; Cost; Capital & Total Factor Productivity; Value Theory (Topic)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125238888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Minimizing production cost is a key element of the industry. To use resources efficiently, various concepts of operations management have been developed since the Industrial Revolution such as just in time, total quality control or lean manufacturing. Manufacturing shops – classified broadly as job, batch or flow shop according to process type, standardization level or quantity of production – continue to evolve by applying these various improvement approaches. Synchronous manufacturing and theory of constraints attempt to improve production processes by analyzing operational measures. They emphasize the importance of work in process levels and amend to have short term planning processes organized in accordance with the system constraints. This review tries to highlight the important connections between the drum-buffer-rope scheduling, single piece flow and operations-finance interface.
{"title":"A Literature Review on Production Scheduling with the Drum-Buffer-Rope Technique","authors":"H. A. Tayali","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2919846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2919846","url":null,"abstract":"Minimizing production cost is a key element of the industry. To use resources efficiently, various concepts of operations management have been developed since the Industrial Revolution such as just in time, total quality control or lean manufacturing. Manufacturing shops – classified broadly as job, batch or flow shop according to process type, standardization level or quantity of production – continue to evolve by applying these various improvement approaches. Synchronous manufacturing and theory of constraints attempt to improve production processes by analyzing operational measures. They emphasize the importance of work in process levels and amend to have short term planning processes organized in accordance with the system constraints. This review tries to highlight the important connections between the drum-buffer-rope scheduling, single piece flow and operations-finance interface.","PeriodicalId":237187,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Production; Cost; Capital & Total Factor Productivity; Value Theory (Topic)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125481436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We compare monopoly profit, consumer surplus, and total welfare associated with three commonly used tying strategies: no tying, pure tying, and mixed tying. Whereas the previous literature focused mainly on profit comparisons, this paper evaluates the relationship between component production costs and total welfare. We identify several market failures where the seller does not adopt the welfare-maximizing tying strategy. Finally, we explore how consumer exclusion rates (uncaptured market) are affected by tying strategy and some implications for unbundling regulation.
{"title":"A Welfare Evaluation of Tying Strategies","authors":"Amit Gayer, Oz Shy","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2670364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2670364","url":null,"abstract":"We compare monopoly profit, consumer surplus, and total welfare associated with three commonly used tying strategies: no tying, pure tying, and mixed tying. Whereas the previous literature focused mainly on profit comparisons, this paper evaluates the relationship between component production costs and total welfare. We identify several market failures where the seller does not adopt the welfare-maximizing tying strategy. Finally, we explore how consumer exclusion rates (uncaptured market) are affected by tying strategy and some implications for unbundling regulation.","PeriodicalId":237187,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Production; Cost; Capital & Total Factor Productivity; Value Theory (Topic)","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121745735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Does investment in social infrastructure affect the productivity of manufacturing firms in developing countries? To test this question, I empirically investigate the impact of social infrastructure indicators at district level on firm productivity using firm level data from Pakistan. I split my sample into rural and urban regions to capture the effect of regional disparities in investment in social goods while controlling for a potential selection bias from firms' decision to locate in regions with better infrastructure equipment. My findings reveal that indicators of health and education are positively and significantly related to firm level productivity in manufacturing industries in Pakistan. However, these results hold for urban districts only. For rural regions, both health and education show a negative impact on firm productivity.
{"title":"Social Infrastructure and Productivity of Manufacturing Firms – Evidence from Pakistan","authors":"R. Ahmed","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2774235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2774235","url":null,"abstract":"Does investment in social infrastructure affect the productivity of manufacturing firms in developing countries? To test this question, I empirically investigate the impact of social infrastructure indicators at district level on firm productivity using firm level data from Pakistan. I split my sample into rural and urban regions to capture the effect of regional disparities in investment in social goods while controlling for a potential selection bias from firms' decision to locate in regions with better infrastructure equipment. My findings reveal that indicators of health and education are positively and significantly related to firm level productivity in manufacturing industries in Pakistan. However, these results hold for urban districts only. For rural regions, both health and education show a negative impact on firm productivity.","PeriodicalId":237187,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Production; Cost; Capital & Total Factor Productivity; Value Theory (Topic)","volume":"187 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132113743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The results of decomposition of output growth suggest that in 2015 the main factor inputs increased while the gross value added (GVA) of industrial production dropped. Capital inputs play a dominant part in the structure of main factor inputs in industry. According to preliminary estimates, the total factor productivity (TFP) of the main industrial types of economic activity declined at faster rates than in the prior period.
{"title":"Growth Factors of Industrial-Sector Value Added in 2015","authors":"Ekaterina Astafieva","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2757577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2757577","url":null,"abstract":"The results of decomposition of output growth suggest that in 2015 the main factor inputs increased while the gross value added (GVA) of industrial production dropped. Capital inputs play a dominant part in the structure of main factor inputs in industry. According to preliminary estimates, the total factor productivity (TFP) of the main industrial types of economic activity declined at faster rates than in the prior period.","PeriodicalId":237187,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Production; Cost; Capital & Total Factor Productivity; Value Theory (Topic)","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126225503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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