Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch004
C. Bush
This chapter addresses the voices of Black individuals and their communities urging police officers to be trustworthy and transparent, and urging them to be intentional in building relationships in the Black community. Qualified immunity, fraternal order of police, and law enforcement bill of rights discussions have emerged from recent incidents that add to the Black community's mistrust in the police. This chapter discusses how officers fail to recognize past and current issues where officers are unapologetic, and which, in turn, contributes to making it difficult to see police transparency and legitimacy. The chapter also addresses the partial education officers receive on Black culture and, more importantly, officers' lack of knowledge about cultural humility with self-reflection. Global positive social change and using a conceptual communication framework are the foundation for building and strengthening police relationships in the Black community to improve police strategies.
{"title":"Policing Strategies and Approaches to Improving Community Relations","authors":"C. Bush","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses the voices of Black individuals and their communities urging police officers to be trustworthy and transparent, and urging them to be intentional in building relationships in the Black community. Qualified immunity, fraternal order of police, and law enforcement bill of rights discussions have emerged from recent incidents that add to the Black community's mistrust in the police. This chapter discusses how officers fail to recognize past and current issues where officers are unapologetic, and which, in turn, contributes to making it difficult to see police transparency and legitimacy. The chapter also addresses the partial education officers receive on Black culture and, more importantly, officers' lack of knowledge about cultural humility with self-reflection. Global positive social change and using a conceptual communication framework are the foundation for building and strengthening police relationships in the Black community to improve police strategies.","PeriodicalId":237270,"journal":{"name":"Global Perspectives on Reforming the Criminal Justice System","volume":"5 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123899868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch005
O. Afolabi, Adeyeye Adebowale, O. Omodunbi
The Nigerian police force is an institution established to protect the lives and properties of residents. Some of her duties include tackling armed robbery, banditry, recovery of stolen assets, investigation of cases, and settling violence-related issues among persons. Just like every other institution, her operations are premised on certain ethical codes and conduct which guarantees checks and balances in her relationship with ordinary citizens. Maximum productivity can be achieved by the Nigerian police if only they display ethical behaviour in the discharge of their lawful duties to the public. Growing unethical work behaviour among Nigerian police officers has drawn attention to the various despicable and condemnable acts perpetrated by some personnel. This study makes a scholarly attempt to investigate the trend of the unethical work behaviour in the Nigerian police force. Using content analysis, the findings suggest that only a handful of Nigerian police officers display professionalism and ethical behaviour in the discharge of their duties.
{"title":"An Assessment of Unethical Work Behavior Among Police Personnel in Nigeria","authors":"O. Afolabi, Adeyeye Adebowale, O. Omodunbi","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch005","url":null,"abstract":"The Nigerian police force is an institution established to protect the lives and properties of residents. Some of her duties include tackling armed robbery, banditry, recovery of stolen assets, investigation of cases, and settling violence-related issues among persons. Just like every other institution, her operations are premised on certain ethical codes and conduct which guarantees checks and balances in her relationship with ordinary citizens. Maximum productivity can be achieved by the Nigerian police if only they display ethical behaviour in the discharge of their lawful duties to the public. Growing unethical work behaviour among Nigerian police officers has drawn attention to the various despicable and condemnable acts perpetrated by some personnel. This study makes a scholarly attempt to investigate the trend of the unethical work behaviour in the Nigerian police force. Using content analysis, the findings suggest that only a handful of Nigerian police officers display professionalism and ethical behaviour in the discharge of their duties.","PeriodicalId":237270,"journal":{"name":"Global Perspectives on Reforming the Criminal Justice System","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114484969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch011
Kenny A. Hendrickson, Kula A. Francis
Globally, at least half of the released prisoner population will return to incarceration before the end of their first year in society. Going against generally accepted notions, deliberation should be given to the existence of transience in habitual recidivists' or habitual convicted criminal offenders' (HCCOs') life course. The HCCO is habitually, chronically, or serially recidivistic (above the average recorded number of arrests and imprisonment, i.e., anything above or equal to five). Furthermore, transience can be considered as junctures of socio-cognitive unsteadiness, impermanence, and inconstancy that leads to the uncoupling of positive bonds within human and environmental relationships. Accordingly, this chapter discusses two outlooks of the transient state of HCCO: the habitual prisoner revolving door syndrome and habitual transient life course disconnect. Finally, this work concludes by promoting the reentry and rehabilitation of convicted criminal offenders based on conditions of productive law-abiding citizenship.
{"title":"The Transient State of Habitually Convicted Criminal Offenders","authors":"Kenny A. Hendrickson, Kula A. Francis","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch011","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, at least half of the released prisoner population will return to incarceration before the end of their first year in society. Going against generally accepted notions, deliberation should be given to the existence of transience in habitual recidivists' or habitual convicted criminal offenders' (HCCOs') life course. The HCCO is habitually, chronically, or serially recidivistic (above the average recorded number of arrests and imprisonment, i.e., anything above or equal to five). Furthermore, transience can be considered as junctures of socio-cognitive unsteadiness, impermanence, and inconstancy that leads to the uncoupling of positive bonds within human and environmental relationships. Accordingly, this chapter discusses two outlooks of the transient state of HCCO: the habitual prisoner revolving door syndrome and habitual transient life course disconnect. Finally, this work concludes by promoting the reentry and rehabilitation of convicted criminal offenders based on conditions of productive law-abiding citizenship.","PeriodicalId":237270,"journal":{"name":"Global Perspectives on Reforming the Criminal Justice System","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126854058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch010
D. Dubey, Vedika Agarwal
Today, every prison around the world requires a correctional programme so that rehabilitation and reintegration of offenders can be done successfully. Correctional reforms is a serious issue and has been taken seriously even internationally. In India, many attempts have been made to improve the condition of prisons and prisoners, but little changes have been seen at the root-level. There is a scope of modifications in the correctional reforms to meet the present-day needs of the criminal justice system. The chapter will give an overview of the correctional reforms in Indian prisons and after reviewing the existing literature will attempt to identify the limitations of the correctional programs which need to be addressed for effective rehabilitation and reformation of prisoners. Lastly, the chapter will conclude with a number of suggestions and with a comprehensive model for rehabilitation.
{"title":"Overview of Correctional Reform in India","authors":"D. Dubey, Vedika Agarwal","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch010","url":null,"abstract":"Today, every prison around the world requires a correctional programme so that rehabilitation and reintegration of offenders can be done successfully. Correctional reforms is a serious issue and has been taken seriously even internationally. In India, many attempts have been made to improve the condition of prisons and prisoners, but little changes have been seen at the root-level. There is a scope of modifications in the correctional reforms to meet the present-day needs of the criminal justice system. The chapter will give an overview of the correctional reforms in Indian prisons and after reviewing the existing literature will attempt to identify the limitations of the correctional programs which need to be addressed for effective rehabilitation and reformation of prisoners. Lastly, the chapter will conclude with a number of suggestions and with a comprehensive model for rehabilitation.","PeriodicalId":237270,"journal":{"name":"Global Perspectives on Reforming the Criminal Justice System","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117226378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch012
Allan T. Moore
In this chapter, the author conducts a critical analysis and comparison of laws and practices that legitimise discretionary power in the courtroom from a selection of global north and south jurisdictions. The specific offence of contempt of court in facie curiae is the central focus, where the use of full judicial autonomy, summary, and arbitrary hearings have survived now well into the 21st century. The research conducted shows that there is a global problem with significant overreach of power by members of the judiciary in nearly all jurisdictions investigated. In some cases, this could be viewed as being extreme enough in its overreach to justify being described as abuse of power. Further evidence is presented showing little by way of accountability being held against those judges who misuse their discretionary powers in the courtroom. Recommendations are that there should be reform or development of practice through both judicial training and proportionate disciplinary action where overreach is proven to have occurred in order to minimise future overreaches of power.
{"title":"Procedural Justice and the Power of the Judge in the Courtroom","authors":"Allan T. Moore","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch012","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, the author conducts a critical analysis and comparison of laws and practices that legitimise discretionary power in the courtroom from a selection of global north and south jurisdictions. The specific offence of contempt of court in facie curiae is the central focus, where the use of full judicial autonomy, summary, and arbitrary hearings have survived now well into the 21st century. The research conducted shows that there is a global problem with significant overreach of power by members of the judiciary in nearly all jurisdictions investigated. In some cases, this could be viewed as being extreme enough in its overreach to justify being described as abuse of power. Further evidence is presented showing little by way of accountability being held against those judges who misuse their discretionary powers in the courtroom. Recommendations are that there should be reform or development of practice through both judicial training and proportionate disciplinary action where overreach is proven to have occurred in order to minimise future overreaches of power.","PeriodicalId":237270,"journal":{"name":"Global Perspectives on Reforming the Criminal Justice System","volume":"175 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126943142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch009
M. Hatfield
Tough-on-crime policies and strategies, such as mandatory minimum and determinate sentencing laws and more severe punishments for juveniles, sex offenders, and drug offenders, have caused a substantial increase in the U.S. incarceration rate. Mass incarceration has generated several negative consequences, including racial bias and disparities, economic and social costs, and prison overcrowding. As such, the use of community corrections programs as an alternative form of sentencing has significantly increased. To effectively reduce crime and recidivism, community corrections programs must 1) utilize a validated risk and needs assessment when determining program placement; 2) provide participants with comprehensive, evidence-based services, including substance abuse and mental health treatment; 3) focus on modifying participants' behavior through treatment goal setting and the use of graduated incentives and sanctions; and 4) strive to hire and retain qualified staff, provide both initial and ongoing training, and monitor treatment staff with regular clinical supervision.
{"title":"The Potential of Community Corrections to Reduce Mass Incarceration in the USA","authors":"M. Hatfield","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch009","url":null,"abstract":"Tough-on-crime policies and strategies, such as mandatory minimum and determinate sentencing laws and more severe punishments for juveniles, sex offenders, and drug offenders, have caused a substantial increase in the U.S. incarceration rate. Mass incarceration has generated several negative consequences, including racial bias and disparities, economic and social costs, and prison overcrowding. As such, the use of community corrections programs as an alternative form of sentencing has significantly increased. To effectively reduce crime and recidivism, community corrections programs must 1) utilize a validated risk and needs assessment when determining program placement; 2) provide participants with comprehensive, evidence-based services, including substance abuse and mental health treatment; 3) focus on modifying participants' behavior through treatment goal setting and the use of graduated incentives and sanctions; and 4) strive to hire and retain qualified staff, provide both initial and ongoing training, and monitor treatment staff with regular clinical supervision.","PeriodicalId":237270,"journal":{"name":"Global Perspectives on Reforming the Criminal Justice System","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114265835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch003
M. Hatfield
To prevent and control crime using the community-oriented policing model, law enforcement agencies must develop positive relationships and partnerships with the communities they serve. Unfortunately, several obstacles impede the development and maintenance of police-community partnerships, particularly excessive force and other forms of misconduct, and negative coverage of law enforcement by the media. To restore public trust in the police, agencies must implement competency-based interviews and assessments during the hiring process; develop a recruitment plan to attract more diverse applicants; provide regular crisis intervention, de-escalation, and implicit bias training to all officers; and evaluate and make any necessary improvements to existing use-of-force and disciplinary policies. Future research should continue to evaluate the impact of community policing on crime rates, the impact of body-worn cameras on misconduct, and the correlation between higher education and misconduct.
{"title":"Improving Police-Community Relations in the USA","authors":"M. Hatfield","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch003","url":null,"abstract":"To prevent and control crime using the community-oriented policing model, law enforcement agencies must develop positive relationships and partnerships with the communities they serve. Unfortunately, several obstacles impede the development and maintenance of police-community partnerships, particularly excessive force and other forms of misconduct, and negative coverage of law enforcement by the media. To restore public trust in the police, agencies must implement competency-based interviews and assessments during the hiring process; develop a recruitment plan to attract more diverse applicants; provide regular crisis intervention, de-escalation, and implicit bias training to all officers; and evaluate and make any necessary improvements to existing use-of-force and disciplinary policies. Future research should continue to evaluate the impact of community policing on crime rates, the impact of body-worn cameras on misconduct, and the correlation between higher education and misconduct.","PeriodicalId":237270,"journal":{"name":"Global Perspectives on Reforming the Criminal Justice System","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124021743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch006
Daskyes Yohanna Gulleng
Policing in Nigeria has never been this challenging. Aside from accusations of violence and brutality, the police are widely regarded as ineffective and inefficient. While insecurity surges across the country, regional security networks are springing up in an uncoordinated manner, raising questions about ownership and control. This further gave rise to agitations for either community policing and state police from the political class, civil societies, and traditional institutions. This chapter situates police violence in the context of the popular #EndSARS# protest and reviews issues surrounding police reforms in Nigeria. Within the context of the challenging insecurity in the north central region, the chapter looks at the merits and demerits of community police and state police to determine what works and makes recommendations on the appropriate policing strategy in the region.
{"title":"Reform the Police and End the Violence","authors":"Daskyes Yohanna Gulleng","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch006","url":null,"abstract":"Policing in Nigeria has never been this challenging. Aside from accusations of violence and brutality, the police are widely regarded as ineffective and inefficient. While insecurity surges across the country, regional security networks are springing up in an uncoordinated manner, raising questions about ownership and control. This further gave rise to agitations for either community policing and state police from the political class, civil societies, and traditional institutions. This chapter situates police violence in the context of the popular #EndSARS# protest and reviews issues surrounding police reforms in Nigeria. Within the context of the challenging insecurity in the north central region, the chapter looks at the merits and demerits of community police and state police to determine what works and makes recommendations on the appropriate policing strategy in the region.","PeriodicalId":237270,"journal":{"name":"Global Perspectives on Reforming the Criminal Justice System","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133180342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch017
Hüseyin Batman
Conducting interviews with witnesses and suspects is a core function of policing across the world. Child sexual abuse is broadly described as any sexual activity involving a child where consent is not or cannot be given. Child sexual abuse differs from other types of childhood victimization in that there is usually no witness apart from the victim and the accused and often no physical evidence. This chapter aims to summarize the components that play important role during the investigative interviewing of children. In addition to that, the role of the interviewers, interview aids, cognitive interview, risks of repeated interviewing of children, and effects of child sexual abuse on children will be outlined. This chapter will also give information about the child interviewing centers that are still being used actively in Turkey.
{"title":"Centers for the Investigative Interviewing of Children in Turkey","authors":"Hüseyin Batman","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch017","url":null,"abstract":"Conducting interviews with witnesses and suspects is a core function of policing across the world. Child sexual abuse is broadly described as any sexual activity involving a child where consent is not or cannot be given. Child sexual abuse differs from other types of childhood victimization in that there is usually no witness apart from the victim and the accused and often no physical evidence. This chapter aims to summarize the components that play important role during the investigative interviewing of children. In addition to that, the role of the interviewers, interview aids, cognitive interview, risks of repeated interviewing of children, and effects of child sexual abuse on children will be outlined. This chapter will also give information about the child interviewing centers that are still being used actively in Turkey.","PeriodicalId":237270,"journal":{"name":"Global Perspectives on Reforming the Criminal Justice System","volume":"89 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114091885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch013
D. Halder, D. Bhati
Traditionally, India is a multilingual, multi-religious, and multicultural country. Ingression of different races in India has brought in different personal laws. Similar to India, the US also has a multiracial, religious, linguistic, and cultural society. The country also has similar experiences of hate crimes, especially from the perspectives of racial violence. This chapter aims to research the hate crime preventive laws in the US and India to find the best solutions from both jurisdictions.
{"title":"Culture, Ethnicity, and Hate Crimes","authors":"D. Halder, D. Bhati","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch013","url":null,"abstract":"Traditionally, India is a multilingual, multi-religious, and multicultural country. Ingression of different races in India has brought in different personal laws. Similar to India, the US also has a multiracial, religious, linguistic, and cultural society. The country also has similar experiences of hate crimes, especially from the perspectives of racial violence. This chapter aims to research the hate crime preventive laws in the US and India to find the best solutions from both jurisdictions.","PeriodicalId":237270,"journal":{"name":"Global Perspectives on Reforming the Criminal Justice System","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127225264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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