Pub Date : 2022-12-07DOI: 10.46606/eajmbs2022v02i04.0013
Juliana Mlangala, Peter Samson Thomas
The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of Motivation Factors on Service Delivery at Chamwino District Council Headquarters office. An explanatory study design was employed to collect data from the sample of 10 out of the population of 16 personnel. The sample was comprised of heads of departments and other leaders. To ensure validity and reliability, the instruments were pretested to four individuals and the responses from pretesting were used to adjust the final version of the tools. Analysis of data was done through the thematic analysis approach. It is concluded that salaries play the major role in motivating employees to work harder and delivery quality services. Secondly, allowances are a good motivational factor because they make employees feel they are being valued by respective organizations, hence they work hard in delivering quality service. Working conditions play a substantial role in service delivery because employees need to work in comfortable, healthy and safe environments. Finally, career development is very crucial as it helps to update employees’ skills, capabilities and competencies, supporting employees to deliver quality services that meet the needs of the clients. The study recommends that the PO-RALG should review the salary and incentive policy and increase salaries for employees as a way of motivating them to work harder. Secondly, leaders and managers in LGAs should ensure provision of sufficient allowances to employees so as to improve service delivery. Furthermore, the PO-RALG should improve the work environment in LGAs so as employees can work comfortably and deliver better services.
{"title":"Influence of Motivation Factors on Service Delivery at Chamwino District Council Headquarters Office, Tanzania","authors":"Juliana Mlangala, Peter Samson Thomas","doi":"10.46606/eajmbs2022v02i04.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46606/eajmbs2022v02i04.0013","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of Motivation Factors on Service Delivery at Chamwino District Council Headquarters office. An explanatory study design was employed to collect data from the sample of 10 out of the population of 16 personnel. The sample was comprised of heads of departments and other leaders. To ensure validity and reliability, the instruments were pretested to four individuals and the responses from pretesting were used to adjust the final version of the tools. Analysis of data was done through the thematic analysis approach. It is concluded that salaries play the major role in motivating employees to work harder and delivery quality services. Secondly, allowances are a good motivational factor because they make employees feel they are being valued by respective organizations, hence they work hard in delivering quality service. Working conditions play a substantial role in service delivery because employees need to work in comfortable, healthy and safe environments. Finally, career development is very crucial as it helps to update employees’ skills, capabilities and competencies, supporting employees to deliver quality services that meet the needs of the clients. The study recommends that the PO-RALG should review the salary and incentive policy and increase salaries for employees as a way of motivating them to work harder. Secondly, leaders and managers in LGAs should ensure provision of sufficient allowances to employees so as to improve service delivery. Furthermore, the PO-RALG should improve the work environment in LGAs so as employees can work comfortably and deliver better services.","PeriodicalId":23783,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4 issue 2","volume":"188 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83267534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-07DOI: 10.46606/eajmbs2022v02i04.0012
Linda O. Okereke, Baleche Asha, PhD
The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of non-monetary rewards on employees’ performance in Mount Meru Referral Hospital in Arusha, Tanzania. The sequential parallel design was employed to carry out the study. The target population was 355 while the sample size was 188 which included 8 managerial workers and 180 non-managerial employees of the hospital. Questionnaire and interview guide were used for data collection. The quantitative data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics while the qualitative data was thematically analyzed. The study established that non-monetary rewards such as employee recognition, training, development, employee independence and flexible work schedules have a positive effect on the employees’ performance. The practice of flexible working schedules currently in place in the hospital needs to be retained for effective job performance to be realized. The management of the hospital should get employees trained and re-trained so as to enhance their performance in terms of service delivery to patients.
{"title":"Effect of Non-Monetary Rewards on Employees’ Performance in Mount Meru Referral Hospital in Arusha, Tanzania","authors":"Linda O. Okereke, Baleche Asha, PhD","doi":"10.46606/eajmbs2022v02i04.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46606/eajmbs2022v02i04.0012","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of non-monetary rewards on employees’ performance in Mount Meru Referral Hospital in Arusha, Tanzania. The sequential parallel design was employed to carry out the study. The target population was 355 while the sample size was 188 which included 8 managerial workers and 180 non-managerial employees of the hospital. Questionnaire and interview guide were used for data collection. The quantitative data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics while the qualitative data was thematically analyzed. The study established that non-monetary rewards such as employee recognition, training, development, employee independence and flexible work schedules have a positive effect on the employees’ performance. The practice of flexible working schedules currently in place in the hospital needs to be retained for effective job performance to be realized. The management of the hospital should get employees trained and re-trained so as to enhance their performance in terms of service delivery to patients.","PeriodicalId":23783,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4 issue 2","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73213512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-07DOI: 10.46606/eajmbs2022v02i04.0014
Lina A. Swai, Prof. William Tieng’o, PhD
The study examined the Relationship between Working Environment and performance at Local Government Authorities in Bahi District Council, Tanzania. The study adopted the descriptive study design and quantitative research approach using the sample of 68 employees and six heads of departements. A self-administered questionnaire was employed as a tool for data collection where by both groups filled the questionnaire. The study used the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to analyse data whereby descriptive and inferential statistic were employed to process findings. The study establishes that employee performance was moderate as majority agreed on high revenue growth and customer satisfaction while the majority were not sure on customer retention effectiveness and profit margin. Current working environment was moderate as majority agreed on transport, communication and safe working environment while some disagreed on ventilation and office space. Ventilation and safe working environment had a significant positive effect on performance. Based on findings, it is recommended the government should allocate sufficient funds to maintain and potentially improve working conditions at Bahi District Council. Secondly, the PO-RALG should adopt the application of transformational leadership style in all Local Government Authorities in Tanzania, which will help to provide proper direction for enhancement of working environment that in turn will improve the performance. Finally, the PO-RALG should look for and allocate sufficient funds for building proper offices in Bahi District Council so as to provide good ventilation and safe working environment for employees.
{"title":"Relationship between Working Environments and Employees Performance in Local Government Authorities: A Case of Bahi District Council, Tanzania","authors":"Lina A. Swai, Prof. William Tieng’o, PhD","doi":"10.46606/eajmbs2022v02i04.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46606/eajmbs2022v02i04.0014","url":null,"abstract":"The study examined the Relationship between Working Environment and performance at Local Government Authorities in Bahi District Council, Tanzania. The study adopted the descriptive study design and quantitative research approach using the sample of 68 employees and six heads of departements. A self-administered questionnaire was employed as a tool for data collection where by both groups filled the questionnaire. The study used the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to analyse data whereby descriptive and inferential statistic were employed to process findings. The study establishes that employee performance was moderate as majority agreed on high revenue growth and customer satisfaction while the majority were not sure on customer retention effectiveness and profit margin. Current working environment was moderate as majority agreed on transport, communication and safe working environment while some disagreed on ventilation and office space. Ventilation and safe working environment had a significant positive effect on performance. Based on findings, it is recommended the government should allocate sufficient funds to maintain and potentially improve working conditions at Bahi District Council. Secondly, the PO-RALG should adopt the application of transformational leadership style in all Local Government Authorities in Tanzania, which will help to provide proper direction for enhancement of working environment that in turn will improve the performance. Finally, the PO-RALG should look for and allocate sufficient funds for building proper offices in Bahi District Council so as to provide good ventilation and safe working environment for employees.","PeriodicalId":23783,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4 issue 2","volume":"1440 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91456705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Faizan Mahmood, H. ur-Rahman, N. Ahmad, Ammara Khalid
Improved maize populations and cross hybrids can be beneficial alternatives for commercial single-cross hybrids and good elite sources for diverse inbred lines. A set of 22 genotypes comprised 10 population crosses, 10 top crosses, and two check cultivars were evaluated at Cereal Crop Research Institute, Pirsabak-Nowshera, in a randomized complete block design with three replicates in 2014. This research's major aims were to determine the magnitude of heterosis and the degree of character association between yield and its attributes to select superior genotypes from the breeding material. Data were recorded on maturity, and yield associated traits, where significant genetic variability was observed among the genotypes for all the studied traits except days to silking. Mean values for the studied traits ranged from 44 to 52 days for tasseling, 48 to 54 days for anthesis, 49 to 54 days for silking, -1.33 to 2.33 for the anthesis-silking interval, 2.53 to 8.47 kg for fresh ear weight, 12 to 16 rows for kernel rows cob-1, 27.15 to 37.49 g for 100-kernel weight and 2830 to 7649 kg ha-1 for grain yield. Days to silking, anthesis silking interval, and kernel rows cob-1 showed low broad sense heritability (12.08%, 24.84%, 27.59%), days to tasseling, days to anthesis revealed moderate heritability (40.53%, 36.62%), while fresh ear, 100-kernel weight, and grain yield exhibited high broad-sense heritability (94.89%, 82.33%, 90%). Negative and significant heterotic values were observed for maturity traits, while heterotic values were positive and significant for yield-associated traits. Correlation analysis revealed that characters like fresh ear weight (r = 0.93) and 100-kernel weight (r = 0.50) manifested a strong positive and significant association with grain yield. Based on mean performance and grain yield, promising hybrids were 3008F3 x 2007-WC and 3008F3 x 2010. The current study revealed significant genetic variability among the tested hybrids; hence, it can be used in future breeding programs to produce early maturing and high-yielding maize hybrids.Days to tasseling, genetic variability, heterosis, population cross, top cross Keywords: HBV, HCV, ICT, PCR, Risk factors, Mansehra
{"title":"Comparative performance of top cross and population cross hybrids in white Maize using a common tester","authors":"Faizan Mahmood, H. ur-Rahman, N. Ahmad, Ammara Khalid","doi":"10.34091/ajls.4.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34091/ajls.4.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Improved maize populations and cross hybrids can be beneficial alternatives for commercial single-cross hybrids and good elite sources for diverse inbred lines. A set of 22 genotypes comprised 10 population crosses, 10 top crosses, and two check cultivars were evaluated at Cereal Crop Research Institute, Pirsabak-Nowshera, in a randomized complete block design with three replicates in 2014. This research's major aims were to determine the magnitude of heterosis and the degree of character association between yield and its attributes to select superior genotypes from the breeding material. Data were recorded on maturity, and yield associated traits, where significant genetic variability was observed among the genotypes for all the studied traits except days to silking. Mean values for the studied traits ranged from 44 to 52 days for tasseling, 48 to 54 days for anthesis, 49 to 54 days for silking, -1.33 to 2.33 for the anthesis-silking interval, 2.53 to 8.47 kg for fresh ear weight, 12 to 16 rows for kernel rows cob-1, 27.15 to 37.49 g for 100-kernel weight and 2830 to 7649 kg ha-1 for grain yield. Days to silking, anthesis silking interval, and kernel rows cob-1 showed low broad sense heritability (12.08%, 24.84%, 27.59%), days to tasseling, days to anthesis revealed moderate heritability (40.53%, 36.62%), while fresh ear, 100-kernel weight, and grain yield exhibited high broad-sense heritability (94.89%, 82.33%, 90%). Negative and significant heterotic values were observed for maturity traits, while heterotic values were positive and significant for yield-associated traits. Correlation analysis revealed that characters like fresh ear weight (r = 0.93) and 100-kernel weight (r = 0.50) manifested a strong positive and significant association with grain yield. Based on mean performance and grain yield, promising hybrids were 3008F3 x 2007-WC and 3008F3 x 2010. The current study revealed significant genetic variability among the tested hybrids; hence, it can be used in future breeding programs to produce early maturing and high-yielding maize hybrids.Days to tasseling, genetic variability, heterosis, population cross, top cross\u0000\u0000Keywords: HBV, HCV, ICT, PCR, Risk factors, Mansehra","PeriodicalId":23783,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4 issue 2","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79038523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Farid, Roomah Javed, Maria Hayat, M. Muzammal, Muhammad Hashim Khan, S. Ismail, Sheikh Abdur Rashid
Leaves, stem, roots and flowers of this plant were extracted with methanol and fractionated with different solvents i.e., n-Hexane, Chloroform and Ethyl acetate. Screening of the individual extract and fractions showed that Strobilanthes urticifolia Wall.ex Kuntze has significant effects against termite and different insects. The extract and their fractions were evaluated against Odontotermes obesus, the test termite. Between the tested extracts, crude methanolic extract (CME) displayed the highest anti-termite potential (100% mortality on day 2) while aqueous fraction showed the lowest mortality rate (64% on day 3). CME and individual fractions were also tested against various insects. CME showed highest result (80%) in terms of mortality against Tribolium castenum, while n-hexane fraction showed moderate result (60%) in terms of mortality against Callosbrachus analis and all other fractions have no or low activity against tested insects. The results obtained from the experiments suggested the potential of Strobilanthes urticifolia in the control of termite and insects. Keywords: Strobilanthes urticifolia Wall.ex Kuntze, antitermite, insecticidal, CME, Fractions.
{"title":"Screening of Strobilanthes urticifolia Wall.ex Kuntze for Antitermite and Insecticidal Activities","authors":"A. Farid, Roomah Javed, Maria Hayat, M. Muzammal, Muhammad Hashim Khan, S. Ismail, Sheikh Abdur Rashid","doi":"10.34091/ajls.4.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34091/ajls.4.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Leaves, stem, roots and flowers of this plant were extracted with methanol and fractionated with different solvents i.e., n-Hexane, Chloroform and Ethyl acetate. Screening of the individual extract and fractions showed that Strobilanthes urticifolia Wall.ex Kuntze has significant effects against termite and different insects. The extract and their fractions were evaluated against Odontotermes obesus, the test termite. Between the tested extracts, crude methanolic extract (CME) displayed the highest anti-termite potential (100% mortality on day 2) while aqueous fraction showed the lowest mortality rate (64% on day 3). CME and individual fractions were also tested against various insects. CME showed highest result (80%) in terms of mortality against Tribolium castenum, while n-hexane fraction showed moderate result (60%) in terms of mortality against Callosbrachus analis and all other fractions have no or low activity against tested insects. The results obtained from the experiments suggested the potential of Strobilanthes urticifolia in the control of termite and insects.\u0000\u0000Keywords: Strobilanthes urticifolia Wall.ex Kuntze, antitermite, insecticidal, CME, Fractions.","PeriodicalId":23783,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4 issue 2","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84358194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Ashraf, Zoha Naeem, Muhammad Jawad Bashir, Riffat Shamim
Probiotic bacteria, Lactobacillus are well known to have a positive influence on the maintenance of human health by inhibiting pathogenic microorganisms. Lactic acid, bio-surfactant and bacteriocin are usually produced by Lactobacillus. Candida albicans as a dimorphic fungus grows both as yeast and filamentous cells. C. albicans is the most prevailing pathogen which causes the disease as an opportunistic pathogen in humans. The objective of this in vitro study model was to determine the effectiveness of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus casei isolated from local fruit sources against biofilm growths of C. albicans. Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) agar was used for isolation of bacteria. The confirmation of Lactobacillus species was carried out by microscopic as well as biochemical tests. C. albicans samples were collected from high-sugar mango fruit and the isolation was carried out by Sabouraud's dextrose agar (SDA). Biofilm of C. albicans was observed by micro-titration plate by using C. albicans cell suspension. The antagonistic effect of isolated Lactobacillus species on the biofilm produced by C. albicans was assessed using probiotic assay. Lactobacillus species induced a significant inhibition (p<0.05) in biofilm growths of C. albicans. The anti-biofilm potential of all Lactobacillus species was significantly (p<0.001) different from each other with Lactobacillus casei inducing maximum biofilm inhibition. The screening of probiotic characteristics and exometabolites produced by anti-candidal Lactobacillus species could precede efficacy studies for use these bacterial strains in cure of different candidal infections. Keywords: Probiotics, Candida spp, Candidiasis, Lactobacillus spp, Biofilms.
众所周知，益生菌，乳酸菌通过抑制致病微生物对维持人体健康有积极的影响。乳酸、生物表面活性剂和细菌素通常由乳酸菌产生。白色念珠菌是一种二态真菌，以酵母菌和丝状细胞的形式生长。白色念珠菌是最普遍的病原体，它作为机会致病菌在人类中引起疾病。该体外研究模型的目的是确定从当地水果中分离的嗜酸乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌对白色念珠菌生物膜生长的抑制作用。采用Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS)琼脂进行细菌分离。通过显微镜和生化试验对乳酸菌菌种进行了确证。从高糖芒果果实中采集白色念珠菌样品，采用Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA)进行分离。用白色念珠菌细胞悬浮液，用微滴定板观察了白色念珠菌的生物膜。采用益生菌试验研究分离的乳杆菌对白色念珠菌产生的生物膜的拮抗作用。乳酸菌对白色念珠菌的生物膜生长有显著抑制作用(p<0.05)。各乳酸菌的抗生物膜潜能差异显著(p<0.001)，其中干酪乳杆菌对生物膜的抑制作用最大。筛选抗念珠菌乳酸菌菌种的益生菌特性和产生的外代谢产物，可以在使用这些菌株治疗不同念珠菌感染的疗效研究之前进行。关键词:益生菌，念珠菌，念珠菌病，乳杆菌，生物膜
{"title":"In-Vitro evaluation of probiotic effect of Lactobacillus species for the inhibition of biofilm formation by Candida albicans","authors":"Muhammad Ashraf, Zoha Naeem, Muhammad Jawad Bashir, Riffat Shamim","doi":"10.34091/ajls.4.2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34091/ajls.4.2.8","url":null,"abstract":"Probiotic bacteria, Lactobacillus are well known to have a positive influence on the maintenance of human health by inhibiting pathogenic microorganisms. Lactic acid, bio-surfactant and bacteriocin are usually produced by Lactobacillus. Candida albicans as a dimorphic fungus grows both as yeast and filamentous cells. C. albicans is the most prevailing pathogen which causes the disease as an opportunistic pathogen in humans. The objective of this in vitro study model was to determine the effectiveness of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus casei isolated from local fruit sources against biofilm growths of C. albicans. Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) agar was used for isolation of bacteria. The confirmation of Lactobacillus species was carried out by microscopic as well as biochemical tests. C. albicans samples were collected from high-sugar mango fruit and the isolation was carried out by Sabouraud's dextrose agar (SDA). Biofilm of C. albicans was observed by micro-titration plate by using C. albicans cell suspension. The antagonistic effect of isolated Lactobacillus species on the biofilm produced by C. albicans was assessed using probiotic assay. Lactobacillus species induced a significant inhibition (p<0.05) in biofilm growths of C. albicans. The anti-biofilm potential of all Lactobacillus species was significantly (p<0.001) different from each other with Lactobacillus casei inducing maximum biofilm inhibition. The screening of probiotic characteristics and exometabolites produced by anti-candidal Lactobacillus species could precede efficacy studies for use these bacterial strains in cure of different candidal infections.\u0000\u0000Keywords: Probiotics, Candida spp, Candidiasis, Lactobacillus spp, Biofilms.","PeriodicalId":23783,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4 issue 2","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88811911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Absar Mithal Jiskani, Zubair Ahmed Nizamani, Manzoor Ali abro, Khadim Hussain Wagan, Ghulam Mustafa Nizamani, Mirza Hussain, Riaz Ali Nahiyoon
Maize is the world's leading crop and is widely cultivated as a cereal grain, it is the only food cereal crop that can be grown in diverse seasons, ecologies and uses. Maize yields in Pakistan are very poor due to insect pests and diseases. Among them, the stalk rot of maize caused by Fusarium moniliforme is very important. Keeping in view the huge losses caused by the disease, the present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected fungicides against the disease development under field conditions and on the plant growth and yield parameters. A total of six fungicides were used such as Scoure, Plyrem, Topguard, Ridomil, Fenatac M, and Cobox with three different concentrations i.e., (50, 100 and 200 ppm). The effect on disease incidence, growth and yield parameters such as plant height, root length, root weight, leaf weight per plant, grain weight, and biological yield (t acre-1) were recorded. The results showed that all applied fungicides significantly affect against stalk rot of maize caused by F. moniliforme. The maximum plant height, root length, root weight, leaf weight per plant, grain weight and biological yield (t acre-1) was noted under Ridomil and Scoure fungicides, followed by Topguard, Cobox, Plyrem and Fenatac M. Whereas, the minimum plant height, root length, root weight, leaf weight per plant, grain weight, and biological yield (t acre-1) was observed under control plants where no fungicides were applied. Keywords: Fungicide, Evaluation, Fusarium moniliforme, Maize, Stalk rot.
{"title":"Evaluation of different fungicides against stalk rot of Maize caused by Fusarium moniliforme","authors":"Absar Mithal Jiskani, Zubair Ahmed Nizamani, Manzoor Ali abro, Khadim Hussain Wagan, Ghulam Mustafa Nizamani, Mirza Hussain, Riaz Ali Nahiyoon","doi":"10.34091/ajls.4.2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34091/ajls.4.2.9","url":null,"abstract":"Maize is the world's leading crop and is widely cultivated as a cereal grain, it is the only food cereal crop that can be grown in diverse seasons, ecologies and uses. Maize yields in Pakistan are very poor due to insect pests and diseases. Among them, the stalk rot of maize caused by Fusarium moniliforme is very important. Keeping in view the huge losses caused by the disease, the present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected fungicides against the disease development under field conditions and on the plant growth and yield parameters. A total of six fungicides were used such as Scoure, Plyrem, Topguard, Ridomil, Fenatac M, and Cobox with three different concentrations i.e., (50, 100 and 200 ppm). The effect on disease incidence, growth and yield parameters such as plant height, root length, root weight, leaf weight per plant, grain weight, and biological yield (t acre-1) were recorded. The results showed that all applied fungicides significantly affect against stalk rot of maize caused by F. moniliforme. The maximum plant height, root length, root weight, leaf weight per plant, grain weight and biological yield (t acre-1) was noted under Ridomil and Scoure fungicides, followed by Topguard, Cobox, Plyrem and Fenatac M. Whereas, the minimum plant height, root length, root weight, leaf weight per plant, grain weight, and biological yield (t acre-1) was observed under control plants where no fungicides were applied.\u0000\u0000Keywords: Fungicide, Evaluation, Fusarium moniliforme, Maize, Stalk rot.","PeriodicalId":23783,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4 issue 2","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87072253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Khola Zia, Urooba Naveed, I. Khan, A. Hayat, Mujadda -Ur-Rehman, S. tul Muntaha
For more than 2000 years, Hippocrates' notion that has been true that "the beginning of every disease is at the gut", microbiology, neurology, and gastroenterology have all progressed with every clock's tick and noteworthy success in contemporary medicine is seen and made in their trajectory and relationships .Gut microbial flora has lately been discovered to have a have an important effect on physiology, that also includes gut brain Organization, and behaviour. Human beings live in a microbial environment, coevolving with the microbiota-a huge amount of bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses that live within their bodies, particularly in the intestines. Microorganisms' roles in forming the intestinal flora might be classified as beneficial, harmful, or neutral to the host. The impact that of the gut microbiota on the immune system, brain development, and behaviour has come under the radar recently. In the previous five years, PubMed has published over 90% of the more than 4,000 articles on microbiota. The potential of the enteric microbiota and its metabolites to regulate gut permeability, mucosal immune function, intestinal motility and sensitivity, as well as the activity of the enteric nervous system, modulates gastrointestinal (GI) functions (ENS). Dysbiosis (alteration of the gut microbiota) occurs as a result of gastrointestinal disease or its treatment. Dybiosis is linked to all major gut illnesses, including inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and celiac disease. The purpose this review serves is to explain the pathophysiological mechanisms of the gut-brain axis, as well as the gut microbiota's potential impact on depression. It will also cover current advances in specific processes of gut microbiota-brain interaction, keeping in mind the impact of psychological stress.
{"title":"Human Gut MicroBiota in Transferring the Blues: A Review","authors":"Khola Zia, Urooba Naveed, I. Khan, A. Hayat, Mujadda -Ur-Rehman, S. tul Muntaha","doi":"10.34091/ajls.4.2.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34091/ajls.4.2.13","url":null,"abstract":"For more than 2000 years, Hippocrates' notion that has been true that \"the beginning of every disease is at the gut\", microbiology, neurology, and gastroenterology have all progressed with every clock's tick and noteworthy success in contemporary medicine is seen and made in their trajectory and relationships .Gut microbial flora has lately been discovered to have a have an important effect on physiology, that also includes gut brain Organization, and behaviour. Human beings live in a microbial environment, coevolving with the microbiota-a huge amount of bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses that live within their bodies, particularly in the intestines. Microorganisms' roles in forming the intestinal flora might be classified as beneficial, harmful, or neutral to the host. The impact that of the gut microbiota on the immune system, brain development, and behaviour has come under the radar recently. In the previous five years, PubMed has published over 90% of the more than 4,000 articles on microbiota. The potential of the enteric microbiota and its metabolites to regulate gut permeability, mucosal immune function, intestinal motility and sensitivity, as well as the activity of the enteric nervous system, modulates gastrointestinal (GI) functions (ENS). Dysbiosis (alteration of the gut microbiota) occurs as a result of gastrointestinal disease or its treatment. Dybiosis is linked to all major gut illnesses, including inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and celiac disease. The purpose this review serves is to explain the pathophysiological mechanisms of the gut-brain axis, as well as the gut microbiota's potential impact on depression. It will also cover current advances in specific processes of gut microbiota-brain interaction, keeping in mind the impact of psychological stress.","PeriodicalId":23783,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4 issue 2","volume":"170 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86569451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Nadeem Iqbal, Z. Chishti, N. Raza, Adnan Umair, Z. Abbas, Hafiz Riaz Ahmad, M. Khalid, S. Hamid, Khalid Mehmood Mughal, I. Haider
Farming community has a limited budget for various inputs like fertilizers for crops. Farmers usually allocate more money to nitrogen fertilizers while spending less money on phosphorus. Field experiments were carried out at farmers' fields to explore the effect of various ratios of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer while keeping the farmers' budget constant. Fertilizer experiments were conducted on wheat in Punjab Pakistan during years 2015-16 to 2017-18 at different locations in Punjab. Five different ratios (4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1.7:1) of N and P were used with treatments of 152-37-0, 137-46-0, 117-58-0, 108-64-0, 160-114-0. Recommended dose of 160-114-60 kg ha-1 of N-P2O5-K2O was also applied for additional information. At maturity, crop was harvested and data of wheat grain for each site were recorded. During the year 2015-16, 12 sites produced higher wheat yield with NP ratio of 1.7:1 (T4) out of 14 field sites. Similarly in 2016-17, out of 19, 18 experimental sites produced higher grain yield with T4 as economically best fertilizer combination. Similar results were obtained during 2017-18 with T4 and out of 17, 15 experimental sites produced comparatively higher grain yield. Recommended dose @ 160-114-60 kg ha-1 produced highest grain yield. However, among farmer budget treatments, T4-a combination of nitrogen@108 kg ha-1 and phosphorus@64 kg ha-1 gave higher wheat production. It is concluded that farmers can increase the yield of wheat just by balancing the fertilizer and increasing the phosphorus use in place of nitrogen. Keywords: nitrogen, phosphorus, budget, wheat, grain.
农业社区用于各种投入的预算有限，例如用于作物的肥料。农民通常把更多的钱花在氮肥上，而花在磷肥上的钱更少。在农民田间进行田间试验，探讨在保持农民预算不变的情况下，不同氮磷肥配比的效果。2015-16年至2017-18年，在巴基斯坦旁遮普省的不同地点对小麦进行了肥料试验。在152-37-0、137-46-0、117-58-0、108-64-0、160-114-0处理下，采用4种不同比例(4:1、3:1、2:1、1.7:1)的氮磷处理。N-P2O5-K2O的推荐剂量为160-114-60 kg ha-1。成熟时，收获作物，并记录每个地点的小麦籽粒数据。2015- 2016年，14个样地中有12个样地的NP比为1.7:1 (T4)。同样，在2016- 2017年，19个试验点中，有18个试验点以T4为经济最佳肥料组合获得了更高的粮食产量。在17个试验点中，有15个试验点的产量相对较高。推荐剂量160-114-60公斤每公顷产量最高。然而，在农民预算处理中，t4 - nitrogen@108 kg ha-1和phosphorus@64 kg ha-1的组合可以提高小麦产量。综上所述，农民可以通过平衡施肥和增加磷的使用来代替氮来提高小麦产量。关键词:氮、磷、预算、小麦、籽粒。
{"title":"EXPLORING THE BEST NP RATIO FOR WHEAT IN PERSPECTIVE OF PRESENT FARMERS' BUDGET FOR FERTILIZER","authors":"Muhammad Nadeem Iqbal, Z. Chishti, N. Raza, Adnan Umair, Z. Abbas, Hafiz Riaz Ahmad, M. Khalid, S. Hamid, Khalid Mehmood Mughal, I. Haider","doi":"10.34091/ajls.4.2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34091/ajls.4.2.12","url":null,"abstract":"Farming community has a limited budget for various inputs like fertilizers for crops. Farmers usually allocate more money to nitrogen fertilizers while spending less money on phosphorus. Field experiments were carried out at farmers' fields to explore the effect of various ratios of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer while keeping the farmers' budget constant. Fertilizer experiments were conducted on wheat in Punjab Pakistan during years 2015-16 to 2017-18 at different locations in Punjab. Five different ratios (4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1.7:1) of N and P were used with treatments of 152-37-0, 137-46-0, 117-58-0, 108-64-0, 160-114-0. Recommended dose of 160-114-60 kg ha-1 of N-P2O5-K2O was also applied for additional information. At maturity, crop was harvested and data of wheat grain for each site were recorded. During the year 2015-16, 12 sites produced higher wheat yield with NP ratio of 1.7:1 (T4) out of 14 field sites. Similarly in 2016-17, out of 19, 18 experimental sites produced higher grain yield with T4 as economically best fertilizer combination. Similar results were obtained during 2017-18 with T4 and out of 17, 15 experimental sites produced comparatively higher grain yield. Recommended dose @ 160-114-60 kg ha-1 produced highest grain yield. However, among farmer budget treatments, T4-a combination of nitrogen@108 kg ha-1 and phosphorus@64 kg ha-1 gave higher wheat production. It is concluded that farmers can increase the yield of wheat just by balancing the fertilizer and increasing the phosphorus use in place of nitrogen.\u0000\u0000Keywords: nitrogen, phosphorus, budget, wheat, grain.","PeriodicalId":23783,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4 issue 2","volume":"57 57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73419697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Khan, J. Kumar, Mehboob Ullah, Muhammad Nazir Uddin, Jafar Khan, Habib un Nabi
Salmonella is one of the prominent causes of food borne infection all over the world. The present study was performed to examine the existence of Salmonella typhimurium in poultry chicken samples and chicken wooden cutting boards. For this purpose, a total of 100 samples were collected to detect S. typhimurium. The samples were streaked on Salmonella Shigella agar media (SS media) for the growth of Salmonella. Out of total samples, 50% were appeared as positive on media plates. Total percentage of Samonella by sample wise was found to be higher in the liver (85%) followed by chicken wooden cutting boards (63%), food and proventriculus (50%), oesophagus and tissues (33%). Total percentage of Salmonella by area wise was found to be higher in Charbagh and Koza Bandai and Kanju (80%), Khwazakhela (55%), Mingora (55%), Sambat and Matta (30%). DNA was isolated from the positive samples and amplified with FliC gene-specific primer using optimized PCR protocol for the confirmation of S. typhimurium. In the screened samples, 28% of S. typhimurium were observed as positive samples by amplifying FliC gene sequence having a molecular band size of 620bp. Out of the total S. typhimurium positive samples, 6 were positive from Khwazakhela, 2 from Charbagh, 4 from Sambat and Matta and 2 from Mingora.
{"title":"Targeting of FliC gene for the identification of Salmonella Typhimurium in Poultry chicken by PCR in District Swat","authors":"W. Khan, J. Kumar, Mehboob Ullah, Muhammad Nazir Uddin, Jafar Khan, Habib un Nabi","doi":"10.34091/ajls.4.2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34091/ajls.4.2.11","url":null,"abstract":"Salmonella is one of the prominent causes of food borne infection all over the world. The present study was performed to examine the existence of Salmonella typhimurium in poultry chicken samples and chicken wooden cutting boards. For this purpose, a total of 100 samples were collected to detect S. typhimurium. The samples were streaked on Salmonella Shigella agar media (SS media) for the growth of Salmonella. Out of total samples, 50% were appeared as positive on media plates. Total percentage of Samonella by sample wise was found to be higher in the liver (85%) followed by chicken wooden cutting boards (63%), food and proventriculus (50%), oesophagus and tissues (33%). Total percentage of Salmonella by area wise was found to be higher in Charbagh and Koza Bandai and Kanju (80%), Khwazakhela (55%), Mingora (55%), Sambat and Matta (30%). DNA was isolated from the positive samples and amplified with FliC gene-specific primer using optimized PCR protocol for the confirmation of S. typhimurium. In the screened samples, 28% of S. typhimurium were observed as positive samples by amplifying FliC gene sequence having a molecular band size of 620bp. Out of the total S. typhimurium positive samples, 6 were positive from Khwazakhela, 2 from Charbagh, 4 from Sambat and Matta and 2 from Mingora.","PeriodicalId":23783,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4 issue 2","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84547954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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