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[Prolonged pregnancy--prostaglandins as the cause of labor onset]. 【妊娠期延长——前列腺素是引发分娩的原因】。
W Rath

The causes of prolonged pregnancy are still largely unknown and their investigation requires a detailed observation of potential birth-initiating stimuli on the endocrine and biomolecular level. A large number of clinical and biochemical studies point to the central importance of prostaglandins for the beginning of human birth. The main places of origin of the intensified prostaglandin formation and release are the amnion and the decidua which has "macrophage-like" properties and functions. The superordinate regulation and trigger mechanisms for intensified uterine prostaglandin production has not been sufficiently investigated either. Possible factors currently being debated include local changes in estrogen and progesterone biosynthesis in fetal membranes and decidua, subclinical inflammatory reactions with the activation of macrophages and the consecutive release of cytokines, and a loss of maternal immune tolerance with a time-determined rejection reaction. In addition, the substances inhibiting and stimulating prostaglandin synthesis have been detected in the amniotic fluid, fetal membranes and decidua. The fetus itself also plays an important part in the initiation of labor. Prolongation may be due to anatomic functional disturbances of the one hand which prevent the activation of the fetal hypothalamic-hypophyseal-adrenal axis and the release of the birth-initiating stimuli originating in the fetus; on the other hand, an elevated immune tolerance with a delayed rejection reaction or the lack of "bacterial stimulus" may inhibit the activation of the macrophages and hence the formation of cytokines. The consequences would be the development and release of a quantity of prostaglandins from the fetal membranes and decidua insufficient to overcome the pregnancy-maintaining safety systems.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

妊娠延长的原因仍然是未知的,他们的调查需要在内分泌和生物分子水平上对潜在的分娩启动刺激进行详细观察。大量的临床和生化研究指出前列腺素对人类出生的开始至关重要。前列腺素形成和释放增强的主要来源是羊膜和具有“巨噬细胞样”特性和功能的蜕膜。子宫前列腺素产生增强的上级调控和触发机制也没有得到充分的研究。目前正在讨论的可能因素包括胎儿膜和蜕膜中雌激素和孕酮生物合成的局部变化,巨噬细胞激活和细胞因子连续释放的亚临床炎症反应,以及母体免疫耐受性丧失和时间确定的排斥反应。此外,在羊水、胎膜和蜕膜中也检测到抑制和刺激前列腺素合成的物质。胎儿本身在分娩过程中也起着重要的作用。延长可能是由于一只手的解剖功能障碍,阻止了胎儿下丘脑-下丘脑-肾上腺轴的激活和源自胎儿的出生启动刺激的释放;另一方面,免疫耐受性升高伴延迟的排斥反应或缺乏“细菌刺激”可能抑制巨噬细胞的激活,从而抑制细胞因子的形成。其结果是,从胎膜和蜕膜中产生和释放的大量前列腺素不足以克服维持妊娠的安全系统。(摘要删节250字)
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引用次数: 0
[Symposium on Uterine Contraction and Beginning of Labor. Aachen, September 1993]. 子宫收缩与分娩开始研讨会。亚琛,1993年9月]。
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引用次数: 0
[Role of the cervix uteri at labor onset from ultrasound studies]. [超声检查在临产时宫颈的作用]。
E Reinold, W Eppel, E Asseryanis, P Frigo, B Schurz

The cervix uteri is of greatest importance for the environment of the fetus. The sonographic imaging of the cervix uteri can be done by transabdominal, perineal and transvaginal route. Each of these methods are associated with specific advantages and disadvantages. During the time of gestation the cervix uteri can be measured sonographically concerning the length, the thickness, the width of the cervical canal and in addition the diameter of the internal and the external os. At the beginning of labour the cervix shows a transformation: a shortening with an increase of thickness. The phase of contraction is followed by a phase of reformation. Individual formations of the cervix regarding the a premature opening of the internal os or the external os could be demonstrable without clinical symptoms. By W. Eppel a score-like formula "Incompetence-Factor" was described for a quantification of these measurements.

宫颈对胎儿的生长环境至关重要。宫颈超声可经腹、会阴、阴道行。每种方法都有特定的优点和缺点。在怀孕期间,可以用超声测量宫颈的长度、厚度、宫颈管的宽度以及内外输卵管的直径。在分娩开始时,子宫颈发生变化:变短,厚度增加。紧缩阶段之后是改革阶段。单个子宫颈形成与内部或外部骨口的过早开口有关,可以在没有临床症状的情况下证明。W. Eppel描述了一个类似分数的公式“无能因素”,用于量化这些测量。
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引用次数: 0
[Uterine contraction and labor onset. Overview]. 子宫收缩,阵痛开始。概述)。
H Jung

A survey is given about the general theories of beginning of labour. In this topic the influence of excitation of the uterus muscle is explained together with the importance of hormonal induction.

对劳动开始的一般理论进行了综述。在这个主题中,子宫肌肉兴奋的影响与激素诱导的重要性一起解释。
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引用次数: 0
[Significance of the site of uterine contraction for labor progress and duration of pregnancy]. 【子宫收缩部位对产程及妊娠持续时间的意义】。
L Spätling, R Danders, C Behrens, A Hasenburg, F Fallenstein

A four-channel topographic technique was developed in order to improve information about spatial uterine motility. 54 women were monitored during delivery. Four pressure transducers were attached in a square around the umbilicus. Most frequently the origin of labour could be determined in the upper right segment of the uterus. The rate of operative deliveries was decreased in case of predominant upper right origin of labour. The majority of contractions with clear propagation patterns originated at the upper right site, continued to the left and then to the lower right part of the uterus. The highest relative intensity was also measured at the upper right site. Predominant upper right origin of labour may be important for undisturbed delivery. The probability of a preterm delivery is increased in case of an upper right origin of labour.

四通道地形图技术的发展,以提高空间子宫运动的信息。54名妇女在分娩期间接受监测。四个压力传感器在脐部周围呈方形连接。最常见的产位可以确定在子宫的右上段。手术分娩率下降的情况下,主要上肢的劳动来源。大多数具有明显传播模式的宫缩起源于右上部位,持续到左侧,然后到右下子宫。在右上方也测量到最高的相对强度。主要的右上产源可能对不受干扰的分娩很重要。在右上方分娩的情况下,早产的可能性增加。
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引用次数: 0
Role of progesterone during pregnancy: models of parturition and preeclampsia. 孕激素在妊娠中的作用:分娩模型和先兆子痫。
K Chwalisz, R E Garfield
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引用次数: 0
[Adrenergic beta-2 receptors and cyclic AMP in lymphocytes and their relationship to uterine contractility]. 淋巴细胞中肾上腺素能β -2受体和环AMP及其与子宫收缩性的关系。
U von Mandach

It is especially in the long-term application where the pharmacodynamics of the betamimetics determine their effectiveness. According to the time and dosis, there is a decrease in the density and function of the beta 2-adrenoceptors (desensitization). Clinically, this means a loss of effectiveness. This study investigated whether in the course of a normal pregnancy (n = 22) there is a change in the effectiveness of the betamimetics, as expressed by a change in the number of beta 2-adrenoceptors or their function. The results show a 50% decrease in the number of beta 2-adrenoceptors to the 36th gestational week and an increase to initial values after delivery. A similar pattern is found for the function of the beta 2-adrenoceptors (cyclic AMP). The implications for the uterus might be that, with advancing pregnancy, it becomes less prone to relaxation and that the betaadrenergic system, as a mechanism supporting prepare the way for delivery at term, becomes less significant. For tocolysis with betamimetics, the decrease of the beta 2-adrenoceptor density means that, with increasing gestational age, the responsiveness of the uterus to betamimetics decreases.

特别是在长期应用中,拟脲类药物的药效学决定了它们的有效性。根据时间和剂量,β 2-肾上腺素受体的密度和功能降低(脱敏)。在临床上,这意味着药效的丧失。本研究调查了在正常妊娠过程中(n = 22) β 2-肾上腺素受体数量或功能的变化是否会改变β 2-肾上腺素受体的有效性。结果显示,β 2-肾上腺素受体的数量在妊娠第36周减少50%,分娩后增加到初始值。在β 2-肾上腺素受体(环AMP)的功能中发现了类似的模式。对子宫的影响可能是,随着怀孕的推进,它变得不太容易放松,而β -肾上腺素能系统,作为一种支持为足月分娩做准备的机制,变得不那么重要了。对于使用倍他霉素进行胎解,β 2-肾上腺素能受体密度的降低意味着,随着胎龄的增加,子宫对倍他霉素的反应性降低。
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引用次数: 0
[Biochemical principles of cervix ripening and dilatation]. [子宫颈成熟和扩张的生化原理]。
W Rath, R Osmers, H W Stuhlsatz, B C Adelmann-Grill

The central function of the cervix to maintain pregnancy is biochemically characterized by an increased synthesis of collagen, proteins, glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and fibronectin within the extracellular matrix, thus leading to an increase of cervical volume without significant changes of cervical consistency. During the time of cervical ripening we found a marked reduction of collagen concentration, a 2.5-fold increase in GAG content, a significant fall in dermatan sulfate concentrations from 41% to 15% of total GAG content, a 12-fold increase in hyaluronate concentrations, and a marked reduction in fibronectin, demonstrated by immunhistochemical methods. Thus, the loss of collagen and sulfated GAGs may facilitate distensibility in the ripened cervix, while the significant gain in hyaluronate associated with hydratation may explain the soft and swollen consistency. In this connection increased hyaluronate concentrations and degradation of fibronectin may play a trigger role for subsequent cervical dilatation. The dramatic changes of the cervix during parturition occurring within a few hours require the rapid activation and action of catabolic enzyme systems. Our studies showed a significant increase of sialidase-, collagenase- and elastase activities during cervical dilatation. These proteinases originate from polymorphonuclear leucocytes (pml), which accumulate in cervical capillaries at the onset of labor; this is followed by a massive leucocyte infiltration of the cervical stroma at the beginning of cervical dilatation and a degranulation of the pml at further dilatation, thus releasing collagenase and other proteinases. This process is limited by the immediate post partum insudation of the cervix by plasma containing highly potent proteinase inhibitors. The clinical aim of our basic biochemical studies is to develop new concepts in the causal treatment of cervical pathology during pregnancy.

宫颈维持妊娠的主要功能是细胞外基质中胶原蛋白、蛋白质、糖胺聚糖(GAG)和纤维连接蛋白的合成增加,从而导致宫颈体积增加,但宫颈稠度没有明显变化。在子宫颈成熟期间,我们发现胶原浓度显著降低,GAG含量增加2.5倍,皮肤硫酸盐浓度从占总GAG含量的41%显著下降到15%,透明质酸浓度增加12倍,纤维连接蛋白显著减少,这些都是通过免疫组织化学方法证明的。因此,胶原蛋白和硫酸化GAGs的缺失可能促进成熟子宫颈的膨胀,而透明质酸的显著增加与水化有关,可能解释了柔软和肿胀的一致性。在这种情况下,透明质酸浓度的增加和纤维连接蛋白的降解可能对随后的宫颈扩张起触发作用。在分娩过程中,子宫颈在几个小时内发生的剧烈变化需要分解代谢酶系统的快速激活和作用。我们的研究表明,唾液酸酶、胶原酶和弹性酶活性在宫颈扩张期间显著增加。这些蛋白酶起源于多形核白细胞(pml),在分娩开始时积聚在子宫颈毛细血管中;随后,在宫颈扩张开始时,大量白细胞浸润于宫颈间质,在进一步扩张时,PML脱颗粒,从而释放胶原酶和其他蛋白酶。这一过程受到产后立即用含有高效蛋白酶抑制剂的血浆隔离子宫颈的限制。我们基础生化研究的临床目的是在妊娠期宫颈病理因果治疗中发展新的概念。
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引用次数: 0
[Prostaglandins and labor onset]. [前列腺素与阵痛]。
H P Zahradnik, W Schäfer, B Wetzka, M Breckwoldt

Prostaglandins and lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid (Eicosanoids) are crucial paracrine regulators of labor. There are many informations about in vitro production and the physiological or pathophysiological role and clinical importance of these substances. However, the all decisive mechanism of the involvement of eicosanoids in birth process is still unknown. In this review we describe the present knowledge about endocrine, paracrine and autocrine regulations of uterine contractions.

前列腺素和脂氧合酶代谢产物花生四烯酸(类二十烷)是重要的旁分泌调节分娩。有许多关于体外生产和这些物质的生理或病理生理作用和临床重要性的信息。然而,类二十烷酸参与出生过程的决定性机制尚不清楚。本文综述了目前关于子宫收缩的内分泌、旁分泌和自分泌调节的研究进展。
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引用次数: 0
[Infection and uterine contraction]. [感染和子宫收缩]。
M Winkler

A great number of studies on women as well as experiments on animals support the association of silent intrauterine infection with the initiation of preterm labour. However, the success of antibiotic therapy in reducing bacteria-induced labour in animals could only be confirmed in few reports concerning women in preterm labour. Disregarding direct effects of bacterial products such as Phospholipase-A2 and endotoxins evidence suggests that immunological effects (release of Cytokines) may enhance the synthesis of prostaglandins in the uterus, placenta and fetal membranes. New therapeutical approaches are in discussion, but only time will tell whether a reduced rate of women with failed tocolysis will be the result.

大量对妇女进行的研究以及对动物进行的实验都支持无声的宫内感染与早产的发生有关。然而,抗生素治疗在减少动物细菌诱导分娩方面的成功只能在少数关于早产妇女的报告中得到证实。不考虑细菌产物如磷脂酶a2和内毒素的直接作用,证据表明免疫作用(细胞因子的释放)可能会增强子宫、胎盘和胎膜中前列腺素的合成。新的治疗方法正在讨论中,但只有时间才能证明是否会降低流产妇女的比例。
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引用次数: 0
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Zeitschrift fur Geburtshilfe und Perinatologie
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