Objective: To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and trends of rabies exposure cases in Tianjin from 2009 to 2024, providing evidence for rabies prevention and control. Methods: Data were collected from the outpatient records of animal injury treatment clinics in Tianjin, covering the period from January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2024. Descriptive epidemiology methods were used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of the exposed population. Statistical analysis was performed using R 4.5 software. Results: From 2009 to 2024, a total of 1 646 037 rabies exposure cases were treated in Tianjin, with an average annual exposure rate of 722.68/100 000 population, showing a significant increasing trend (Z=255.03, P<0.001). The annual exposure peak occurred from May to August. Although the number of exposures was higher in males (832 899 cases) than in females (813 138 cases), the exposure rate was lower in males (685.53/100 000) than in females (757.98/100 000). A significant upward trend was observed specifically in the female exposure rate (Z=218.11, P<0.001). The proportion of children aged 0-15 years increased from 18.9% in 2009 to 26.6% in 2024. The number of exposure cases increased consistently across all districts, with the peri-urban and agricultural areas experiencing a greater magnitude of increase compared to the urban core. Regarding exposure characteristics, 96.30% (1 585 069/1646 037) of the injuried causing animals were dogs and cats. Although the number of injuries caused by dogs (1 068 102 cases) was much higher than that caused by cats (516 967 cases), showing a significant upward trend (Z=490.65, P<0.001), the proportion of injuries caused by cats increased from 9.81% (8 890/90 582) in 2009 to 51.19% (67 282/131 446) in 2024, surpassing dogs as the primary source of animal-induced injuries in recent years. Exposures to the upper limbs and Level Ⅲ exposures also showed increasing trends. Conclusions: The rabies exposure rate in Tianjin showed an increasing trend from 2009 to 2024, with significant changes in the characteristics of the exposed population. Public health communication strategies for prevention and control should be adjusted accordingly, with tailored content focusing on different demographic groups and geographical areas. Concurrently, the construction, management of animal-induced injury clinics, and epidemic surveillance should be continuously strengthened to maintain a robust baseline for rabies prevention and control.
Objective: To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of ACYW135 meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (MPCV4) in 4-6 years old children. Methods: A randomized, blinded, and controlled study of similar vaccines was conducted from September to November 2023. Subjects aged 4-6 years who had completed at least doses of the primary immunization with meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines according to the immunization program were recruited in Shanyang County and Linwei District of Shaanxi Province. They were randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group at a 1∶1 ratio and were vaccinated with the experimental vaccine MPCV4 or the already marketed meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine against serogroups A, C, Y, and W135 (control vaccine), respectively. Adverse reactions occurred within 0-30 days after vaccination, and serious adverse events (SAEs) were observed within 180 days after vaccination. Serum samples were collected before immunization and 30 days after immunization to detect the bactericidal antibodies against Neisseria meningitidis of serogroups A, C, Y, and W135. The incidence of adverse reactions, GMT of antibodies, seroconversion rate, and positivity rate were analyzed. Results: For immunogenicity analysis, 462 participants were enrolled in the experimental group and 466 in the control group, the seroconversion rates of group A antibodies after immunization were 98.05% and 94.21% respectively (P=0.002), and the GMTs were 458.89 and 123.14 respectively (P<0.001); the seroconversion rates of group C antibodies were 78.57% and 60.09% respectively (P<0.001), and the GMTs were 78.96 and 17.49 respectively (P<0.001); the seroconversion rates of group Y antibodies were 78.35% and 47.00% respectively (P<0.001), and the GMTs were 118.93 and 14.29 respectively (P<0.001); the seroconversion rates of group W135 antibodies were 87.88% and 58.80% respectively (P<0.001), and the GMTs were 142.82 and 11.53 respectively (P<0.001). The total incidence rates of adverse reactions within 0-30 d after immunization in the experimental and control groups were 35.76% and 32.19% respectively (P=0.236), among which the incidences of local adverse reactions were 12.93% and 13.68% respectively (P=0.727), and the incidences of systemic adverse reactions were 24.44% and 20.93% respectively (P=0.186). Conclusion: The MPCV4 used in this study showed good safety and immunogenicity in 4-6 years old children.
Objective: To study the effect of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in men on the outcome of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatments, and to explore the factors influencing different outcomes of IVF/ICSI. Methods: This was a nested case-control study, in which clinical data were collected from 3 560 couples who underwent IVF/ICSI treatment in the Department of Reproductive Medicine of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University between June 2012 and December 2024, of whom 496 were male HBsAg-positive (including 77 HBeAg-positive and 419 HBeAg-negative). Semen parameters between the groups were analyzed for their association with the differences in treatment outcomes. Factors affecting reproductive outcomes of IVF/ICSI were assessed using the multifactorial logistic regression analysis. Results: HBsAg-positivity in males did not significantly affect reproductive outcomes such as IVF/ICSI implantation rates and pregnancy rates. Semen pH was lower in the HBeAg-positive group, and the proportion of non-progressive motile sperm in semen was higher in the HBeAg-positive group. Additionally, liver function indicators (e.g., alanine aminotransferase, azelaic aminotransferase) were significantly higher in the HBsAg-positive group than in the control group. Multifactorial analysis showed that the transplantation outcomes of IVF/ICSI were influenced by factors such as female age and the proportion of non-forward-moving spermatozoa in the semen. The clinical pregnancy outcomes of IVF were influenced by semen density and the total number of eggs obtained, and those of ICSI were influenced by the female age and the time of semen liquefaction. Conclusions: In this study, we did not find any significant effect of HBV infection in men on the reproductive outcome of IVF/ICSI. However, HBV infection affects semen motility and liver function, and female age, semen motility, semen density, and liquefaction time are the key influences on the different outcomes of IVF/ICSI.
Objective: To explore the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype carrier status of women of childbearing age in Xi'an, to obtain the association between pregnant women's HBV genotype and intrauterine transmission of HBV, and to analyze the possible influence of pregnant women's HBV infection characteristics and other factors on intrauterine transmission. Methods: A total of 240 HBsAg-positive pregnant women and their newborns in Xi'an from 2015-2017 were included in the epidemiological survey, and the levels of HBV and HBV DNA in the peripheral blood of pregnant women and the venous peripheral blood of newborns 24 hours after birth were detected by ELISA and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR; the target fragments of the peripheral blood of pregnant women in the HBV S region target fragment amplification by nested PCR to determine the HBV genotype; binary logistic regression analysis model was used to complete the multifactorial analysis. Results: According to the HBsAg status and HBV DNA level in peripheral blood of newborns, 115 cases (47.92%) were classified into the group of non-intrauterine transmission of HBV, 95 cases (39.58%) into the group of occult intrauterine transmission (OBT) of HBV and 30 cases (12.50%) into the group of dominant intrauterine transmission (DBT) of HBV. Pregnant women's HBV genotypes were 80.42% C, 14.58% B, and 5.00% D. HBV B genotype significantly increased the risk of OBT (OR=2.22, 95%CI: 1.01-4.88), while C and D genotypes have a significant protective effect against OBT (OR=0.34, 95%CI: 0.15-0.78; OR=0.10, 95%CI: 0.02-0.56). Maternal HBV DNA (OR=1.15, 95%CI: 1.07-1.24) is an independent risk factor for DBT. Concurrent positivity for HBsAg, HBeAg, and anti-HBc ("triple Ⅲ") (OR=2.24, 95%CI: 1.05-4.80) is an independent risk factor for OBT. Conclusions: In Xi'an, intrauterine transmission of HBV in newborns is mainly caused by mothers infected with the HBV C genotype, and newborns whose mothers are infected with the HBV B genotype are the key population groups for intrauterine transmission of HBV. For pregnant women carrying the HBV C genotype, measures to prevent transmission should be strengthened. For pregnant women carrying HBV B genotype, HBV DNA testing and monitoring of hepatitis B vaccine response in their infants should be intensified. Pregnant women's "triple Ⅲ" status and HBV DNA are key risk factors for HBV intrauterine transmission.
The acceleration of globalization and the increasing frequency of international travel have significantly heightened the risk of cross-border transmission of diseases and pathogens, making outbreaks of infectious diseases of international concern a major challenge in global public health. Concurrently, the global escalation of multidrug resistance in infectious pathogens poses an additional threat to human health. To effectively address potential future infectious disease outbreaks, the World Health Organization (WHO) has implemented the "Research and Development Blueprint for Action to Prevent Epidemics" since 2015, with its core task being the assessment and identification of a prioritized list of pathogens. This article systematically reviews and analyzes the background, methodology, and main content of the priority pathogen lists in the "Research and Development Blueprint for Action to Prevent Epidemics". Drawing on these priority pathogen lists, the article proposes measures and recommendations to strengthen the development of China's catalog of pathogenic microorganisms, resource acquisition, and preservation efforts.
Objective: To understand the prevalence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events at two national monitoring points in Baoding in 2023, and provide a basis for the prevention and control of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Methods: Data on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases were collected and collated from two national surveillance sites, Baoding City in 2023 (Lianchi District as an urban site and Wangdu County as a rural site). The data were then arranged, calculated, and analyzed by Excel 2016 and SPSS 26.0 software. The χ2 test was used to analyze and compare the differences in incidence and mortality among different groups. Results: A total of 7 599 cases of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events were reported, with an incidence rate of 661.78/100 000 (standardized incidence rate was 553.18/100 000), of which the incidence rate of stroke was the highest. A total of 1 071 death cases were reported, with a mortality rate of 93.27/100 000 (standardized mortality rate was 73.96/100 000), and the mortality rate of stroke and acute myocardial infarction was the highest. In terms of distribution, the incidence and mortality rates were higher in males than in females, with statistically significant differences (all P<0.001). In terms of age distribution, the incidence rate and mortality rate both increase with age. In terms of urban and rural distribution, the incidence and mortality rates in rural areas were both higher than those in urban areas, with statistically significant differences (all P<0.001). In terms of seasonal distribution, the incidence rates of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases were highest in winter and spring, with statistically significant differences (P<0.001). Conclusion: Prevention and control of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases should be strengthened, with a focus on the elderly male population in rural areas during winter and spring to reduce the incidence and mortality rates of these diseases.
The behavioral and health issues of children and adolescents have become one of the most significant public health challenges with global concern. A cohort study is an ideal approach for exploring the relevant factors associated with these issues and evaluating the possible effectiveness of interventions among children and adolescents. Thus, from September 2024 to January 2025, we selected 6 counties in Zhejiang Province to establish the Zhejiang Childhood Behavior and Health Cohort, aiming to explore the changing patterns, relevant factors, and long-term health effects of behavior and health issues among children and adolescents. This study will introduce the cohort design and conduct descriptive analyses on the main characteristics of participants in the baseline survey. Overall, 21 698 participants aged 6-19 years (mean age, 11.6 years) were recruited, comprising 53.2% males and 68.4% from rural areas. The proportion of ever smoking was 3.6% in males and 2.0% in females. 75.9% of males and 73.3% of females were trying to control their weight. The mean height, weight, and waist circumference of males was (152.8±18.7) cm, (47.0±18.2) kg and (66.6±12.0) cm, respectively, and of females was (148.8±15.7) cm, (42.2±14.2) kg and (62.3±9.4) cm, respectively. The result for the 50-meter dash was 8.8 s in males and 9.4 s in females.
With the advancement of genomic technologies, precision lifestyle interventions tailored to individual genetic backgrounds have emerged as a novel approach for preventing and managing chronic diseases such as obesity. Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) targeting obese or overweight populations have found that individuals with different genotypes exhibit varying responses to the same lifestyle intervention (gene-lifestyle intervention interactions). To date, more than 20 genes, including FTO and MC4R, have been identified to show such interactions, suggesting that genotype-based precision nutrition is a feasible approach. Based on this, some RCTs have compared the effectiveness of genotype-based precision interventions and one-fits-all interventions. However, current study results show considerable heterogeneity, and it remains inconclusive whether precision interventions are superior to one-fits-all interventions. Future studies should further explore precision intervention strategies, particularly by taking polygenic effects into account and integrating multi-omics data using methods such as machine learning, to provide new insights for precision interventions.
Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mpox cases co-infected with HIV in Zhejiang Province and to provide a reference basis for formulating multi-disease co-prevention strategies for key populations. Methods: The data are derived from the mpox cases and HIV-infected individuals reported in Zhejiang Province from June 1, 2023 to December 31, 2024 in the Chinese Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. The data of mpox cases combined with HIV infection were matched through identity information. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the basic characteristics of the cases, and chi-square test and Fisher's exact probability method were used to compare the differences between groups. Data cleaning and statistical analysis were conducted using Excel 2020 sofware and R 4.5.0. sofware Results: From June 2023 to December 31,2024, a total of 233 cases of mpox were reported in Zhejiang Province, among which 93 cases (39.9%) were co-infected with HIV, all of whom were men who had sex with men (MSM), and 2 deaths occurred. From June to December in 2023, 44.3% (81/183) of mpox cases were co-infected with HIV, which was higher than that in 2024 (24.0%,12/50), and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=6.72,P=0.010). Among those co-infected with HIV,the proportion of previously reported and newly reported HIV-infected individuals was 82.8% (77/93) and 17.2% (16/93), respectively. The difference in the viral load of the most recent HIV infection between previously reported and newly reported HIV-infected individuals was statistically significant (P=0.001). Conclusions: From June 2023 to December 2024, the proportion of cases of mpox who were co-infected with HIV was relatively high, and all of them were MSM in Zhejiang Province. It is recommended to strengthen the coordinated prevention and control of mpox virus and HIV for this population, and implement precise intervention measures such as publicity and education, behavioral intervention, and treatment and management of HIV-infected cases.
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