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Enteral nutrition (EN) is one of the important approaches in clinical nutritional support therapy. EN intolerance (ENI) occurs frequently during the implementation of EN. Currently, there is a lack of unified diagnostic criteria and monitoring methods for ENI identification and prevention both domestically and internationally, and intervention strategies remain inconsistent, which significantly impede the standardized application of EN. To further standardize the clinical identification, monitoring and intervention of ENI, the China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care Clinical Nutrition Health Branch, the Chinese Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, the Chinese Nutrition Society Branch of Clinical Nutrition organized nearly 100 Chinese experts in related fields to make current consensus. The consensus is based on the best evidence and focus on the following topics: assessment and monitoring of ENI, prevention and treatment of ENI, etc. Finally, 22 recommendations were proposed to offer guidance on identification, prevention and treatment of ENI, as well as to promote the standardized implementation of EN.

Hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) has a high incidence and an extremely poor prognosis. Current international guidelines still exhibit discrepancies in the diagnosis and management of PVTT, while Chinese patients require individualized strategies due to differences in etiology and biological behavior. To adapt to the developments and changes in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with PVTT, and to standardize related clinical procedures, the Chinese Association of Liver Cancer and Chinese Medical Doctor Association initiated the revision of the"Chinese Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Portal Vein Tumor Thrombus (2026 Edition)"in 2025, which was the new evidence since the publication of the 2021 edition. This guideline was developed through a systematic literature search up to October 2025, evaluated the evidence using the GRADE system, and formulated recommendations via multidisciplinary expert consensus. The guideline recommends Cheng's classification as the Chinese standard for PVTT typing, emphasizes a multidisciplinary team (MDT)-based approach, and advocates for individualized comprehensive treatment strategies based on liver function, tumor resectability, and PVTT type. For patients with resectable type Ⅰ/Ⅱ PVTT, surgical resection is the preferred option; for unresectable cases, a combination of local therapies such as hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC), transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), and radiotherapy with systemic therapies including targeted and immunotherapy is recommended. Furthermore, the guideline clarifies the importance of conversion therapy and supportive care, and outlines future research directions, including optimizing staging systems and deepening mechanistic studies. This guideline aims to provide the latest evidence-based basis for the standardized diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with PVTT, with the goal of improving patient survival and quality of life.

Nitric oxide is a selective pulmonary vasodilator. In recent years, inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) has garnered significant attention for its application in adult perioperative care. To standardize its application during the adult perioperative period, the Chinese Society of Anesthesiology of Chinese Medical Association, the Critical Care Branch of Beijing Perioperative Medicine Study Society, the Critical Care Medicine Branch of Beijing Medical Association, and National Alliance of Geriatric Anesthesiology have jointly developed the"Expert consensus on the clinical application of inhaled nitric oxide in the perioperative period of adult surgical procedures (2026 edition)"based on Chinese clinical practice and the latest research advances. This consensus document addresses key aspects of iNO use in the adult perioperative setting, including dosing range, clinical benefits, equipment setup, patient assessment, and safety monitoring. The consensus presents 11 recommendations, aiming to standardize and enhance clinical understanding and practical competency regarding iNO therapy among relevant disciplines. This document serves as a guidance reference for the clinical use of iNO in the perioperative management of adult surgical patients.

"Clinical practice guidelines for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza in China (2025 edition)" (hereinafter referred to as"the guideline") were jointly released by the Chinese Thoracic Society and Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases of the Chinese Medical Association. As an influenza guideline developed using evidence-based methodology in China, its key strength lies in providing systematic and actionable recommendations grounded in evidence. This article aims to provide a clinical interpretation of the guidelines, highlighting five major advancements compared with previous consensus documents: methodological innovation, stratified treatment strategies, integration of new evidence on domestically developed innovative drugs, clarification of the therapeutic window and explicit preventive strategies. This interpretation is intended to assist clinicians in thoroughly understanding the core principles and clinical considerations of the guideline, thereby promoting effective implementation.

Panvascular disease is a systemic condition characterized by atherosclerotic lesions as its common pathological feature. It may present as coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral artery disease, or polyvascular disease, which is defined as the involvement of two or more vascular beds. As a leading cause of death in China, panvascular disease imposes a substantial health burden worldwide. Dyslipidemia is a well-established key risk factor for the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Current challenges in lipid management among patients with panvascular disease in China include insufficient awareness, suboptimal achievement of treatment targets, and inadequate multidisciplinary coordination. There is a pressing need to develop lipid-lowering strategies tailored to the characteristics of the Chinese population. To address this gap, a panel of experts in cardiology, endocrinology, neurology, and vascular surgery developed the "Chinese Expert Consensus on Lipid Management for Panvascular Disease (2025 edition)". This consensus is based on a comprehensive review of the latest clinical evidence and guidelines from both domestic and international literature. It emphasizes standardized management of dyslipidemia in patients with panvascular disease, offering recommendations on risk stratification assessment, lipid target values, lifestyle modifications, and pharmacologic treatment. The document aims to provide clinicians with practical, evidence-based guidance for individualized lipid management, with the ultimate goal of reducing atherosclerotic cardiovascular events and improving long-term outcomes.

Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID) are a group of chronic, systemic inflammatory diseases caused by immune dysregulation. IMID often involve multiple organs or systems, are characterized by complex clinical manifestations and significant overlap across different diseases, and may coexist as multiple comorbidities, significantly increasing the disease burden and complicating diagnosis and management. To promote the standardized management of IMID in China, Specialty Committee on Prevention of Rheumatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Chinese Preventive Medicine Association, Chinese Society of Dermatology, Chinese Medical Association and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Group, Chinese Society of Gastroenterology, Chinese Medical Association organized experts in rheumatology, dermatology, gastroenterology, and pharmacy. Based on domestic and international research advances from the past decade and integrated with clinical practice experience, they developed this consensus document. This consensus systematically summarizes the conceptual origin, disease burden, pathogenesis, diagnostic and treatment models, and therapeutic agents for IMID. It establishes a multi-disciplinary team (MDT) diagnosis and treatment system for IMID and provides systematic management recommendations and medication selection strategies for common IMID and their related comorbidities in the fields of rheumatology, dermatology, and gastroenterology. The purpose of this consensus is to provide a comprehensive, standardized, and operable diagnosis and treatment framework for IMID patients in China, aiming to optimize clinical practice and improve long-term outcomes.

Pain management, sedation, and delirium control are critical components in managing adult patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Appropriate management of these interventions is essential for mitigating pain-induced stress, maintaining patient-ventilator synchrony, and reducing complications. However, as an extracorporeal life support technology, ECMO may significantly alter the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of analgesics and sedatives through mechanisms such as drug adsorption and an increased volume of distribution. Additionally, the complex pathophysiological status of ECMO patients, including multi-organ dysfunction and exacerbated inflammatory responses, further amplifies challenges in analgesia, sedation, and delirium management. Currently, there are no specific guidelines addressing ECMO patients globally, resulting in substantial heterogeneity and uncertainty in clinical practice. To address this gap, the Extracorporeal Life Support Professional Committee of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association and Chinese Society of Anesthesiology developed this expert consensus based on evidence-based principles. Through systematic literature analysis and a modified Delphi method for expert opinion aggregation, 15 key clinical questions were refined, culminating in 25 evidence-based recommendations. This consensus aims to standardize analgesia-sedation strategies, optimize delirium management protocols, and provide a scientific, consistent framework for clinical practice to improve patient outcomes.

Robot-assisted deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgical systems in neurosurgery have demonstrated significant advantages in enhancing operative precision, reducing complications, and improving clinical outcomes. With advancements in robot-assisted surgical systems and surgical techniques, coupled with their wider adoption in DBS procedures, there is a growing need to further standardize and improve surgical workflows, technical details,etc. This consensus focuses on neurosurgery robot-assisted DBS surgery. Through proposing recommendation questions, summarizing and evaluating evidence, formulating recommendations, expert discussions and clinical practice, eight recommendations were developed covering aspects such as indications, preoperative preparation, surgical planning, registration, anesthesia, key operative steps, and postoperative assessment. The aim is to enhance surgical precision and safety, improve patient prognosis, comprehensively present the latest research progress in robot-assisted DBS surgery, and the collective expertise and opinions of experts in the field, thereby providing guidance for the clinical practice of DBS surgery.