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A New Species of Bisexual Milnesium (Eutardigrada: Apochela) Having Aberrant Claws from Innhovde, Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. 东南极洲因霍夫德、Dronning Maud地双性恋千禧年目一新种(真水目:足足目)有异常爪。
IF 0.9 4区 生物学 Q3 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.2108/zs220085
Atsushi C Suzuki, Kenta Sugiura, Megumu Tsujimoto, Ryosuke Nakai, Sandra J McInnes, Hiroshi Kagoshima, Satoshi Imura

There have been several records in the last 60 years for East Antarctica for Milnesium tardigradum Doyère, 1840 sensu lato, now considered a species complex. During the 56th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition summer operation (2014-2015), a new tardigrade species in the genus Milnesium Doyère, 1840 was found in an ice-free Innhovde area along Lützow-Holm Bay, Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. The new species has aberrant claws with four to seven points on each secondary claw branch, which distinguishes it from other Milnesium species. A male specimen was found in the population and evidence showed that an isolated adult female moulted twice without oviposition. This strongly suggested bisexual reproduction for this population. The new species, Milnesium rastrum sp. nov., is described with its phylogenetic position and a discussion on the reproductive strategies for the harsh environments.

在过去的60年里,在东南极洲有一些关于千年缓步虫(milium tardigradum doy, 1840年)的记录,现在被认为是一个物种复合体。在第56次日本南极科考夏季行动(2014-2015)期间,在南极洲东部Dronning Maud Land l zow- holm湾的无冰inhovde地区发现了一种新的Milnesium doy属缓步动物,1840。这个新物种有异常的爪子,每个次级爪子分支上有4到7个尖,这使它与其他千禧年物种区别开来。在种群中发现了一只雄性标本,有证据表明,一只孤立的成年雌性在没有产卵的情况下换了两次毛。这有力地表明,这个群体中存在双性恋生殖。本文描述了新发现的物种——黄花千万年(Milnesium rastrum sp. nov.)的系统发育位置,并对其在恶劣环境下的繁殖策略进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Molecular Phylogeny of Thoracotreme Crabs Including Nine Newly Determined Mitochondrial Genomes. 胸甲目蟹的分子系统发育,包括9个新发现的线粒体基因组。
IF 0.9 4区 生物学 Q3 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.2108/zs220063
Genki Kobayashi, Hajime Itoh, Nobuyoshi Nakajima

Mitochondrial genomes are used widely for the molecular phylogenetic analysis of animals. Although phylogenetic analyses based on the mitogenomes of brachyurans often yield well-resolved phylogenies, most interfamilial phylogenetic relationships in Thoracotremata remain unclear. We determined nine new mitogenomes of Thoracotremata, including mitogenomes of Camptandriidae (Deiratonotus japonicus), Dotillidae (Ilyoplax integra, Ilyoplax pusilla, and Tmethypocoelis choreutes), Macrophthalmidae (Ilyograpsus nodulosus), Pinnotheridae (Arcotheres sp. and Indopinnixa haematosticta), Plagusiidae (Guinusia dentipes), and Percnidae (Percnon planissimum). Interestingly, Percnon planissimum (Percnidae) was found to possess ≥ 19 repeated sequences in the control region. The gene orders of Il. nodulosus, Arcotheres sp., and In. haematosticta were revealed to be unique among thoracotreme crabs. Although the results of Bayesian and maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analyses of three datasets were incongruent, highly supported clades (PP ≥ 0.99 or BS ≥ 99%) were not contradictory among the analyses. All analyses suggested the paraphyly of Grapsoidea and Ocypodoidea, corroborating the findings of previous studies based on molecular phylogenies of thoracotreme crabs. The phylogenetic positions of symbiotic thoracotreme crabs, Pinnotheridae and Cryptochiridae, were highly supported (Pinnotheridae + Ocypodidae and Cryptochiridae + Grapsidae, respectively) for the Bayesian analyses but not for the ML analyses. Analyses of more thoracotreme species' mitogenome sequences in additional studies will further strengthen the framework for thoracotreme evolution.

线粒体基因组被广泛用于动物的分子系统发育分析。尽管基于短肢动物有丝分裂基因组的系统发育分析经常得到很好解决的系统发育问题,但胸肢动物的大多数家族间系统发育关系仍然不清楚。我们确定了9个新的胸吸螨有丝分裂基因组,包括Camptandriidae (Deiratonotus japonicus)、dotilliae (Ilyoplax integra、Ilyoplax pusilla和Tmethypocoelis choreutes)、Macrophthalmidae (Ilyograpsus nodulosus)、Pinnotheridae (arcops .和Indopinnixa haematosticta)、Plagusiidae (Guinusia dentipes)和Percnon planissimum)。有趣的是,在对照区发现Percnon planissimum (Percnon Percnidae)具有≥19个重复序列。结瘤菌属(ili . nodulosus)、arco有菌属(arco有菌属)和In.的基因序列。在胸甲目蟹中发现了独特的吸血虫。虽然三个数据集的贝叶斯和最大似然(ML)系统发育分析结果不一致,但高度支持的进化支(PP≥0.99或BS≥99%)在分析中并不矛盾。所有的分析结果都表明,胸甲蟹属于grapo总科和ocypodo总科,这证实了以往基于胸甲蟹分子系统发育的研究结果。共生胸甲蟹的系统发育位置(Pinnotheridae + cypodidae和Cryptochiridae + Grapsidae)在Bayesian分析中得到高度支持,但在ML分析中没有得到高度支持。对更多胸甲目物种有丝分裂基因组序列的进一步分析将进一步加强胸甲目进化的框架。
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引用次数: 1
Establishment of a New Model Sea Anemone for Comparative Studies on Cnidarian-Algal Symbiosis. 一种新模式海葵的建立及刺胞-藻类共生比较研究。
IF 0.9 4区 生物学 Q3 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.2108/zs220099
Yukie Mihirogi, Michika Kaneda, Daisuke Yamagishi, Yuu Ishii, Shinichiro Maruyama, Sumika Nakamura, Natsuno Shimoyama, Chihiro Oohori, Masayuki Hatta

Frequent coral bleaching has drawn attention to the mechanisms of coral dinoflagellate endosymbiosis. Owing to the difficulty of rearing corals in the laboratory, model symbiosis systems are desired. The sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana, hosting clade B1 of the genus Breviolum, has long been studied as a model system; however, a single species is insufficient for comparative studies and thus provides only limited resources for symbiosis research, especially regarding the specificity of host-symbiont associations. We established a clonal strain of the sea anemone Anthopleura atodai, whose symbiont was identified as a novel subclade of Symbiodinium (clade A) using a novel feeding method. We also developed a method to efficiently bleach various sea anemone species using a quinoclamine-based herbicide. Bleached A. atodai polyps were vital and able to reproduce asexually, exhibiting no signs of harmful effects of the drug treatment. Pilot studies have suggested that host-symbiont specificity is influenced by multiple steps differently in A. atodai and E. diaphana. RNAseq analyses of A. atodai showed that multiple NPC2 genes were expressed in the symbiotic state, which have been suggested to function in the transport of sterols from symbionts to host cells. These results reveal the usefulness of A. atodai in comparative studies of cnidarian-algal symbiosis.

频繁的珊瑚白化引起了人们对鞭毛藻内共生机制的关注。由于在实验室中饲养珊瑚很困难,因此需要模型共生系统。海葵(Exaiptasia diaphana)是海葵属(Breviolum) B1支系的宿主,作为一个模式系统已被研究了很长时间;然而,单一物种不足以进行比较研究,因此仅为共生研究提供了有限的资源,特别是关于宿主-共生体关联的特异性。本文建立了一株海葵(Anthopleura atodai)克隆株,通过新的取食方法将其共生体鉴定为共生菌门(a支)的一个新的亚支系。我们还开发了一种使用喹诺胺类除草剂有效漂白各种海葵的方法。漂白后的A. todai息肉是至关重要的,并且能够无性繁殖,没有显示出药物治疗有害影响的迹象。初步研究表明,寄主-共生体的特异性受到多步骤的不同影响。对todai的RNAseq分析表明,多个NPC2基因在共生状态下表达,这被认为在甾醇从共生体到宿主细胞的运输中起作用。这些结果表明,在刺胞-藻类共生的比较研究中,现代假单胞菌是有用的。
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引用次数: 0
Landscape Genetic Analysis for the Japanese Wild Boar in the Early Expanding Stage in the Hokuriku Region of Japan. 日本北陆地区扩大初期日本野猪景观遗传分析。
IF 0.9 4区 生物学 Q3 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.2108/zs220082
Yuji Yamazaki, Daisuke Shimizu, Takumi Watanabe

As a contribution to improving management of the Japanese wild boar (Sus scrofa leucomystax), which has recently expanded its range and is having some negative effects on the ecosystem, we conducted a landscape genetic study using individual-based genetic analysis and multiple landscape elements to elucidate its dispersal patterns in the early stage of its expansion. Microsatellite DNA analysis of Japanese wild boars in the Hokuriku region of Japan revealed the existence of two ancestral genetic clusters, that they had migrated via different pathways, and that they were inadequately admixed. We also inferred the most suitable habitats for Japanese wild boar using MaxEnt and concluded that lower elevation and snowfall may favor the occurrence of wild boar individuals. Landscape genetic analysis indicated regional differences in Japanese wild boar dispersal patterns, according to the spatial heterogeneity of genetic features and landscape elements. On the western side of the study area, where individuals with a high frequency of one of two ancestral clusters were more abundant, significant effects of isolation by distance and resistance due to the above two landscape factors were detected, suggesting unidirectional dispersion influenced by the alpine landscape. In contrast, on the eastern side, there was indication of resistance to dispersal of individuals predominantly possessing another ancestral cluster, suggesting the influence of irregularly arranged suitable habitats due to the complexity of the mountainous terrain. Based on our findings, we conclude that Japanese wild boar dispersal patterns may be influenced by landscape elements, such as alpine mountains.

为了提高日本野猪(Sus scrofa leucomystax)的管理水平,我们利用基于个体的遗传分析和多种景观元素来阐明其扩张早期的扩散模式。对日本北ku地区的日本野猪进行的微卫星DNA分析显示,它们存在两个祖先遗传集群,它们通过不同的途径迁移,并且它们没有充分混合。利用MaxEnt推断了日本野猪最适宜的栖息地,并得出低海拔和降雪可能有利于野猪个体的发生。景观遗传分析表明,根据遗传特征和景观要素的空间异质性,日本野猪扩散格局存在区域差异。在研究区西侧,两个祖先群中某一个祖先群频率较高的个体数量较多,但由于上述两种景观因素的影响,距离和阻力的隔离效应显著,表明受高山景观影响的单向分散。相比之下,在东侧,有迹象表明,主要拥有另一个祖先集群的个体对分散存在阻力,这表明由于山区地形的复杂性,适合栖息地的不规则安排受到了影响。基于以上研究结果,我们认为日本野猪的扩散模式可能受到高山等景观因素的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Theama japonica sp. nov., an Interstitial Polyclad Flatworm Showing a Wide Distribution along Japanese Coasts. 日本茶虫,一种在日本沿海广泛分布的间隙型多包覆扁虫。
IF 0.9 4区 生物学 Q3 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.2108/zs220105
Aoi Tsuyuki, Yuki Oya, Naoto Jimi, Natsumi Hookabe, Shinta Fujimoto, Hiroshi Kajihara

We establish a new interstitial polyclad species, Theama japonica sp. nov., based on specimens collected from coarse-sandy habitats in three Japanese main islands (Hokkaido, Honshu, and Shikoku) along the coasts of the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan. Theama japonica is characterized by i) two pairs of cerebral eyespots and four to six precerebral eyespots; ii) eosinophilic secretion glands distributed in the distal half of the inner ventral part of the prostatic vesicle; iii) a conical penis papilla, bent up dorsally, with a sclerotized inner wall; iv) the prostatic sheath with an inner angular fold on the dorso-distal side; and v) the external cilia longer dorsally than ventrally. Partial sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene from 20 specimens collected at eight localities along Japanese coasts represented 19 haplotypes. The uncorrected p-distances among these COI haplotypes fell within intraspecific variations observed in other polyclads. A network analysis based on these COI haplotypes suggested a geographically non-cohesive genetic structure of the species, possibly indicating the species' high dispersibility. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on a concatenated dataset of 18S and 28S rDNA sequences showed T. japonica formed a clade with other Theama species. The resulting tree also indicates that our new species is more closely related to Theama sp. from Colombia than species from Panama and Croatia.

我们根据在太平洋和日本海沿岸的三个日本主要岛屿(北海道、本州和四国)的粗砂生境中收集的标本,建立了一个新的间隙多包层物种,Theama japonica sp. nov.。日本茶的特征是:(1)两对脑眼点和四至六个脑前眼点;Ii)嗜酸性分泌腺分布于前列腺囊内腹侧远端一半;Iii)一圆锥形的阴茎乳头,背侧向上弯曲,具硬化的内壁;Iv)在背远侧具有内角状褶皱的前列腺鞘;5)外纤毛背侧比腹侧长。在日本沿海8个地点采集的20个标本中,细胞色素c氧化酶亚单位I (COI)基因部分序列代表19个单倍型。这些COI单倍型之间未校正的p-距离落在其他多枝群中观察到的种内变异范围内。基于这些COI单倍型的网络分析表明,该物种具有地理上非内聚的遗传结构,可能表明该物种具有高度的分散性。基于18S和28S rDNA序列的分子系统发育分析表明,日本茶属植物与其他茶属植物形成了一个分支。结果树还表明,我们的新物种与来自哥伦比亚的Theama sp.的关系比来自巴拿马和克罗地亚的物种更密切。
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引用次数: 1
Cloning and Characterization of Cyp7a1 and Cyp27a1 Genes from the Non-Parasitic Japanese Lamprey Lethenteron reissneri. 非寄生日本七鳃鳗Cyp7a1和Cyp27a1基因的克隆与鉴定。
IF 0.9 4区 生物学 Q3 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.2108/zs220072
Mayako Morii, Taku Hebiguchi, Ryo Watanabe, Hiroaki Yoshino, Yoshihiro Mezaki

Two cytochrome P450 genes homologous to human CYP7A1 and CYP27A1 were cloned from the non-parasitic Japanese lamprey Lethenteron reissneri. Lamprey cyp7a1 mRNA had varied expression levels among individuals: about four orders of magnitude differences in larval liver and nearly three orders of magnitude differences in male adult liver. Overexpressed Cyp7a1 protein tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. Lamprey cyp27a1 mRNA had relatively constant expression levels: within two orders of magnitude differences in larvae and adult liver and intestine. GFP-tagged Cyp27a1 protein was localized to mitochondria. The expression profiles of lamprey cyp7a1 and cyp27a1 genes and the cellular localizations of their products were in good agreement with their counterparts in mammals, where these two P450s catalyze initial hydroxylation reactions of cholesterol in classical and alternative pathways of bile acid synthesis, respectively. The cyp7a1 mRNA levels in adult male liver showed significant negative correlations to both body weight and total length of the animal, implying the involvement of the gene in the production of female-attractive pheromones in sexually matured male livers. The lamprey Cyp7a1 contains a long extension of 116 amino acids between helices D and E of the protein. Possible roles of this extension in regulating the enzymatic activity of lamprey Cyp7a1 are discussed.

从非寄生日本七鳃鳗中克隆了两个与人类CYP7A1和CYP27A1同源的细胞色素P450基因。七鳃鳗cyp7a1 mRNA在个体间表达水平不同,在幼虫肝脏中差异约4个数量级,在雄性成年肝脏中差异近3个数量级。以绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)标记的过表达Cyp7a1蛋白定位于内质网。七鳃鳗cyp27a1 mRNA的表达水平相对稳定,在幼虫和成鱼的肝脏和肠道中存在两个数量级的差异。gfp标记的Cyp27a1蛋白定位于线粒体。七鳃鳗cyp7a1和cyp27a1基因的表达谱及其产物的细胞定位与哺乳动物中的对应基因非常一致,在哺乳动物中,这两个p450分别催化胆酸合成的经典途径和替代途径中胆固醇的初始羟基化反应。成年雄性肝脏中cyp7a1 mRNA水平与动物体重和总长度呈显著负相关,这表明该基因参与性成熟雄性肝脏中雌性吸引力信息素的产生。七鳃鳗Cyp7a1在蛋白质的螺旋D和E之间含有116个氨基酸的长延伸。讨论了这种扩展在调节七鳃鳗Cyp7a1酶活性中的可能作用。
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引用次数: 0
The Bryozoan Cauloramphus magnus (Cheilostomata: Calloporidae) in Northern Japan Includes Multiple, Co-occurring Cryptic Species. 日本北部的苔藓虫(鞘翅目:栉虫科)包括多个共同发生的隐生物种。
IF 0.9 4区 生物学 Q3 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.2108/zs220093
Takumi Onishi, Shimpei Hiruta, Hiroshi Kajihara, Matthew H Dick
The cheilostome bryozoan Cauloramphus magnus is common in the rocky intertidal habitat from southeastern Alaska to northern Japan. We examined its phylogeography by analyzing 576 bp of the mitochondrial COI (cox1) gene sequenced for 298 colonies from 16 localities in northern Japan. A maximum-likelihood phylogeny detected three main clades (A, B, C). Clades A and B occurred throughout the study area but differed in frequency, haplotype diversity, and haplotype distribution; each resolved into three divergent subclades (AI–III, BI–III). Clade A shared none among 15 haplotypes between the Pacific and Sea of Japan sides of Hokkaido. In contrast, Clade B (29 haplotypes) was thrice as common as Clade A among samples, with haplotype B28 common on both sides. Divergent Clade C (nine haplotypes) was detected only at Rumoi. K2P divergences of 12.3–28.3% among Clades A–C suggest these are distinct biological species, a conclusion supported by different inferred evolutionary histories. A bPTP species delimitation analysis indicated nine phylogenetic species among the sequences included in our phylogeny (AI–III, BI–III, C, and one specimen each from Alaska and the Commander Islands), with K2P divergences of 3.9–6.5% among subclades in A or B. Statistical and principal components analyses suggested weak morphological differentiation between Clades A + B and C, although overlapping ranges of measurements preclude identification to clade; these three clades are morphologically cryptic. For taxonomy, we suggest retaining the name C. magnus for lineages within this species complex across its range, followed by a clade designation, if known.
在阿拉斯加东南部到日本北部的潮间带岩石栖息地中,有一种极口苔藓虫。通过分析日本北部16个地区298个菌落线粒体COI (cox1)基因的576 bp序列,对其进行了系统地理学研究。最大似然系统发育检测到3个主要进化支(A、B、C)。进化支A和B在整个研究区域都存在,但在频率、单倍型多样性和单倍型分布上存在差异;每个分支分解为三个不同的亚分支(AI-III, BI-III)。在北海道太平洋和日本海两侧的15个单倍型中,进化枝A没有任何共同之处。相比之下,B进化支(29个单倍型)在样本中是A进化支的三倍,而B28单倍型在两边都很常见。发散进化枝C(9个单倍型)仅在Rumoi被检测到。a - c枝的K2P差异为12.3-28.3%,表明它们是不同的生物物种,这一结论得到了不同进化历史的支持。bPTP物种划分分析表明,在我们的系统发育序列中包括9个系统发育物种(AI-III, BI-III, C,阿拉斯加和Commander群岛各1个标本),A和B亚支系之间的K2P差异为3.9-6.5%。统计和主成分分析表明,尽管测量范围重叠,但枝A + B和C之间的形态差异较弱;这三个分支在形态上是隐蔽性的。在分类学上,我们建议保留C. magnus在该物种复杂范围内的谱系名称,然后是一个分支名称,如果知道的话。
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引用次数: 0
Host Size Selection in the Ectoparasite Tachaea chinensis (Isopoda: Corallanidae) under Laboratory Conditions. 实验室条件下中华绒螯蟹(等足目:珊瑚科)寄主大小选择。
IF 0.9 4区 生物学 Q3 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.2108/zs220113
Al-Wahaibi Mohamed Khalfan, Shotaro Tani, Abdelgayed Younes, Hidetoshi Saito

Tachaea chinensis is a temporary ectoparasite infesting freshwater shrimps and prawns in eastern Asia. This study investigated the host size selection by T. chinensis across common freshwater shrimps under laboratory conditions. A total of 70 isopods were allowed to select between host shrimps of different size and different species in pairwise selection experiments. In treatments involving different sizes of the same host species, T. chinensis tended to select the medium host option in all of the four treatments. Similarly, T. chinensis demonstrated greater preference towards medium host (90%) when provided with mixed host options (medium Palaemon paucidens vs small Neocaridina spp.). However, despite the increase in the infestation proportion on medium Neocaridina spp., the isopod significantly selected the small P. paucidens when provided with a choice between medium Neocaridina spp. and small P. paucidens. In manca stage (1 day after hatch) T. chinensis treatment, the isopods showed no specific preference between large and medium Neocaridina spp. These results suggest that T. chinensis is likely to show size specificity according to the developmental stage, a size specificity that ultimately ensures adequate space for isopods' growth while maintaining a minimum risk of predation.

中国棘球蚴(Tachaea chinensis)是一种寄生于东亚淡水虾和对虾的临时外寄生虫。在实验室条件下,研究了中国对虾(T. chinensis)对普通淡水对虾寄主大小的选择。在两两选择实验中,共允许70只等足类动物在不同大小和不同种类的寄主虾中进行选择。在同一寄主不同大小的处理中,四种处理均倾向于选择中寄主。同样,当提供混合寄主选项(中型paucidens Palaemon paucidens vs小型Neocaridina spp.)时,中国按蚊(T. chinensis)对中型寄主的偏好更大(90%)。然而,在中等新蝇和小型白腹足虫之间进行选择时,尽管中等新蝇的侵染比例有所增加,但等足类仍显著选择小型白腹足虫。在manca期(孵化后1 d),等足类对大、中型新足类不表现出特异性偏好,说明中国蠋蝽可能根据发育阶段表现出尺寸特异性,这种尺寸特异性最终保证了等足类的生长空间,同时保持了最小的被捕食风险。
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引用次数: 1
Male Guppies Recognize Familiar Conspecific Males by Their Face. 雄性孔雀鱼通过面部识别熟悉的同种雄性。
IF 0.9 4区 生物学 Q3 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.2108/zs220088
Shumpei Sogawa, Rio Fukushima, Will Sowersby, Satoshi Awata, Kento Kawasaka, Masanori Kohda

Individual recognition is a necessary cognitive ability for the maintenance of stable social relationships. Recent studies have shown that like primates, some fish species can distinguish familiar fish from unfamiliar strangers via face-recognition. However, the taxa of the studied fish species are restricted (within Perciformes) and the visual signal used for the recognition of fish remains unclear. Here, we investigated the visual signal for individual-recognition in males of a sexually dichromatic guppy (Poecilia reticulata, Cyprinodontiformes). Using guppy males, we examined the hypothesis that fish distinguish between familiar individuals and unknown strangers by their faces rather than by body coloration. We randomly presented focal fish with four types of composite photo-models: familiar (familiar-face and familiar-body = F/F), stranger (stranger-face and stranger-body = S/S), familiar face combined with stranger body (F/S) and stranger face combined with familiar body (S/F). Focal males infrequently attacked familiar-face models but frequently attacked stranger-face models, regardless of body types. These behavioral reactions indicate that guppy males discriminate between familiar and stranger males by their face, not body coloration with wide variation. Importantly, male faces contain clear individual-variation in white/metallic colored patches on the operculum visible for humans. Considering the photo-model, our results suggest that these patches might be an important visual stimulus for face-recognition in guppy males, like some cichlids. Comparative examination among males of different guppy variants, including wild type phenotype, suggests that the face color-patch is stable regardless of variation in body color, with a different genetic mechanism potentially underlying face and body colors.

个体认同是维持稳定社会关系所必需的认知能力。最近的研究表明,像灵长类动物一样,一些鱼类可以通过面部识别来区分熟悉的鱼类和不熟悉的陌生人。然而,所研究的鱼类种类是有限的(在Perciformes中),用于识别鱼类的视觉信号仍然不清楚。在这里,我们研究了雌雄二色孔雀鱼(Poecilia reticulata, Cyprinodontiformes)雄性个体识别的视觉信号。我们以雄孔雀鱼为研究对象,检验了一种假设,即鱼类通过面孔而不是身体颜色来区分熟悉的个体和不熟悉的陌生人。采用熟悉(熟悉面孔和熟悉身体= F/F)、陌生(陌生面孔和陌生身体= S/S)、熟悉面孔和陌生身体(F/S)、陌生面孔和熟悉身体(S/F)四种组合照片模型随机呈现焦点鱼。焦点雄性很少攻击熟悉面孔的模特,但经常攻击陌生面孔的模特,无论体型如何。这些行为反应表明,雄孔雀鱼是通过脸来区分熟悉的雄孔雀鱼和陌生的雄孔雀鱼,而不是通过变化很大的身体颜色。重要的是,男性的面部包膜上有明显的白色/金属色斑块,这是人类可以看到的。考虑到照片模型,我们的研究结果表明,这些斑块可能是雄孔雀鱼(如一些稚鱼)面部识别的重要视觉刺激。不同孔雀鱼变体(包括野生型表型)的雄性比较研究表明,无论身体颜色的变化如何,面部颜色斑块都是稳定的,面部和身体颜色可能具有不同的遗传机制。
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引用次数: 1
Acetylcholine Inhibits Spontaneous Firing Activity of Terminal Nerve GnRH Neurons in Medaka. 乙酰胆碱抑制Medaka神经末梢GnRH神经元的自发放电活性。
IF 0.9 4区 生物学 Q3 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.2108/zs220070
Aiki Tanaka, Chie Umatani, Yoshitaka Oka

Vertebrates generally possess hypophysiotropic and non-hypophysiotropic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. The terminal nerve (TN) GnRH neurons are known to belong to the non-hypophysiotropic neurons and have been suggested to modulate sexual behaviors. These neurons show spontaneous pacemaker firing activity and release neuropeptides GnRH and neuropeptide FF. Since the spontaneous firing activities of peptidergic neurons, including GnRH neurons, are believed to play important roles in the release of neuropeptides, understanding the regulatory mechanisms of these spontaneous firing activities is important. Here, we analyzed firing activities of the TN-GnRH neurons in medaka during application of acetylcholine (ACh), which is one of the essential neuromodulators in the brain. Whole cell patch clamp recording of TN-GnRH neurons demonstrated that ACh induces hyperpolarization and inhibits their pacemaker firing. Electrophysiological analysis using an antagonist for acetylcholine receptors and in situ hybridization analysis showed that firing of TN-GnRH neurons is inhibited via M2-type muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. These findings, taken together with literature from several other fish species (including teleosts and elasmobranchs), indicate that ACh may generally play an inhibitory role in modulating spontaneous activities of TN-GnRH neurons and thereby sexual behaviors in fish.

脊椎动物一般具有垂体性和非垂体性促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)神经元。末梢神经(TN) GnRH神经元属于非垂体性神经元,并被认为调节性行为。这些神经元表现出自发的起搏器放电活动,并释放神经肽GnRH和神经肽FF。由于包括GnRH神经元在内的多肽能神经元的自发放电活动被认为在神经肽的释放中起重要作用,因此了解这些自发放电活动的调节机制非常重要。本研究分析了乙酰胆碱(乙酰胆碱是大脑中重要的神经调节剂之一)作用时髓中n - gnrh神经元的放电活动。全细胞膜片钳记录TN-GnRH神经元显示ACh诱导超极化并抑制其起搏器放电。使用乙酰胆碱受体拮抗剂和原位杂交分析的电生理分析表明,m2型毒蕈碱乙酰胆碱受体可以抑制n - gnrh神经元的放电。这些发现,结合其他几种鱼类(包括硬骨鱼和无骨鳃鱼)的文献,表明乙酰胆碱可能在调节n - gnrh神经元的自发活动中发挥抑制作用,从而调节鱼类的性行为。
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引用次数: 1
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Zoological Science
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