M. Reynoso, Alexander T. Borowsky, Germain C. Pauluzzi, E. Yeung, Jianhai Zhang, Elide Formentin, J. Velasco, Sean Cabanlit, Christine Duvenjian, Matthew J. Prior, Garo Z. Akmakjian, R. Deal, N. Sinha, S. Brady, T. Girke, J. Bailey-Serres
Understanding how roots modulate development under varied irrigation or rainfall is crucial for development of climate resilient crops. We established a toolbox of tagged rice lines to profile translating mRNAs and chromatin accessibility within specific cell populations. We used these to study roots in a range of environments: plates in the lab, controlled greenhouse stress and recovery conditions, and outdoors in a paddy. Integration of chromatin and mRNA data resolves regulatory networks of: cycle genes in proliferating cells that attenuate DNA synthesis under submergence; genes involved in auxin signaling, the circadian clock, and small RNA regulation in ground tissue; and suberin biosynthesis, iron transporters, and nitrogen assimilation in endodermal/exodermal cells modulated with water availability. By applying a systems approach we identify known and candidate driver transcription factors of water deficit responses and xylem development plasticity. Collectively, this resource will facilitate genetic improvements in root systems for optimal climate resilience.
{"title":"Gene Regulatory Networks Shape Developmental Plasticity of Root Cell Types Under Water Extremes","authors":"M. Reynoso, Alexander T. Borowsky, Germain C. Pauluzzi, E. Yeung, Jianhai Zhang, Elide Formentin, J. Velasco, Sean Cabanlit, Christine Duvenjian, Matthew J. Prior, Garo Z. Akmakjian, R. Deal, N. Sinha, S. Brady, T. Girke, J. Bailey-Serres","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3908788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3908788","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding how roots modulate development under varied irrigation or rainfall is crucial for development of climate resilient crops. We established a toolbox of tagged rice lines to profile translating mRNAs and chromatin accessibility within specific cell populations. We used these to study roots in a range of environments: plates in the lab, controlled greenhouse stress and recovery conditions, and outdoors in a paddy. Integration of chromatin and mRNA data resolves regulatory networks of: cycle genes in proliferating cells that attenuate DNA synthesis under submergence; genes involved in auxin signaling, the circadian clock, and small RNA regulation in ground tissue; and suberin biosynthesis, iron transporters, and nitrogen assimilation in endodermal/exodermal cells modulated with water availability. By applying a systems approach we identify known and candidate driver transcription factors of water deficit responses and xylem development plasticity. Collectively, this resource will facilitate genetic improvements in root systems for optimal climate resilience.","PeriodicalId":244417,"journal":{"name":"Cell Press","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114250049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Matveev, Amanda S. Kahn, D. Eerkes-Medrano, Danielle A. Ludeman, Pablo Aragonés Suárez, G. Yahel, S. Leys
How flow moves through porous structures like sponges has long intrigued physical and biological scientists. Despite sponges having specialized cells that function as biological pumps, their porous bodies are proposed to passively take advantage of ambient currents via ‘inducedflow’. This hypothesis relies on the fact that flow external to perforated or tube-like structures drives flow through the structure, but much of the support for this comes from work on dead specimens. A modern understanding of sponge morphology and physiology however, shows that sponges possess a sophisticated sensory system, even in their canals. We used custom flow and oxygen sensors at a 175m deep sponge reef to test the hypothesis of current-induced passive flow through living glass sponges. Evidence to support a passive flow hypothesis was only found in one of six individuals that filtered more water during periods of higher ambient current. As expected, all individuals stopped pumping independently of ambient currents, illustrating their control over pumping using the well-described electrical conduction system. However, at higher ambient currents, sponges removed 30% less oxygen, suggesting a mechanism by which the sponge senses the ambient flow rates and reduces the metabolic expenditure of filtration. The underlying mechanism by which this happens remains unknown, but it may involve a feedback loop through the canals, potentially via primary cilia that have been shown to sense flow in other sponges. Our experiments reveal that while sponges can take advantage of ambient flow, water movement through these animals is controlled by their complex physiology.
{"title":"Active Use of Ambient Flow by a Deep-Sea Glass Sponge","authors":"E. Matveev, Amanda S. Kahn, D. Eerkes-Medrano, Danielle A. Ludeman, Pablo Aragonés Suárez, G. Yahel, S. Leys","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3949870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3949870","url":null,"abstract":"How flow moves through porous structures like sponges has long intrigued physical and biological scientists. Despite sponges having specialized cells that function as biological pumps, their porous bodies are proposed to passively take advantage of ambient currents via ‘inducedflow’. This hypothesis relies on the fact that flow external to perforated or tube-like structures drives flow through the structure, but much of the support for this comes from work on dead specimens. A modern understanding of sponge morphology and physiology however, shows that sponges possess a sophisticated sensory system, even in their canals. We used custom flow and oxygen sensors at a 175m deep sponge reef to test the hypothesis of current-induced passive flow through living glass sponges. Evidence to support a passive flow hypothesis was only found in one of six individuals that filtered more water during periods of higher ambient current. As expected, all individuals stopped pumping independently of ambient currents, illustrating their control over pumping using the well-described electrical conduction system. However, at higher ambient currents, sponges removed 30% less oxygen, suggesting a mechanism by which the sponge senses the ambient flow rates and reduces the metabolic expenditure of filtration. The underlying mechanism by which this happens remains unknown, but it may involve a feedback loop through the canals, potentially via primary cilia that have been shown to sense flow in other sponges. Our experiments reveal that while sponges can take advantage of ambient flow, water movement through these animals is controlled by their complex physiology.","PeriodicalId":244417,"journal":{"name":"Cell Press","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122559169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Simultaneous increase in electrical ideality and near infrared (NIR) response in the organic phototransistors (OPTs) is realized by applying a donor/acceptor bulk heterojunction (BHJ) channel layer. A comprehensive analysis has been carried out to understand the effects of the miscibility between the donor and acceptor in the BHJ channel, and the morphology of the channel layer on the electrical charge transport and optical response of the OPTs. The presence of the acceptors in the channel layer helps to trap the undesirable injected electrons, avoiding the accumulation of the electrons at the active channel/dielectric interface, and thereby improving the hole transporting in the p-type channel. The electrical stability is then improved with mitigated dependence of charge mobility on gate voltage in the saturation region. The use of a BHJ channel in the OPTs also offers an improved photoresponse through enhanced exciton dissociation at the donor/acceptor interface and the stable mobility in the saturation region, leading to more than one order of magnitude increase in responsivity than that in a conventional OPT with a single p-type semiconductor channel layer. The OPTs with a BHJ channel layer exhibit an excellent hole mobility of 1.0 cm2V-1s-1, a high photoresponsivity of the 104 A/W and a high specific detectivity of 1.2×1012 Jones in the NIR wavelength.
在有机光电晶体管(OPTs)中，通过施加供体/受体体异质结(BHJ)通道层，实现了电学理想度和近红外(NIR)响应的同时提高。为了了解BHJ通道中供体和受体的混相以及通道层的形态对opt的电荷传输和光响应的影响，我们进行了全面的分析。通道层中受体的存在有助于捕获不需要的注入电子，避免电子在有源通道/介电界面处的积累，从而改善p型通道中的空穴输运。通过降低饱和区电荷迁移率对栅极电压的依赖性，提高了电稳定性。在OPTs中使用BHJ通道还通过增强供体/受体界面的激子解离和饱和区稳定的迁移率提供了改善的光响应，导致响应率比具有单个p型半导体通道层的传统OPT提高了一个多数量级。具有BHJ通道层的OPTs具有1.0 cm2V-1s-1的优异空穴迁移率，104 a /W的高光响应性和1.2×1012 Jones的高近红外波长比探测率。
{"title":"Improved Electrical Ideality and Photoresponse in Near Infrared Phototransistors Realized by Incorporating a Bulk Heterojunction Channel","authors":"Ning Li, Yanlian Lei, Yanqin Miao, F. Zhu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3951491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3951491","url":null,"abstract":"Simultaneous increase in electrical ideality and near infrared (NIR) response in the organic phototransistors (OPTs) is realized by applying a donor/acceptor bulk heterojunction (BHJ) channel layer. A comprehensive analysis has been carried out to understand the effects of the miscibility between the donor and acceptor in the BHJ channel, and the morphology of the channel layer on the electrical charge transport and optical response of the OPTs. The presence of the acceptors in the channel layer helps to trap the undesirable injected electrons, avoiding the accumulation of the electrons at the active channel/dielectric interface, and thereby improving the hole transporting in the p-type channel. The electrical stability is then improved with mitigated dependence of charge mobility on gate voltage in the saturation region. The use of a BHJ channel in the OPTs also offers an improved photoresponse through enhanced exciton dissociation at the donor/acceptor interface and the stable mobility in the saturation region, leading to more than one order of magnitude increase in responsivity than that in a conventional OPT with a single p-type semiconductor channel layer. The OPTs with a BHJ channel layer exhibit an excellent hole mobility of 1.0 cm2V-1s-1, a high photoresponsivity of the 104 A/W and a high specific detectivity of 1.2×1012 Jones in the NIR wavelength.","PeriodicalId":244417,"journal":{"name":"Cell Press","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115519136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhiming Zhang, Wei Yan, Dongfeng Dang, Haoke Zhang, J. Sun, B. Tang
Non-conjugated fluorescent materials have attracted much research attention in recent years due to their great theoretical significance and practical value. But the working mechanism for this extraordinary photophysical phenomenon is still unclear and in debate. In this work, three non-conjugated polypeptides exhibited excitation independent clusteroluminescence (CL) with an emission peak at 440 nm. Experimental and theoretical analyses proved that the (n,π*) transition of the amide unit plays a crucial role in the CL. Notably, the processes of polymerization and clusterization are proposed as effective ways to activate the (n,π*) transition, which could increase the CL efficiency. This work not only gains further insights into the CL mechanism but also provides effective ways to design and manipulate non-conjugated fluorescent materials.
{"title":"Unraveling the Key Role of (n,Π*) Transition of Amide in the Clusteroluminescence From Polypeptides","authors":"Zhiming Zhang, Wei Yan, Dongfeng Dang, Haoke Zhang, J. Sun, B. Tang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3950752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3950752","url":null,"abstract":"Non-conjugated fluorescent materials have attracted much research attention in recent years due to their great theoretical significance and practical value. But the working mechanism for this extraordinary photophysical phenomenon is still unclear and in debate. In this work, three non-conjugated polypeptides exhibited excitation independent clusteroluminescence (CL) with an emission peak at 440 nm. Experimental and theoretical analyses proved that the (n,π*) transition of the amide unit plays a crucial role in the CL. Notably, the processes of polymerization and clusterization are proposed as effective ways to activate the (n,π*) transition, which could increase the CL efficiency. This work not only gains further insights into the CL mechanism but also provides effective ways to design and manipulate non-conjugated fluorescent materials.","PeriodicalId":244417,"journal":{"name":"Cell Press","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124527042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Linda M Seymour, D. Keenan‐Jones, G. Zanzi, A. Masic
Ancient Roman concrete constitutes many ancient structures that remain standing; however, little is known about how it has remained durable. Here, we investigate the mortars used in ancient water bearing infrastructure such as aqueducts, cisterns, and baths. In these structures, crushed ceramics are used as a pozzolanic additive on surfaces in continuous or frequent contact with water. The ceramic-lime mortars are probed using a multi-scale characterization approach including SEM-EDS and Raman microspectroscopy. The analysis shows the role of ceramics within these structures as a source of aluminosilicates, mapping the presence of both pozzolanic and post-pozzolanic phases. A hybrid binder consisting of cementitious hydrates and calcite is mapped at the interface of the ceramics and evidence of post-pozzolanic densification of pores and cracks is observed. Comparison across structures shows that material selection and chemistry benefit the infrastructure applications. Understanding these ancient materials provides inspiration for new, durable infrastructure materials.
{"title":"Reactive Synthetic Pozzolans in Mortars from Ancient Water Infrastructure Serving Rome and Pompeii","authors":"Linda M Seymour, D. Keenan‐Jones, G. Zanzi, A. Masic","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3885241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3885241","url":null,"abstract":"Ancient Roman concrete constitutes many ancient structures that remain standing; however, little is known about how it has remained durable. Here, we investigate the mortars used in ancient water bearing infrastructure such as aqueducts, cisterns, and baths. In these structures, crushed ceramics are used as a pozzolanic additive on surfaces in continuous or frequent contact with water. The ceramic-lime mortars are probed using a multi-scale characterization approach including SEM-EDS and Raman microspectroscopy. The analysis shows the role of ceramics within these structures as a source of aluminosilicates, mapping the presence of both pozzolanic and post-pozzolanic phases. A hybrid binder consisting of cementitious hydrates and calcite is mapped at the interface of the ceramics and evidence of post-pozzolanic densification of pores and cracks is observed. Comparison across structures shows that material selection and chemistry benefit the infrastructure applications. Understanding these ancient materials provides inspiration for new, durable infrastructure materials.","PeriodicalId":244417,"journal":{"name":"Cell Press","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123182184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiangtao Hu, Yuan Jiang, Linze Li, Zhaoxin Yu, Chongmin Wang, G. Gill, Jie Xiao, Robert J. Cavagnaro, L. Kuo, R. Asmussen, Dongping Lu
Lithium (Li) is one of the critical industrial materials and an indispensable component in manufacturing Li-ion/Li batteries. However, Li resource is very limited and geographically uneven in earth’s crust and its mining is not sustainable due to the low efficiency and complicated separation and refining processes. Hence, direct Li recovery (from brines, seawater or used cells) and utilization are desired. Here, we report a novel technology to recover Li from low concentration solutions into a form of Li resource, which can be directly used for commercial battery materials production by fully eliminating the costly Li separation steps. By using both Li-ion selective membrane and low-cost Li host structural material, highly selective Li extraction was realized. Li-ion cathodes (e.g., spinel LiMn2O 4 and layered LiNix MnyCozO2) were synthesized with the extracted Li and have high phase purities and economic superiorities (e.g., $12.8 kg-1 for LiMn2O4) over other Li extraction methods and even commercial cathodes ($15 kg-1 for LiMn2O4). This contribution provides a potential technical pathway to overcome the challenges of both Li supply and battery cost for future electrification and decarbonization of socioeconomic system.
{"title":"Extracting Lithium from Low Concentration Solutions for Direct Battery Cathode Production","authors":"Jiangtao Hu, Yuan Jiang, Linze Li, Zhaoxin Yu, Chongmin Wang, G. Gill, Jie Xiao, Robert J. Cavagnaro, L. Kuo, R. Asmussen, Dongping Lu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3917206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3917206","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium (Li) is one of the critical industrial materials and an indispensable component in manufacturing Li-ion/Li batteries. However, Li resource is very limited and geographically uneven in earth’s crust and its mining is not sustainable due to the low efficiency and complicated separation and refining processes. Hence, direct Li recovery (from brines, seawater or used cells) and utilization are desired. Here, we report a novel technology to recover Li from low concentration solutions into a form of Li resource, which can be directly used for commercial battery materials production by fully eliminating the costly Li separation steps. By using both Li-ion selective membrane and low-cost Li host structural material, highly selective Li extraction was realized. Li-ion cathodes (e.g., spinel LiMn2O 4 and layered LiNix MnyCozO2) were synthesized with the extracted Li and have high phase purities and economic superiorities (e.g., $12.8 kg-1 for LiMn2O4) over other Li extraction methods and even commercial cathodes ($15 kg-1 for LiMn2O4). This contribution provides a potential technical pathway to overcome the challenges of both Li supply and battery cost for future electrification and decarbonization of socioeconomic system.","PeriodicalId":244417,"journal":{"name":"Cell Press","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123245909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yahong Zhou, Junran Hao, Jiajia Zhou, J. Liao, Yan Wei, Xia‐Chao Chen, C. Ning, Xuliang Deng, Lei Jiang
Gating properties of nanochannels, as a key nanofluidic behavior, holds huge applications in sensing, mass transportation and separation. It has been widely studied the terminal “open” and “close” states in response to changes of environments, for prepared nanochannels. Yet to date, it remains great challenge to control the dynamic gating process. Here in this manuscript, we modulate the dynamically electric gating process in polypyrrole (PPy)-based nanoporous membranes system at sub-2 nm speed. The nano-confinement environment renders the polymer chain with excellent electrochemical property and the polymer film swells or contracts in a controlled speed accompanied by a reversible counter-ion uptake or expulsion. With this switching process, the thickness of the polymer changes by 83%, resulting a fully closed gating state. Besides, we directly observe the successive polymer chain variation at nanoscale (ca. 10 nm) by the AFM topography in situ . This small operation voltages and ultra-high strain scope, along with biocompatible materials, make this design promising for smart nanorobot and wearable applications.
{"title":"Dynamically Modulating Gating Process of Nanoporous Membrane at Sub-2 Nm Scale","authors":"Yahong Zhou, Junran Hao, Jiajia Zhou, J. Liao, Yan Wei, Xia‐Chao Chen, C. Ning, Xuliang Deng, Lei Jiang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3915014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3915014","url":null,"abstract":"Gating properties of nanochannels, as a key nanofluidic behavior, holds huge applications in sensing, mass transportation and separation. It has been widely studied the terminal “open” and “close” states in response to changes of environments, for prepared nanochannels. Yet to date, it remains great challenge to control the dynamic gating process. Here in this manuscript, we modulate the dynamically electric gating process in polypyrrole (PPy)-based nanoporous membranes system at sub-2 nm speed. The nano-confinement environment renders the polymer chain with excellent electrochemical property and the polymer film swells or contracts in a controlled speed accompanied by a reversible counter-ion uptake or expulsion. With this switching process, the thickness of the polymer changes by 83%, resulting a fully closed gating state. Besides, we directly observe the successive polymer chain variation at nanoscale (ca. 10 nm) by the AFM topography in situ . This small operation voltages and ultra-high strain scope, along with biocompatible materials, make this design promising for smart nanorobot and wearable applications.","PeriodicalId":244417,"journal":{"name":"Cell Press","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117002022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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