Pub Date : 2022-12-22DOI: 10.11113/bioprocessing.v1n1.12
Melissa Yushan Ng, R. Hasham, R. Sabtu, M. Idris, Illani Abdul Rahman
Andrographis paniculata (AP) is a medicinal plant commonly found in Malaysia. However, the main challenges hindering its clinical values is its low bioavailability and solubility in aqueous environment which can be improved by incorporating it into a nanocarrier system. Therefore, this study was conducted to screen the critical variables involved in the development of AP extract-loaded chitosan microparticles. Nine formulations (coded as F1 to F9) at varying chitosan-to-tripolyphosphate (TPP) mass ratio (2:1, 4:1, and 6:1) and reaction time (30, 60, and 90 minutes) were tested utilizing the onefactor-at-a-time (OFAT) technique and characterized by means of their particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and encapsulation efficiency (EE). The best formulation was further characterized for its zeta potential (ζ-potential), morphology, and stability. F2 was discovered as the best formulation in the first screening with a particle size of 0.595 ± 0.014 μm, PDI of 0.284 ± 0.011, and EE of 81.18 ± 5.53%. Further testing on the formulation revealed a ζ-potential of 6.4 ±1.51 mV with a spherical and smooth-surface microparticles in dispersion. The microparticles were also stable at 4 °C with minimal change in size after 14 days. In conclusion, these results show that entrapment of AP extract into chitosan-TPP microparticles were achievable at good characteristics and stability and could be further studied as a form for delivering therapeutic activities of AP at targeted site.
{"title":"Screening of Critical Variables of Andrographis paniculata Extract Loaded onto Chitosan Microparticles","authors":"Melissa Yushan Ng, R. Hasham, R. Sabtu, M. Idris, Illani Abdul Rahman","doi":"10.11113/bioprocessing.v1n1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/bioprocessing.v1n1.12","url":null,"abstract":"Andrographis paniculata (AP) is a medicinal plant commonly found in Malaysia. However, the main challenges hindering its clinical values is its low bioavailability and solubility in aqueous environment which can be improved by incorporating it into a nanocarrier system. Therefore, this study was conducted to screen the critical variables involved in the development of AP extract-loaded chitosan microparticles. Nine formulations (coded as F1 to F9) at varying chitosan-to-tripolyphosphate (TPP) mass ratio (2:1, 4:1, and 6:1) and reaction time (30, 60, and 90 minutes) were tested utilizing the onefactor-at-a-time (OFAT) technique and characterized by means of their particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and encapsulation efficiency (EE). The best formulation was further characterized for its zeta potential (ζ-potential), morphology, and stability. F2 was discovered as the best formulation in the first screening with a particle size of 0.595 ± 0.014 μm, PDI of 0.284 ± 0.011, and EE of 81.18 ± 5.53%. Further testing on the formulation revealed a ζ-potential of 6.4 ±1.51 mV with a spherical and smooth-surface microparticles in dispersion. The microparticles were also stable at 4 °C with minimal change in size after 14 days. In conclusion, these results show that entrapment of AP extract into chitosan-TPP microparticles were achievable at good characteristics and stability and could be further studied as a form for delivering therapeutic activities of AP at targeted site.","PeriodicalId":244855,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioprocessing and Biomass Technology","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124610947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-22DOI: 10.11113/bioprocessing.v1n1.15
N. I. Wan Azelee, Nuraishah Mohd Sahal Selvaraja, Zehra Edis
People have always been interested in cosmetic products especially when it uses only natural substances that could act as antibacterial resistance such as Aloe Vera (AV) gel that could be easily extracted from aloe vera leaves. Although pure AV gel alone provides many cosmetic applications and benefits including anti-inflammatory effect, the efficiency for antimicrobial purposes of the pure AV gel is less compared to AV gel with an addition of bioactive substances. Normally, the ingredients made for cosmetic applications consist of non-organics or chemicals that could harm the human’s skin barrier. Thus, this study aims to analyse the antimicrobial properties of local AV and to optimize the antimicrobial properties of AV for the production of antimicrobial AV for cosmetic application. The AV leaves was harvested from a residential area in Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia. Then, the antimicrobial properties of AV were analysed by characterization of AV complex using a Scanning UV-Vis Spectrophotometry followed by the culturing with microbial strains of Staphylococcus Aureus and Escherichia Coli used against AV mixture. AV was mixed with active ingredients such as Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), Iodine (I2) and Sodium Iodide (NaI). The determination of antimicrobial properties was done by using two approaches of disc diffusion and zone inhibition. An image of chromatogram for pure AV, AV-PVP-I2, AV-PVP-NaI and AV-PVP-I2-NaI mixture after characterization and the diameter of zone inhibition were measured. The biggest inhibition zone can be seen for AV-PVP-I2 samples at a concentration of 50 ug/mL that tested against Staphylococcus Aureus gives a diameter of 21 mm. The smallest inhibition zone can be seen for AV-PVP-I2-NaI samples at a concentration of 25 ug/mL that tested against Escherichia Coli gives a diameter of 5.6 mm. The future prospect of antimicrobial AV research will widen the use of AV, improving the extraction method of AV and enhancing environment safety for product applications.
{"title":"Facile Synthesis of Antimicrobial Aloe Vera for Cosmetic Application","authors":"N. I. Wan Azelee, Nuraishah Mohd Sahal Selvaraja, Zehra Edis","doi":"10.11113/bioprocessing.v1n1.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/bioprocessing.v1n1.15","url":null,"abstract":"People have always been interested in cosmetic products especially when it uses only natural substances that could act as antibacterial resistance such as Aloe Vera (AV) gel that could be easily extracted from aloe vera leaves. Although pure AV gel alone provides many cosmetic applications and benefits including anti-inflammatory effect, the efficiency for antimicrobial purposes of the pure AV gel is less compared to AV gel with an addition of bioactive substances. Normally, the ingredients made for cosmetic applications consist of non-organics or chemicals that could harm the human’s skin barrier. Thus, this study aims to analyse the antimicrobial properties of local AV and to optimize the antimicrobial properties of AV for the production of antimicrobial AV for cosmetic application. The AV leaves was harvested from a residential area in Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia. Then, the antimicrobial properties of AV were analysed by characterization of AV complex using a Scanning UV-Vis Spectrophotometry followed by the culturing with microbial strains of Staphylococcus Aureus and Escherichia Coli used against AV mixture. AV was mixed with active ingredients such as Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), Iodine (I2) and Sodium Iodide (NaI). The determination of antimicrobial properties was done by using two approaches of disc diffusion and zone inhibition. An image of chromatogram for pure AV, AV-PVP-I2, AV-PVP-NaI and AV-PVP-I2-NaI mixture after characterization and the diameter of zone inhibition were measured. The biggest inhibition zone can be seen for AV-PVP-I2 samples at a concentration of 50 ug/mL that tested against Staphylococcus Aureus gives a diameter of 21 mm. The smallest inhibition zone can be seen for AV-PVP-I2-NaI samples at a concentration of 25 ug/mL that tested against Escherichia Coli gives a diameter of 5.6 mm. The future prospect of antimicrobial AV research will widen the use of AV, improving the extraction method of AV and enhancing environment safety for product applications.","PeriodicalId":244855,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioprocessing and Biomass Technology","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121102920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-22DOI: 10.11113/bioprocessing.v1n1.4
Mohamad Bukhari Mohamad Yusup, Nabilah Abdul Samad, D. N. Abang Zaidel
Presently, food eaten not only to satisfy hunger but also to cater nutritional needs and reduce the risk of disease. Now people start to read and put attention to the ingredients list in every food product that they bought and consumed. Respond to the people demand, various food products have been introduced to offer health and diet benefits beyond basic nutrition. Until now, very little research has been done on the substitution of wheat flour with E. cottonii powder in production of biscuits or cookies. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop biscuits formulation containing seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) powder to produce seaweed biscuits and analyse the impacts of E. cottonii powder on the physicochemical quality of biscuits such as physical characteristics, proximate analysis, texture profile and sensory properties. Formulation of seaweed biscuits were using the same material as homemade biscuits. However, additional of seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) powder at different ratio and amount of the ingredients were varied. Modification of biscuits formulation by added seaweeds powder give major impacts on the physicochemical properties. Increased the percentage of seaweed powder had increased the level of hardness of biscuits and increased moisture content in seaweed biscuits. Addition of seaweed powder in the formulation also affected the appearance, aroma, taste, colour, texture and sweetness of the biscuits.
{"title":"Formulation of Biscuits Containing Eucheuma Cottonii Powder and Physicochemical Properties Analysis of the Biscuits","authors":"Mohamad Bukhari Mohamad Yusup, Nabilah Abdul Samad, D. N. Abang Zaidel","doi":"10.11113/bioprocessing.v1n1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/bioprocessing.v1n1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Presently, food eaten not only to satisfy hunger but also to cater nutritional needs and reduce the risk of disease. Now people start to read and put attention to the ingredients list in every food product that they bought and consumed. Respond to the people demand, various food products have been introduced to offer health and diet benefits beyond basic nutrition. Until now, very little research has been done on the substitution of wheat flour with E. cottonii powder in production of biscuits or cookies. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop biscuits formulation containing seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) powder to produce seaweed biscuits and analyse the impacts of E. cottonii powder on the physicochemical quality of biscuits such as physical characteristics, proximate analysis, texture profile and sensory properties. Formulation of seaweed biscuits were using the same material as homemade biscuits. However, additional of seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) powder at different ratio and amount of the ingredients were varied. Modification of biscuits formulation by added seaweeds powder give major impacts on the physicochemical properties. Increased the percentage of seaweed powder had increased the level of hardness of biscuits and increased moisture content in seaweed biscuits. Addition of seaweed powder in the formulation also affected the appearance, aroma, taste, colour, texture and sweetness of the biscuits.","PeriodicalId":244855,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioprocessing and Biomass Technology","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129619834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-22DOI: 10.11113/bioprocessing.v1n1.9
Shakirah S. Sulaiman, N. Zaharudin, Roslina Rashid, S. M. Mohamed Esivan
Enzymatic acidolysis of various fats and oils has successfully shown a promising ability to alter specific positions of lipids and incorporate desirable fatty acids at specific positions. However, used cooking oil utilization for enzymatic acidolysis is still lacking scientific investigation. Hence, this study aims to utilize used cooking palm oil (UCPO) by enhancing the oleic acid content via enzymatic acidolysis using immobilized C. rugosa lipase. The optimum substrate molar ratio (mol/mol) was identified based on the analysis of the peroxide, iodine, and acid values. Then, kinetic parameters, Km and Vmax for the enzymatic acidolysis of UCPO were calculated. Substrate molar ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5 mol/mol (oil: acid) was varied to evaluate the peroxide, acid, and iodine values. The reaction conditions such as reaction temperature (50 °C), reaction time (24 hours), enzyme concentration (0.05 g), agitation speed (250 rpm), and pH (7) were fixed throughout the experiment. The Michaelis-Menten kinetic model was selected to describe the kinetic of enzymatic acidolysis of UCPO. The result showed that incorporation of oleic acid in UCPO has been successfully achieved with the increased in IV value from 39.47 I2/g to 110.53 I2/g. The optimum substrate molar ratio obtained was 1:3 mol/mol with the highest iodine value of 110.53 I2/g. The best linear regression approach is Lineweaver-Burk plot with the values of Vmax and Km were 34.5658 μmol/ml.min and 0.06 mol/L, respectively. The enzyme activity for C. rugosa lipase was obtained at 0.5804 μmol/min.ml.
{"title":"Enzyme Kinetic of Lipase Catalysed Acidolysis of Used Cooking Palm Oil","authors":"Shakirah S. Sulaiman, N. Zaharudin, Roslina Rashid, S. M. Mohamed Esivan","doi":"10.11113/bioprocessing.v1n1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/bioprocessing.v1n1.9","url":null,"abstract":"Enzymatic acidolysis of various fats and oils has successfully shown a promising ability to alter specific positions of lipids and incorporate desirable fatty acids at specific positions. However, used cooking oil utilization for enzymatic acidolysis is still lacking scientific investigation. Hence, this study aims to utilize used cooking palm oil (UCPO) by enhancing the oleic acid content via enzymatic acidolysis using immobilized C. rugosa lipase. The optimum substrate molar ratio (mol/mol) was identified based on the analysis of the peroxide, iodine, and acid values. Then, kinetic parameters, Km and Vmax for the enzymatic acidolysis of UCPO were calculated. Substrate molar ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5 mol/mol (oil: acid) was varied to evaluate the peroxide, acid, and iodine values. The reaction conditions such as reaction temperature (50 °C), reaction time (24 hours), enzyme concentration (0.05 g), agitation speed (250 rpm), and pH (7) were fixed throughout the experiment. The Michaelis-Menten kinetic model was selected to describe the kinetic of enzymatic acidolysis of UCPO. The result showed that incorporation of oleic acid in UCPO has been successfully achieved with the increased in IV value from 39.47 I2/g to 110.53 I2/g. The optimum substrate molar ratio obtained was 1:3 mol/mol with the highest iodine value of 110.53 I2/g. The best linear regression approach is Lineweaver-Burk plot with the values of Vmax and Km were 34.5658 μmol/ml.min and 0.06 mol/L, respectively. The enzyme activity for C. rugosa lipase was obtained at 0.5804 μmol/min.ml.","PeriodicalId":244855,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioprocessing and Biomass Technology","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114559520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-22DOI: 10.11113/bioprocessing.v1n1.16
Intan Nur Athirah Daud, Hong Xiu Ping, N. Nordin, N. I. Wan Azelee
Pineapple waste is classified as lignocellulosic biomass that can potentially be used in the production of biofuel (bioethanol) to replace the current resources of fossil fuels. Carbohydrate compositions of pineapple waste (cellulose and hemicellulose) are excellent properties to be exploited as fermentable sugars that can be converted into bioethanol through the fermentation process. In producing fermentable sugars from pineapple wastes, a pretreatment process is required to breakdown the complex crystalline structure of lignocellulose. However, this process is challenging due to the recalcitrant structure of lignocellulosic material. With this regard, extensive researches have been done to improve the efficiency of the pretreatment method for maximum removal of lignin from the lignocellulosic biomass. In this study, low-pressure steam heating pretreatment was introduced to examine the delignification effectiveness of pineapple wastes. In this study, screening of three parameters using low-pressure steam heating pretreatment (biomass loading, pressure, and residence time) were carried out using one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) analysis. From the results obtained, the best condition for low-pressure steam heating pretreatment was found to be at biomass loading of 5 %w/v, 80 kPa pressure, and 30 minutes residence time. A total of 46.89 % lignin had successfully been removed from pineapple wastes by using this pretreatment condition. The proposed pretreatment in this present study was proven to be a practical approach for biomass delignification.
{"title":"Screening of Low-Pressure Steam Heating Pretreatment Parameters For Enhanced Delignification of Pineapple Wastes","authors":"Intan Nur Athirah Daud, Hong Xiu Ping, N. Nordin, N. I. Wan Azelee","doi":"10.11113/bioprocessing.v1n1.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/bioprocessing.v1n1.16","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Pineapple waste is classified as lignocellulosic biomass that can potentially be used in the production of biofuel (bioethanol) to replace the current resources of fossil fuels. Carbohydrate compositions of pineapple waste (cellulose and hemicellulose) are excellent properties to be exploited as fermentable sugars that can be converted into bioethanol through the fermentation process. In producing fermentable sugars from pineapple wastes, a pretreatment process is required to breakdown the complex crystalline structure of lignocellulose. However, this process is challenging due to the recalcitrant structure of lignocellulosic material. With this regard, extensive researches have been done to improve the efficiency of the pretreatment method for maximum removal of lignin from the lignocellulosic biomass. In this study, low-pressure steam heating pretreatment was introduced to examine the delignification effectiveness of pineapple wastes. In this study, screening of three parameters using low-pressure steam heating pretreatment (biomass loading, pressure, and residence time) were carried out using one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) analysis. From the results obtained, the best condition for low-pressure steam heating pretreatment was found to be at biomass loading of 5 %w/v, 80 kPa pressure, and 30 minutes residence time. A total of 46.89 % lignin had successfully been removed from pineapple wastes by using this pretreatment condition. The proposed pretreatment in this present study was proven to be a practical approach for biomass delignification. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":244855,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioprocessing and Biomass Technology","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122268618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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