Pub Date : 2023-06-29DOI: 10.11113/bioprocessing.v2n1.26
W. R. Z. Wan Dagang, Murni Noor Al-Amin, Nik Ahmad Nizam Nik Malek, H. Jamaluddin
Bacterial adhesion on various marine biotic or abiotic surfaces and subsequent biofilm formation paves the path of biofouling in marine environment. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the lateral detachment forces between coated antifouling paint additive and local isolated marine bacteria; Bacillus niabensis and Alteromonas litorea using atomic force microscopy (AFM). A paint additive was prepared by employing the active compounds, silver ion (Ag+) and surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA) embedded in the kaolinite clay structure. An incubated 100 µL bacterial suspension loaded onto the coated antifouling paint additive were scanned using AFM with the scan rate of 40 µm/s and scan size of 10 × 10 µm2. Lateral detachment force was measured from a lower set point value of 0.3V to a maximum set point 10.0V. A weak interaction was observed between the model bacteria and paint additive (Or-Ag-Kao) coated surface with the mean lateral detachment force of 139.4 nN (B. niabensis) and 146.2 nN (A. litorea). Major contact surface area reduction observed on paint additive (Or-Ag-Kao) coated surfaces with 0.275 µm2 for B. niabensis and 0.391 µm2 for A. litorea indicated that paint additive coating successfully minimized bacterial attachment on the surface. The antifouling paint additive shows a reduction in lateral forces and minimized its surface contact, which could further prevent the microfouling formation on marine structures.
细菌在各种海洋生物或非生物表面的粘附和随后形成的生物膜为海洋环境中的生物污染铺平了道路。本研究的目的是确定涂层防污涂料添加剂与局部分离海洋细菌之间的侧向分离力;利用原子力显微镜(AFM)观察枯草芽孢杆菌和盐异单胞菌。将活性化合物银离子(Ag+)和表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基铵(HDTMA)包埋在高岭石粘土结构中，制备了涂料添加剂。将100µL细菌悬浮液负载于涂层的防污涂料添加剂上，用AFM扫描，扫描速率为40µm/s，扫描尺寸为10 × 10µm2。横向剥离力从较低的设定点0.3V测量到最大设定点10.0V。模型细菌与涂料添加剂(Or-Ag-Kao)的相互作用较弱，平均侧向脱离力分别为139.4 nN (niabensis)和146.2 nN (a.l itorea)。涂料添加剂(Or-Ag-Kao)涂层后，niabensis和a.l litorea的接触表面积分别减少了0.275µm2和0.391µm2，这表明涂料添加剂涂层成功地减少了细菌在表面的附着。该防污涂料添加剂可以降低船舶结构的侧向力，减少其表面接触，从而进一步防止海洋结构的微污染形成。
{"title":"Lateral detachment forces of Bacillus niabensis and Alteromonas litorea against antifouling paint additive","authors":"W. R. Z. Wan Dagang, Murni Noor Al-Amin, Nik Ahmad Nizam Nik Malek, H. Jamaluddin","doi":"10.11113/bioprocessing.v2n1.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/bioprocessing.v2n1.26","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Bacterial adhesion on various marine biotic or abiotic surfaces and subsequent biofilm formation paves the path of biofouling in marine environment. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the lateral detachment forces between coated antifouling paint additive and local isolated marine bacteria; Bacillus niabensis and Alteromonas litorea using atomic force microscopy (AFM). A paint additive was prepared by employing the active compounds, silver ion (Ag+) and surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA) embedded in the kaolinite clay structure. An incubated 100 µL bacterial suspension loaded onto the coated antifouling paint additive were scanned using AFM with the scan rate of 40 µm/s and scan size of 10 × 10 µm2. Lateral detachment force was measured from a lower set point value of 0.3V to a maximum set point 10.0V. A weak interaction was observed between the model bacteria and paint additive (Or-Ag-Kao) coated surface with the mean lateral detachment force of 139.4 nN (B. niabensis) and 146.2 nN (A. litorea). Major contact surface area reduction observed on paint additive (Or-Ag-Kao) coated surfaces with 0.275 µm2 for B. niabensis and 0.391 µm2 for A. litorea indicated that paint additive coating successfully minimized bacterial attachment on the surface. The antifouling paint additive shows a reduction in lateral forces and minimized its surface contact, which could further prevent the microfouling formation on marine structures. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":244855,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioprocessing and Biomass Technology","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128538601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-29DOI: 10.11113/bioprocessing.v2n1.21
Nor Hasmaliana Abdul Manas, Khairun Mahfuzah Khairil Mokhtar, Siti Fatimah Zaharah Mohd Fuzi, R. Che Man, A. C. Khayrani
Enhanced musa peel flour has a great potential as a low digestible starch that is beneficial for diabetic patients. Low digestible starch prevents the rapid increase of blood-glucose level which is crucial to protect from internal organ from damage. However, the black colour of the flour which is due to the phenolic compound oxidation in the cell wall has affected the sensory evaluation of consumers. In this work, instead of using conventional chemical treatment, enzymatic treatment is utilized to reduce the dark colour of the flour. Cell wall disruption by degradation of hemicellulose component by xylanase was hypothesized to accelerate the removal of the dark pigment. Colour reduction was optimized by varying xylanase concentration and incubation duration. Next, starch digestibility analysis was conducted using amylase enzyme to determine the starch digestibility fractions in the treated flour. As a result, instead of obtaining significant colour reduction of the flour, it is observed that there is a significant increment of resistant starch content (14%) in the treated enhanced musa peel flour. Meanwhile, reduction of 86.44% of rapidly digested starch content in the treated flour was also obtained. As a conclusion, the disruption of the cell wall by xylanase lead to the increase of the resistant starch content in the enhanced musa peel flour.
{"title":"Enzymatic Treatment of Enhanced Musa Peel Flour as Potential Low Digestible Starch","authors":"Nor Hasmaliana Abdul Manas, Khairun Mahfuzah Khairil Mokhtar, Siti Fatimah Zaharah Mohd Fuzi, R. Che Man, A. C. Khayrani","doi":"10.11113/bioprocessing.v2n1.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/bioprocessing.v2n1.21","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Enhanced musa peel flour has a great potential as a low digestible starch that is beneficial for diabetic patients. Low digestible starch prevents the rapid increase of blood-glucose level which is crucial to protect from internal organ from damage. However, the black colour of the flour which is due to the phenolic compound oxidation in the cell wall has affected the sensory evaluation of consumers. In this work, instead of using conventional chemical treatment, enzymatic treatment is utilized to reduce the dark colour of the flour. Cell wall disruption by degradation of hemicellulose component by xylanase was hypothesized to accelerate the removal of the dark pigment. Colour reduction was optimized by varying xylanase concentration and incubation duration. Next, starch digestibility analysis was conducted using amylase enzyme to determine the starch digestibility fractions in the treated flour. As a result, instead of obtaining significant colour reduction of the flour, it is observed that there is a significant increment of resistant starch content (14%) in the treated enhanced musa peel flour. Meanwhile, reduction of 86.44% of rapidly digested starch content in the treated flour was also obtained. As a conclusion, the disruption of the cell wall by xylanase lead to the increase of the resistant starch content in the enhanced musa peel flour. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":244855,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioprocessing and Biomass Technology","volume":"328 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124626368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-29DOI: 10.11113/bioprocessing.v2n1.23
Siti Fatimah Zaharah Muhamad Fuzi, Farhana Adilah Zahari, Ong Hong Puay, Low Kheng Oon, Iskandar Abdullah
Numerical studies have been conducted to sources for safer biological methods to produce xylitol. In view of these concerns and the benefits of xylitol, a fermentation process that is formulated to yield highest xylitol is both favourable and profitable. In this study, recovery of xylitol production from xylose by recombinant Escherichia coli system was conducted by modulating both carbon source and amino acid composition of the media for the relative growth delay of the strain. The key enzyme for xylitol production in this recombinant system is xylose reductase, XR which utilize NADPH to reduce D-xylose to xylitol. By adding 20 types of amino acids individually and substituting glycerol as the carbon source each time, showed an increase of xylitol to 5.24 g/L and yield biomass production to 1.536. It is hypothesize that supply of single amino acid act as a tool to enhance (NAD(P)H)/(NADP+) ratio. Reduced NAD(P)H competition from other bioprocesses help the cell replenishes the reduced cofactor pool. Xylitol has a remarkable benefits as a healthy replacement of table sugar. Therefore, the success of this study will definitely bring forward advance in the production technology and act as a reference for future research.
{"title":"Screening Effect of Amino Acid on Xylitol Production By Recombinant Escherichia coli System","authors":"Siti Fatimah Zaharah Muhamad Fuzi, Farhana Adilah Zahari, Ong Hong Puay, Low Kheng Oon, Iskandar Abdullah","doi":"10.11113/bioprocessing.v2n1.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/bioprocessing.v2n1.23","url":null,"abstract":"Numerical studies have been conducted to sources for safer biological methods to produce xylitol. In view of these concerns and the benefits of xylitol, a fermentation process that is formulated to yield highest xylitol is both favourable and profitable. In this study, recovery of xylitol production from xylose by recombinant Escherichia coli system was conducted by modulating both carbon source and amino acid composition of the media for the relative growth delay of the strain. The key enzyme for xylitol production in this recombinant system is xylose reductase, XR which utilize NADPH to reduce D-xylose to xylitol. By adding 20 types of amino acids individually and substituting glycerol as the carbon source each time, showed an increase of xylitol to 5.24 g/L and yield biomass production to 1.536. It is hypothesize that supply of single amino acid act as a tool to enhance (NAD(P)H)/(NADP+) ratio. Reduced NAD(P)H competition from other bioprocesses help the cell replenishes the reduced cofactor pool. Xylitol has a remarkable benefits as a healthy replacement of table sugar. Therefore, the success of this study will definitely bring forward advance in the production technology and act as a reference for future research.","PeriodicalId":244855,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioprocessing and Biomass Technology","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129637826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-29DOI: 10.11113/bioprocessing.v2n1.27
Noor Hidayah Abd Rahman, Khirthanna Murugesu, Roshanida A. Rahman, Z. Mohamad, J. Jaafar, Rosli Md Illias, D. Sukmawati, Mohd Syahlan Mohd Syukri
Modern technological of human activities in industries or housing areas have created an unhealthy environment, particularly through unmanageable wastewater. For the time being, this kind of pollution is getting serious as it caused the emerging pollutant actively to spread to humans and living organisms. These non-biodegradable pollutants, to be specifically known as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are synthetic or natural chemicals that have high toxicity and persistency which can interfere with the endocrine system in humans and animals. The removal of EDCs has received high attraction among researchers using physical-chemical treatments, however, conventional techniques do not effectively remove EDCs from wastewater. This review aims to discuss research related to biological approaches that have been carried out to efficiently remove EDCs from wastewater using oxidoreductase enzymes, especially via an immobilization strategy. In general, free enzymes have limitations to be applied in industrial scales such as low stability and fragility, and unable to separate from the bulk solution. On the other hand, immobilized enzymes offer better operational stability and reusability in harsh environments. This review also discussed the bioremediation of EDCs using several immobilized oxidoreductase enzymes like lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidases (MnP), horseradish peroxidases (HRP), laccases and tyrosinases. The application of immobilized enzymes and factors affecting the bioremediation using oxidoreductase enzymes were also explored to highlight their potential for the removal of EDCs from wastewater.
{"title":"A Brief Review of Immobilized Oxidoreductase Enzymes for the Removal of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals from Wastewater","authors":"Noor Hidayah Abd Rahman, Khirthanna Murugesu, Roshanida A. Rahman, Z. Mohamad, J. Jaafar, Rosli Md Illias, D. Sukmawati, Mohd Syahlan Mohd Syukri","doi":"10.11113/bioprocessing.v2n1.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/bioprocessing.v2n1.27","url":null,"abstract":"Modern technological of human activities in industries or housing areas have created an unhealthy environment, particularly through unmanageable wastewater. For the time being, this kind of pollution is getting serious as it caused the emerging pollutant actively to spread to humans and living organisms. These non-biodegradable pollutants, to be specifically known as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are synthetic or natural chemicals that have high toxicity and persistency which can interfere with the endocrine system in humans and animals. The removal of EDCs has received high attraction among researchers using physical-chemical treatments, however, conventional techniques do not effectively remove EDCs from wastewater. This review aims to discuss research related to biological approaches that have been carried out to efficiently remove EDCs from wastewater using oxidoreductase enzymes, especially via an immobilization strategy. In general, free enzymes have limitations to be applied in industrial scales such as low stability and fragility, and unable to separate from the bulk solution. On the other hand, immobilized enzymes offer better operational stability and reusability in harsh environments. This review also discussed the bioremediation of EDCs using several immobilized oxidoreductase enzymes like lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidases (MnP), horseradish peroxidases (HRP), laccases and tyrosinases. The application of immobilized enzymes and factors affecting the bioremediation using oxidoreductase enzymes were also explored to highlight their potential for the removal of EDCs from wastewater.","PeriodicalId":244855,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioprocessing and Biomass Technology","volume":"248 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127058826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-29DOI: 10.11113/bioprocessing.v2n1.22
Govinraj Ravi Chandran, Daniel Joe Dailin, Nor Hasmaliana Abdul Manas, Hesham Ali El-Ensashy, Mustafa Man, Zehra Edis, W. Fatriasari, N. I. Wan Azelee
With the quick commercial expansion, demand for cosmetics made with natural materials has been rising steadily over time. A potential replacement that is substantially safer than the chemical ingredients would be a deep-sea water (DSW) based cosmetic that mostly consists of organic and biomaterial elements. This research attempts to demonstrate that DSW can be a good alternative to chemical cosmetics by examining its antibacterial capabilities. The antibacterial properties of DSW were ascertained using the well diffusion method and the Mueller Hinton Agar plate technique. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, two of the most prevalent bacteria on human skin, were used in the antimicrobial tests. The hollow zones that were produced as a result of the inhibition zones were assessed to demonstrate their potential as a replacement for numerous chemical-based products. This study will serve as a foundation for the widespread use of DSW, which promises to be a safe and sustainable ingredient, in future cosmetics.
{"title":"Antimicrobial Properties of Deep-Sea Water towards Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus","authors":"Govinraj Ravi Chandran, Daniel Joe Dailin, Nor Hasmaliana Abdul Manas, Hesham Ali El-Ensashy, Mustafa Man, Zehra Edis, W. Fatriasari, N. I. Wan Azelee","doi":"10.11113/bioprocessing.v2n1.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/bioprocessing.v2n1.22","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000With the quick commercial expansion, demand for cosmetics made with natural materials has been rising steadily over time. A potential replacement that is substantially safer than the chemical ingredients would be a deep-sea water (DSW) based cosmetic that mostly consists of organic and biomaterial elements. This research attempts to demonstrate that DSW can be a good alternative to chemical cosmetics by examining its antibacterial capabilities. The antibacterial properties of DSW were ascertained using the well diffusion method and the Mueller Hinton Agar plate technique. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, two of the most prevalent bacteria on human skin, were used in the antimicrobial tests. The hollow zones that were produced as a result of the inhibition zones were assessed to demonstrate their potential as a replacement for numerous chemical-based products. This study will serve as a foundation for the widespread use of DSW, which promises to be a safe and sustainable ingredient, in future cosmetics. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":244855,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioprocessing and Biomass Technology","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126524092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-29DOI: 10.11113/bioprocessing.v2n1.20
Siew Xia Wong, Y. M. Mohd Jusoh, I. Muhamad, Z. Hashim
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a tropical fruit with excellent health benefits. However, papaya fruit with soft flesh is easily damaged and susceptible to oxidative degradation, which is not favourable for extended storage and transportation. One way of preserving papaya fruit is by drying into powdered form using spray-drying or freeze-drying techniques. The papaya fruit powder can then be transformed into various products such as instant drink mix and health supplements. This study aims to develop a suitable formulation of papaya fruit powder incorporated instant drink mix with high nutritional content and good sensory properties. Six different combinations were tried with different amount of papaya powder and other ingredients and evaluated for their physical and sensory properties. According to the results, the most liked Sample 3 has the greatest acceptability score due to its optimal flavour, aroma, and taste. Proximate analysis of Sample 3 revealed moisture content (5.3%), total carbohydrate (77.7%), total fat (0.3%), ash content (4.1%), total dietary fibre (0.2%) and protein (12.6%) which was comparable to available commercial product. Furthermore, the microbial activity test showed that the total plate count of microbes is 7.3×103 CFU/gm which is categorized as accepted and satisfied. This study demonstrates a practical use of powdered papaya fruit incorporated into instant drink mix that can be nutritional and convenient with good sensory properties.
{"title":"Formulation of Papaya Fruit Powder Incorporated Instant Drink Mix","authors":"Siew Xia Wong, Y. M. Mohd Jusoh, I. Muhamad, Z. Hashim","doi":"10.11113/bioprocessing.v2n1.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/bioprocessing.v2n1.20","url":null,"abstract":"Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a tropical fruit with excellent health benefits. However, papaya fruit with soft flesh is easily damaged and susceptible to oxidative degradation, which is not favourable for extended storage and transportation. One way of preserving papaya fruit is by drying into powdered form using spray-drying or freeze-drying techniques. The papaya fruit powder can then be transformed into various products such as instant drink mix and health supplements. This study aims to develop a suitable formulation of papaya fruit powder incorporated instant drink mix with high nutritional content and good sensory properties. Six different combinations were tried with different amount of papaya powder and other ingredients and evaluated for their physical and sensory properties. According to the results, the most liked Sample 3 has the greatest acceptability score due to its optimal flavour, aroma, and taste. Proximate analysis of Sample 3 revealed moisture content (5.3%), total carbohydrate (77.7%), total fat (0.3%), ash content (4.1%), total dietary fibre (0.2%) and protein (12.6%) which was comparable to available commercial product. Furthermore, the microbial activity test showed that the total plate count of microbes is 7.3×103 CFU/gm which is categorized as accepted and satisfied. This study demonstrates a practical use of powdered papaya fruit incorporated into instant drink mix that can be nutritional and convenient with good sensory properties.","PeriodicalId":244855,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioprocessing and Biomass Technology","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129450750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-29DOI: 10.11113/bioprocessing.v2n1.25
Chiew Tian Lim, Rosnani Hasham@Hisam, R. Sabtu
The herbal cleansing gel from turmeric extract is a natural skin care product with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Despite its advantages, turmeric extract has a higher metabolism, a low absorption rate, stability, and solubility. Encapsulation of turmeric extract had been developed to increase the bioavailability of turmeric extract for topical drug delivery. Hence, turmeric extract is encapsulated via nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) to produce turmeric extract-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (T-NLCs). This project highlights the formulation and characterization of an herbal cleansing gel from encapsulated turmeric extract. To produce T-NLCs, medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) as liquid lipid and glycerol monostearate (GMS) as solid lipid generated an imperfect matrix incorporating turmeric extract. The T-NLCs were then characterized in terms of particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and stability. The T-NLCs exhibited particle size 129.407 ± 1.278 nm, polydispersity index 15.067 ± 2.105%, zeta potential -44.7 ± 1.8 mV, encapsulation efficiency 98.04 ± 9.19 % and remained stable over 30 days. The herbal cleansing gel was formulated with T-NLCs and characterized in term sensory test. The formulation is believed to improve the turmeric extract's phytochemical stability, biocompatibility, skin permeability, and dermo-cosmetic efficiency. In conclusion, developing turmeric in an innovative encapsulated formulation has aided in developing herbal-based cosmetic products for a wide range of skin care systems.
{"title":"Formulation and Characterization of Herbal Cleansing Gel from Turmeric Extract Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers","authors":"Chiew Tian Lim, Rosnani Hasham@Hisam, R. Sabtu","doi":"10.11113/bioprocessing.v2n1.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/bioprocessing.v2n1.25","url":null,"abstract":"The herbal cleansing gel from turmeric extract is a natural skin care product with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Despite its advantages, turmeric extract has a higher metabolism, a low absorption rate, stability, and solubility. Encapsulation of turmeric extract had been developed to increase the bioavailability of turmeric extract for topical drug delivery. Hence, turmeric extract is encapsulated via nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) to produce turmeric extract-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (T-NLCs). This project highlights the formulation and characterization of an herbal cleansing gel from encapsulated turmeric extract. To produce T-NLCs, medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) as liquid lipid and glycerol monostearate (GMS) as solid lipid generated an imperfect matrix incorporating turmeric extract. The T-NLCs were then characterized in terms of particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and stability. The T-NLCs exhibited particle size 129.407 ± 1.278 nm, polydispersity index 15.067 ± 2.105%, zeta potential -44.7 ± 1.8 mV, encapsulation efficiency 98.04 ± 9.19 % and remained stable over 30 days. The herbal cleansing gel was formulated with T-NLCs and characterized in term sensory test. The formulation is believed to improve the turmeric extract's phytochemical stability, biocompatibility, skin permeability, and dermo-cosmetic efficiency. In conclusion, developing turmeric in an innovative encapsulated formulation has aided in developing herbal-based cosmetic products for a wide range of skin care systems.","PeriodicalId":244855,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioprocessing and Biomass Technology","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116381072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-22DOI: 10.11113/bioprocessing.v1n1.6
Liyana Hazirah Anuar, Nur Amirah Khairina Khairil Anwar, K. L. Low, N. Mohd Yusof, Ani Idris
Lactic acid is produced from inorganic salt pretreated oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) for the first time through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). OPEFB is an agricultural waste that can be turned into lactic acid (LA), a highly desired chemical product. An inorganic salt (Na3PO4.12H2O-FeCl3) pretreatment precedes SSF with Bacillus coagulans DSM2314. The effect of solid loading, concentration CaCO3 and enzyme loading on LA generation is studied using design of experiments. The results show that solid loading and concentration CaCO3 affect LA yield. 50g/L biomass, 50g/L CaCO3 concentration, and 50 FPU/g cellulase enzyme yield maximal LA (46.66/L) and yield (0.93/g OPEFB). The model created to predict LA production was then validated.
{"title":"Lactic Acid Production from Sequential Inorganic Salt Pretreated Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch via Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation","authors":"Liyana Hazirah Anuar, Nur Amirah Khairina Khairil Anwar, K. L. Low, N. Mohd Yusof, Ani Idris","doi":"10.11113/bioprocessing.v1n1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/bioprocessing.v1n1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Lactic acid is produced from inorganic salt pretreated oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) for the first time through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). OPEFB is an agricultural waste that can be turned into lactic acid (LA), a highly desired chemical product. An inorganic salt (Na3PO4.12H2O-FeCl3) pretreatment precedes SSF with Bacillus coagulans DSM2314. The effect of solid loading, concentration CaCO3 and enzyme loading on LA generation is studied using design of experiments. The results show that solid loading and concentration CaCO3 affect LA yield. 50g/L biomass, 50g/L CaCO3 concentration, and 50 FPU/g cellulase enzyme yield maximal LA (46.66/L) and yield (0.93/g OPEFB). The model created to predict LA production was then validated.","PeriodicalId":244855,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioprocessing and Biomass Technology","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131749488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-22DOI: 10.11113/bioprocessing.v1n1.7
Badrul Nazahan Khairul Salleh, N. R. Jaafar, Rosli Md Illias
Plastics are made from non-renewable resources and due to the tremendous production of plastics nowadays, they can lead to high levels of pollution. Biodegradation of plastic by utilizing enzymatic catalytic reaction is an environmentally friendly strategy that produce less or no negative carbon footprint. PETase from Ideonella sakaiensis (IsPETase) is an enzyme that able to degrade polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a building block of plastic. However, free enzyme has several limitations such as unstable in harsh conditions and lack of reusability. One of the strategies to overcome this drawback is through enzyme immobilization that able to improve the enzymatic properties. A suitable crosslinker is very important as it would determine the interactions of the enzymatic particles. Crosslinker should be chosen before performing the enzyme immobilization and this can be accomplished by molecular docking. Thus, the purpose of this research is to determine the suitability of glutaraldehyde, chitosan, dialdehyde starch (DAS) and ethylene glycol as the crosslinker for IsPETase and its variant. Three-dimensional structure of the enzymes was built and docked with different types of crosslinkers. Binding affinity and interactions between the enzymes and the crosslinkers were analyzed and it was found that chitosan has the lowest binding affinity (-7.9 kcal/mol) and the highest number of interactions. This is followed by DAS, ethylene glycol and glutaraldehyde. By using computational analysis, suitable crosslinker for IsPETase could be determine and this would a cost-effective practice in enzyme immobilization strategy.
{"title":"Molecular and Interactions Modelling of PETase and Its Variant with Different Types of Crosslinker in Enzyme Immobilization","authors":"Badrul Nazahan Khairul Salleh, N. R. Jaafar, Rosli Md Illias","doi":"10.11113/bioprocessing.v1n1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/bioprocessing.v1n1.7","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Plastics are made from non-renewable resources and due to the tremendous production of plastics nowadays, they can lead to high levels of pollution. Biodegradation of plastic by utilizing enzymatic catalytic reaction is an environmentally friendly strategy that produce less or no negative carbon footprint. PETase from Ideonella sakaiensis (IsPETase) is an enzyme that able to degrade polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a building block of plastic. However, free enzyme has several limitations such as unstable in harsh conditions and lack of reusability. One of the strategies to overcome this drawback is through enzyme immobilization that able to improve the enzymatic properties. A suitable crosslinker is very important as it would determine the interactions of the enzymatic particles. Crosslinker should be chosen before performing the enzyme immobilization and this can be accomplished by molecular docking. Thus, the purpose of this research is to determine the suitability of glutaraldehyde, chitosan, dialdehyde starch (DAS) and ethylene glycol as the crosslinker for IsPETase and its variant. Three-dimensional structure of the enzymes was built and docked with different types of crosslinkers. Binding affinity and interactions between the enzymes and the crosslinkers were analyzed and it was found that chitosan has the lowest binding affinity (-7.9 kcal/mol) and the highest number of interactions. This is followed by DAS, ethylene glycol and glutaraldehyde. By using computational analysis, suitable crosslinker for IsPETase could be determine and this would a cost-effective practice in enzyme immobilization strategy. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":244855,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioprocessing and Biomass Technology","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114251127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-22DOI: 10.11113/bioprocessing.v1n1.10
Jack Mink Tan, Roslina Rashid, S. M. Mohamed Esivan, N. Zaharudin
Co-culture fermentation is widely applied for its synergistic effects. The synergistic effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and propionic acid bacteria (PAB) are reported to improve the ruminant feed efficiency through the supplementations of probiotics. However, although co-culture fermentation of LAB and PAB has been recently demonstrated, the effects of carbon source and inoculum’s ratio on the microbial growth in co-fermentation are still not well-explored. Thus, this study was carried out to investigate the effect of rice bran concentration, as carbon source and inoculum’s ratio on the growth of L. casei and P. jensenii in co-culture fermentation. Reducing sugar content was extracted from rice bran through autoclave at 121℃ for 15 minutes. Co-culture fermentation was carried out in 2 stages: rice bran extract concentration’s variation and inoculum’s ratio variation. Co-culture in 20% w/v of RBE concentration showed the highest yield coefficient of YX/S of 0.265 g biomass/g substrate and YP/S of 0.715 g propionic acid/g substrate. Therefore, 20% w/v RBE concentration was used for the study of inoculum’s ratio. The YX/S (0.254 g biomass/g substrate) and YP/S (0.653 g propionic acid/g substrate) of ratio 1:4 was slightly lower than ratio 1:8, but the viability of L. casei (8.934 log10 CFU/mL) and P. jensenii (9.420 log10 CFU/mL) was the highest in ratio 1:4. Although increase of PAB ratio can increase biomass produced, but ratio 1:4 can achieve higher microbes’ viability which is important in the development of probiotics products.
{"title":"Effects of Initial Rice Bran Concentration and Inoculum's Ratio on Microbial Growth of Co-culture Fermentation","authors":"Jack Mink Tan, Roslina Rashid, S. M. Mohamed Esivan, N. Zaharudin","doi":"10.11113/bioprocessing.v1n1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/bioprocessing.v1n1.10","url":null,"abstract":"Co-culture fermentation is widely applied for its synergistic effects. The synergistic effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and propionic acid bacteria (PAB) are reported to improve the ruminant feed efficiency through the supplementations of probiotics. However, although co-culture fermentation of LAB and PAB has been recently demonstrated, the effects of carbon source and inoculum’s ratio on the microbial growth in co-fermentation are still not well-explored. Thus, this study was carried out to investigate the effect of rice bran concentration, as carbon source and inoculum’s ratio on the growth of L. casei and P. jensenii in co-culture fermentation. Reducing sugar content was extracted from rice bran through autoclave at 121℃ for 15 minutes. Co-culture fermentation was carried out in 2 stages: rice bran extract concentration’s variation and inoculum’s ratio variation. Co-culture in 20% w/v of RBE concentration showed the highest yield coefficient of YX/S of 0.265 g biomass/g substrate and YP/S of 0.715 g propionic acid/g substrate. Therefore, 20% w/v RBE concentration was used for the study of inoculum’s ratio. The YX/S (0.254 g biomass/g substrate) and YP/S (0.653 g propionic acid/g substrate) of ratio 1:4 was slightly lower than ratio 1:8, but the viability of L. casei (8.934 log10 CFU/mL) and P. jensenii (9.420 log10 CFU/mL) was the highest in ratio 1:4. Although increase of PAB ratio can increase biomass produced, but ratio 1:4 can achieve higher microbes’ viability which is important in the development of probiotics products.","PeriodicalId":244855,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioprocessing and Biomass Technology","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126729524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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