Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISGTEurope.2012.6465783
F. Villella, S. Leclerc, I. Erlich, S. Rapoport
This paper presents the methodology proposed and implemented to obtain a very large scale test model for demonstration purpose in FP7 PEGASE project. The model is meant to be representative of the European interconnected transmission network main characteristics. It will be available for public use in benchmarking and testing of power systems simulation tools, from static to dynamic simulation applications. Some simulation results from PEGASE demonstration scenarios are presented for illustration purpose.
{"title":"PEGASE pan-European test-beds for testing of algorithms on very large scale power systems","authors":"F. Villella, S. Leclerc, I. Erlich, S. Rapoport","doi":"10.1109/ISGTEurope.2012.6465783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEurope.2012.6465783","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the methodology proposed and implemented to obtain a very large scale test model for demonstration purpose in FP7 PEGASE project. The model is meant to be representative of the European interconnected transmission network main characteristics. It will be available for public use in benchmarking and testing of power systems simulation tools, from static to dynamic simulation applications. Some simulation results from PEGASE demonstration scenarios are presented for illustration purpose.","PeriodicalId":244881,"journal":{"name":"2012 3rd IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124435450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISGTEurope.2012.6465687
V. Tikka, J. Lassila, H. Makkonen, J. Partanen
The interest in electric vehicles (EVs) is rapidly increasing, and the upward trend seems to continue also in the future. As a result of the increasing energy consumption, the grid infrastructure has to be developed further, and moreover, it is necessary to analyze the network effects of the electric vehicle charging. In this paper, the challenge is approached by an actual case area in Finland and simulated EV traffic. The data used in the simulation are collected by measuring the traffic flow on the road leading to the case area. The objective of the paper is to demonstrate how the grid effects of large-scale electrification of transportation can be addressed, and what data are required to assess the additional charging load in a feasible manner. The data are processed by applying the Monte-Carlo method, and also a sensitivity analysis is performed.
{"title":"Case study of the load demand of electric vehicle charging and optimal charging schemes in an urban area","authors":"V. Tikka, J. Lassila, H. Makkonen, J. Partanen","doi":"10.1109/ISGTEurope.2012.6465687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEurope.2012.6465687","url":null,"abstract":"The interest in electric vehicles (EVs) is rapidly increasing, and the upward trend seems to continue also in the future. As a result of the increasing energy consumption, the grid infrastructure has to be developed further, and moreover, it is necessary to analyze the network effects of the electric vehicle charging. In this paper, the challenge is approached by an actual case area in Finland and simulated EV traffic. The data used in the simulation are collected by measuring the traffic flow on the road leading to the case area. The objective of the paper is to demonstrate how the grid effects of large-scale electrification of transportation can be addressed, and what data are required to assess the additional charging load in a feasible manner. The data are processed by applying the Monte-Carlo method, and also a sensitivity analysis is performed.","PeriodicalId":244881,"journal":{"name":"2012 3rd IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124581849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISGTEurope.2012.6465739
I. Bielchev, A. Naumann, A. Visyashchev, R. Krebs, Z. Styczynski
Communication and protection issues play an important role when speaking about the smart grid. This paper presents possibilities of testing power system protection relays and communication concepts for smart distribution. A description of the Smart Grid laboratory hardware and the main protection devices is presented in the paper. Further use cases and functionalities provided by the lab equipment are described and the possibilities by dynamically configuring devices and system interaction are shown. Concepts for the integration of monitored and controllable decentralized energy sources are demonstrated The coupling between simulation tools and the touchable hardware is a key element for performing analysis of any user-defined scenario and the concept of this coupling is described here. Example test results of protection equipment are presented.
{"title":"Modeling and investigation of communication and protection scenarios for Smart Grid","authors":"I. Bielchev, A. Naumann, A. Visyashchev, R. Krebs, Z. Styczynski","doi":"10.1109/ISGTEurope.2012.6465739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEurope.2012.6465739","url":null,"abstract":"Communication and protection issues play an important role when speaking about the smart grid. This paper presents possibilities of testing power system protection relays and communication concepts for smart distribution. A description of the Smart Grid laboratory hardware and the main protection devices is presented in the paper. Further use cases and functionalities provided by the lab equipment are described and the possibilities by dynamically configuring devices and system interaction are shown. Concepts for the integration of monitored and controllable decentralized energy sources are demonstrated The coupling between simulation tools and the touchable hardware is a key element for performing analysis of any user-defined scenario and the concept of this coupling is described here. Example test results of protection equipment are presented.","PeriodicalId":244881,"journal":{"name":"2012 3rd IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115105915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISGTEurope.2012.6465683
R. Kuwahata, N. Martensen, T. Ackermann, Sven Teske
This paper presents an approach that could be adopted as part of electrification strategies in developing countries. It makes use of microgrid designs which can be expanded and replicated in a modular fashion across wide geographic areas. The process of designing such a system is demonstrated with a case study in the state of Bihar in India. Results from the case study allow the costs of electrification by microgrids to be compared with those of extending the grid, and minimum distances from the grid where microgrid systems would be financially preferable to be determined. Taking into consideration the additional benefits offered by microgrid systems such as the ability to provide a highly reliable electricity supply, reduce transmission losses, expand the grid with smart features and facilitate the integration of renewable energies, it presents a convincing alternative to existing electrification strategies in developing countries.
{"title":"The role of microgrids in accelerating energy access","authors":"R. Kuwahata, N. Martensen, T. Ackermann, Sven Teske","doi":"10.1109/ISGTEurope.2012.6465683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEurope.2012.6465683","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an approach that could be adopted as part of electrification strategies in developing countries. It makes use of microgrid designs which can be expanded and replicated in a modular fashion across wide geographic areas. The process of designing such a system is demonstrated with a case study in the state of Bihar in India. Results from the case study allow the costs of electrification by microgrids to be compared with those of extending the grid, and minimum distances from the grid where microgrid systems would be financially preferable to be determined. Taking into consideration the additional benefits offered by microgrid systems such as the ability to provide a highly reliable electricity supply, reduce transmission losses, expand the grid with smart features and facilitate the integration of renewable energies, it presents a convincing alternative to existing electrification strategies in developing countries.","PeriodicalId":244881,"journal":{"name":"2012 3rd IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe)","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116298889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISGTEurope.2012.6465735
José A. Barros, H. Leite, N. Jenkins
Developers of distributed generator schemes often wish to increase the size of their generators, in order to make their projects more economically attractive. This work reported the coordination of the operation of independent distributed generators connected to the same circuit, so as to maximise the amount of electrical energy they deliver without exceeding the power limit of that circuit. An Aggregator, owned by the generators, schedules the generators that can be dispatched in times of reduced output of the other generation. The coordination leads to an additional income from the surplus of electrical energy that is able to be produced. The Aggregator runs a cooperative game with transferable utility to allocate this amount, considering the electrical power produced and the type of each generator. The results of a numerical example showed that all generators have an economic incentive to operate in a coordinated manner.
{"title":"Coordinating independent distributed generators","authors":"José A. Barros, H. Leite, N. Jenkins","doi":"10.1109/ISGTEurope.2012.6465735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEurope.2012.6465735","url":null,"abstract":"Developers of distributed generator schemes often wish to increase the size of their generators, in order to make their projects more economically attractive. This work reported the coordination of the operation of independent distributed generators connected to the same circuit, so as to maximise the amount of electrical energy they deliver without exceeding the power limit of that circuit. An Aggregator, owned by the generators, schedules the generators that can be dispatched in times of reduced output of the other generation. The coordination leads to an additional income from the surplus of electrical energy that is able to be produced. The Aggregator runs a cooperative game with transferable utility to allocate this amount, considering the electrical power produced and the type of each generator. The results of a numerical example showed that all generators have an economic incentive to operate in a coordinated manner.","PeriodicalId":244881,"journal":{"name":"2012 3rd IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe)","volume":"2 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123667817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISGTEurope.2012.6465635
E. Abbasi, H. Ameli, K. Strunz
The hybrid wind-photovoltaic Power Park proposed in this paper is designed to perform multiple tasks while using renewable energies as the principle resources. Even though the renewable energy sources are intermittent and volatile, thanks to the battery energy storage system integrated in the Power Park, it is possible to attain deterministic power exchanges with the grid by an optimized scheduling and online operation strategy. Battery storage is integrated in the Power Park for renewable energy management, providing uninterruptible power supply, probably deferring some network upgrades, fast charging of electrical vehicles, and enhancing the value of the electricity generated by time-shifting delivery to the grid in a smart grid environment. In this paper, it is shown that the Power Park can be scheduled optimally for the mentioned multiple applications. An optimized scheduling program for the designed Power Park is formulated. An online scheduling strategy for the Power Park is also developed. Numerical results justify effectiveness of the developed methods.
{"title":"Day-ahead and online scheduling of a Power Park in urban electricity infrastructure","authors":"E. Abbasi, H. Ameli, K. Strunz","doi":"10.1109/ISGTEurope.2012.6465635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEurope.2012.6465635","url":null,"abstract":"The hybrid wind-photovoltaic Power Park proposed in this paper is designed to perform multiple tasks while using renewable energies as the principle resources. Even though the renewable energy sources are intermittent and volatile, thanks to the battery energy storage system integrated in the Power Park, it is possible to attain deterministic power exchanges with the grid by an optimized scheduling and online operation strategy. Battery storage is integrated in the Power Park for renewable energy management, providing uninterruptible power supply, probably deferring some network upgrades, fast charging of electrical vehicles, and enhancing the value of the electricity generated by time-shifting delivery to the grid in a smart grid environment. In this paper, it is shown that the Power Park can be scheduled optimally for the mentioned multiple applications. An optimized scheduling program for the designed Power Park is formulated. An online scheduling strategy for the Power Park is also developed. Numerical results justify effectiveness of the developed methods.","PeriodicalId":244881,"journal":{"name":"2012 3rd IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117116324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISGTEurope.2012.6465818
Seyed Sohail Madani, A. Abbaspour, M. Beiraghi, Payam Zamani Dehkordi, A. Ranjbar
Under smart grid environment, islanding detection plays an important role in reliable operation of distributed generation (DG) units. In this paper an intelligent-based islanding detection algorithm for PV and DFIG units is proposed. Decision tree algorithm is used to classify islanding detection instances. This algorithm is rapid, simple, intelligible and easy to interpret. The error rate of this method is reduced by Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost) technique. The proposed method is tested on a distribution system including PV, DFIG and synchronous generator. Probable events in the system are simulated under diverse operating states to generate classification data set. First and second order derivatives of locally measured electrical parameters are used for construction of 16-dimensional instances. The results indicate that Adaboost technique yields improved islanding detection accuracy. This algorithm is capable of detecting islanding phenomenon under operating states with negligible power mismatch.
{"title":"Islanding detection for PV and DFIG using decision tree and AdaBoost algorithm","authors":"Seyed Sohail Madani, A. Abbaspour, M. Beiraghi, Payam Zamani Dehkordi, A. Ranjbar","doi":"10.1109/ISGTEurope.2012.6465818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEurope.2012.6465818","url":null,"abstract":"Under smart grid environment, islanding detection plays an important role in reliable operation of distributed generation (DG) units. In this paper an intelligent-based islanding detection algorithm for PV and DFIG units is proposed. Decision tree algorithm is used to classify islanding detection instances. This algorithm is rapid, simple, intelligible and easy to interpret. The error rate of this method is reduced by Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost) technique. The proposed method is tested on a distribution system including PV, DFIG and synchronous generator. Probable events in the system are simulated under diverse operating states to generate classification data set. First and second order derivatives of locally measured electrical parameters are used for construction of 16-dimensional instances. The results indicate that Adaboost technique yields improved islanding detection accuracy. This algorithm is capable of detecting islanding phenomenon under operating states with negligible power mismatch.","PeriodicalId":244881,"journal":{"name":"2012 3rd IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe)","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124025516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISGTEurope.2012.6465707
M. Khattabi, A. Kießling, Patrick Selzam, J. Ringelstein
The increasing installation of decentralized generators at the low voltage level is rendered difficult through the lack of monitoring and control possibilities at this level. The operation of distribution grids therefore needs to be extended in order to include this grid section. This paper presents a new control strategy based on agents which allows for the decentralized and coordinated management of generators, storage and loads. To implement this strategy, this work introduces distributed automation algorithms which are studied using the electric grid simulation software DIgSILENT Power Factory extended with an external Java/C++ development interface. The algorithms are developed and tested using a steady-state distributed simulation, and first results thereof are presented.
由于在低电压一级缺乏监测和控制的可能性,越来越多地安装分散发电机变得困难。因此,配电网的运行需要扩展,以包括这部分电网。本文提出了一种新的基于智能体的控制策略,可以实现发电机、储能系统和负荷的分散协调管理。为了实现这一策略,本文引入分布式自动化算法,利用电网仿真软件DIgSILENT Power Factory进行了研究,并扩展了外部Java/ c++开发接口。采用稳态分布式仿真对算法进行了开发和测试,并给出了初步结果。
{"title":"Agent based automation for a smarter distribution grid","authors":"M. Khattabi, A. Kießling, Patrick Selzam, J. Ringelstein","doi":"10.1109/ISGTEurope.2012.6465707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEurope.2012.6465707","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing installation of decentralized generators at the low voltage level is rendered difficult through the lack of monitoring and control possibilities at this level. The operation of distribution grids therefore needs to be extended in order to include this grid section. This paper presents a new control strategy based on agents which allows for the decentralized and coordinated management of generators, storage and loads. To implement this strategy, this work introduces distributed automation algorithms which are studied using the electric grid simulation software DIgSILENT Power Factory extended with an external Java/C++ development interface. The algorithms are developed and tested using a steady-state distributed simulation, and first results thereof are presented.","PeriodicalId":244881,"journal":{"name":"2012 3rd IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe)","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129721566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISGTEurope.2012.6465697
J. Trefke, C. Dänekas, S. Rohjans, José M. González Vázquez
The development of ICT-Architectures for Smart Grids needs to regard requirements from multiple sources. These sources outline architectural viewpoints regarding domains, functionalities, and cross cutting issues like interoperability or security. A reference architecture is developed in context of the European Smart Grid Mandate M/490 which proposes a structure of interoperability layers, domains and zones, called the Smart Grid Architectural Model (SGAM). Such high-level reference architectures are not directly applicable within enterprises due to the differences in focus. Yet, the SGAM-structure may be used to transfer the concepts of the architecture into the enterprise context. For this purpose the methodological framework proposed in this contribution integrates the authors' research approaches. These provide integrated building blocks for enterprise-specific Smart Grid ICT-Architecture development, using the SGAM as the underlying structure.
{"title":"Adaptive architecture development for Smart Grids based on integrated building blocks","authors":"J. Trefke, C. Dänekas, S. Rohjans, José M. González Vázquez","doi":"10.1109/ISGTEurope.2012.6465697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEurope.2012.6465697","url":null,"abstract":"The development of ICT-Architectures for Smart Grids needs to regard requirements from multiple sources. These sources outline architectural viewpoints regarding domains, functionalities, and cross cutting issues like interoperability or security. A reference architecture is developed in context of the European Smart Grid Mandate M/490 which proposes a structure of interoperability layers, domains and zones, called the Smart Grid Architectural Model (SGAM). Such high-level reference architectures are not directly applicable within enterprises due to the differences in focus. Yet, the SGAM-structure may be used to transfer the concepts of the architecture into the enterprise context. For this purpose the methodological framework proposed in this contribution integrates the authors' research approaches. These provide integrated building blocks for enterprise-specific Smart Grid ICT-Architecture development, using the SGAM as the underlying structure.","PeriodicalId":244881,"journal":{"name":"2012 3rd IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128362036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISGTEurope.2012.6465886
Kohei Wada, A. Yokoyama
There has been a rapid expansion of renewable energy such as wind power and solar power in recent years. However, when the generated power flows into a power system the frequency fluctuation occurs by the unbalance of power supply and demand is concerned since the output of wind power or solar power changes every moment. Therefore, this paper presents a new frequency control method of the power grid with a large integration of the renewable energy based generations assuming that distributed batteries are introduced to the demand side. The influence of the characteristics of the information and communication technology on the matching of the power supply and demand is verified in case that the batteries are controlled by the signals sent from the grid side.
{"title":"Load frequency control using distributed batteries on the demand side with communication characteristics","authors":"Kohei Wada, A. Yokoyama","doi":"10.1109/ISGTEurope.2012.6465886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEurope.2012.6465886","url":null,"abstract":"There has been a rapid expansion of renewable energy such as wind power and solar power in recent years. However, when the generated power flows into a power system the frequency fluctuation occurs by the unbalance of power supply and demand is concerned since the output of wind power or solar power changes every moment. Therefore, this paper presents a new frequency control method of the power grid with a large integration of the renewable energy based generations assuming that distributed batteries are introduced to the demand side. The influence of the characteristics of the information and communication technology on the matching of the power supply and demand is verified in case that the batteries are controlled by the signals sent from the grid side.","PeriodicalId":244881,"journal":{"name":"2012 3rd IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe)","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128737973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}