Pub Date : 2022-08-21DOI: 10.51626/ijor.2022.03.00017
The concept of field cancerization was proposed by Slaughter et al. in 1953. Field cancerization of the mucosa of aerodigestive tract frequently develops on account of tobacco and alcohol usage. The oral cavity is one of the predominant and prevalent sites of development of potential malignancies, therefore, it comes into direct contact with many carcinogens. All of the epithelium beyond the boundaries of tumour can undergo histological changes and may have more than one independent area of malignancy. The mucosa undergoes a change, perhaps due to carcinogen exposure and is therefore more susceptible to the development of many foci of malignant transformation. This explains the high incidence of recurrence of oral cancer, the rate being 32.7%, despite excision of tumour or other therapies. So, diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer should not only be focused on the lesion, but also on the field from which it developed. In this article, we emphasize on the concept of field cancerization, highlight the carcinogenic influence of tobacco and alcohol in the development of multiple primary tumours in the oral cavity by presenting clinical cases. Keywords: Field cancerization; Squamous cell carcinoma; Metastasis; Second primary tumours; Synchronous/ Metachronous tumours3.
{"title":"Oral Field Cancerization: A Review with Case Reports","authors":"","doi":"10.51626/ijor.2022.03.00017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51626/ijor.2022.03.00017","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of field cancerization was proposed by Slaughter et al. in 1953. Field cancerization of the mucosa of aerodigestive tract frequently develops on account of tobacco and alcohol usage. The oral cavity is one of the predominant and prevalent sites of development of potential malignancies, therefore, it comes into direct contact with many carcinogens. All of the epithelium beyond the boundaries of tumour can undergo histological changes and may have more than one independent area of malignancy. The mucosa undergoes a change, perhaps due to carcinogen exposure and is therefore more susceptible to the development of many foci of malignant transformation. This explains the high incidence of recurrence of oral cancer, the rate being 32.7%, despite excision of tumour or other therapies. So, diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer should not only be focused on the lesion, but also on the field from which it developed. In this article, we emphasize on the concept of field cancerization,\u0000highlight the carcinogenic influence of tobacco and alcohol in the development of multiple primary tumours in the oral cavity by presenting clinical cases.\u0000Keywords: Field cancerization; Squamous cell carcinoma; Metastasis; Second primary tumours; Synchronous/ Metachronous tumours3.","PeriodicalId":247564,"journal":{"name":"International Journal on Oncology and Radiotherapy","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130258851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-01DOI: 10.51626/ijor.2022.03.00016
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) is an uncommon stromal malignancy of Gastrointestinal (GI) tract. GISTs have been increasingly reported in sites other than GI tract. Currently, GISTs are considered metastatic when they occur outside GI tract; however, there is a possibility of a primary stromal tumor of omentum and/or gynecologic tract with similar mutation profile and histopathology but different prognosis and clinical behavior. Here, we report a case of 52-year-old female with widespread lesions in her abdomen and pelvis, which turned out to be a GIST; however, no lesions were identified in the GI tract which raises the possibility of omental or ovarian primary stromal tumor. Since GISTs are mutation derived tumors, it is highly likely that the stroma of other locations can undergo similar tumorigenesis due to mutations in c-KIT and/or PDGFRA genes and present similarly to primary GI tract GISTs. More studies are required to look for other possible primary sites and difference in clinical behavior and prognosis to appropriately stage the patient before treatment, as GISTs that occur outside GI tract tends to behave aggressively and are usually resistant to imatinib therapy. Keywords: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor; Omentum; Endometrium; Metastasis; Epithelioid; Carcinomatosis
{"title":"Metastatic Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor to the Omentum and Endometrium: A Case Report","authors":"","doi":"10.51626/ijor.2022.03.00016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51626/ijor.2022.03.00016","url":null,"abstract":"Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) is an uncommon stromal malignancy of Gastrointestinal (GI) tract. GISTs have been increasingly reported in sites other than GI tract. Currently, GISTs are considered metastatic when they occur outside GI tract; however, there is a possibility of a primary stromal tumor of omentum and/or gynecologic tract with similar mutation profile and histopathology but different prognosis and clinical behavior. Here, we report a case of 52-year-old female with widespread lesions in her abdomen and pelvis, which turned out to be a GIST; however, no lesions were identified in the GI tract which raises the possibility of omental or ovarian primary stromal tumor. Since GISTs are mutation derived tumors, it is highly likely that the stroma of other locations can undergo similar tumorigenesis due to mutations in c-KIT and/or PDGFRA genes and present similarly to primary GI tract GISTs. More studies are required to look for other possible primary sites and difference in clinical behavior and prognosis to appropriately stage the patient before treatment, as GISTs that occur outside GI tract tends to behave aggressively and are usually resistant to imatinib therapy.\u0000Keywords: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor; Omentum; Endometrium; Metastasis; Epithelioid; Carcinomatosis","PeriodicalId":247564,"journal":{"name":"International Journal on Oncology and Radiotherapy","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126209897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-23DOI: 10.51626/ijor.2022.03.00015
This short communication highlights lack of resources in Pathology in developing countries which ultimately affects pathology residency training as well as routine practice of lab medicine. There are a few recommendations to help alleviate pathology manpower in resource limited countries including digitization of teaching resources, integration of pathology education into systems-based curriculum, concept of virtual electives, specialization within pathology practices beyond the academic centers and competency-based certification. Opportunities like digital pathology, virtual trainings and online courses can play an important role in pathology education and for covering all kind of curricula. These changes will also implement a standardized education system of international quality. The digital world has a lot to offer in terms of training and there are extensive learning options if we learn to utilize them properly. More and more remote platforms are becoming available in the form of elective opportunities and online teaching sessions. It is important to promote these platforms as they do not have border restrictions and they are a perfect example of how education should be free and accessible to everyone around the world. Keywords: Digital pathology; Virtual training; Electives; Pathology education; Manpower; Competen
{"title":"Digital Pathology Implementation can Help Alleviate Limited Pathology Services in Developing Countries","authors":"","doi":"10.51626/ijor.2022.03.00015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51626/ijor.2022.03.00015","url":null,"abstract":"This short communication highlights lack of resources in Pathology in developing countries which ultimately affects pathology residency training as well as routine practice of lab medicine. There are a few recommendations to help alleviate pathology manpower in resource limited countries including digitization of teaching resources, integration of pathology education into systems-based curriculum, concept of virtual\u0000electives, specialization within pathology practices beyond the academic centers and competency-based certification. Opportunities like digital pathology, virtual trainings and online courses can play an important role in pathology education and for covering all kind of curricula. These changes will also implement a standardized education system of international quality. The digital world has a lot to offer in terms of training and there are extensive learning options if we learn to utilize them properly. More and more remote platforms are becoming available in the form of elective opportunities and online teaching sessions. It is important to promote these platforms as they do not have border restrictions and they are a perfect example of how education should be free and accessible to everyone around the world.\u0000Keywords: Digital pathology; Virtual training; Electives; Pathology education; Manpower; Competen","PeriodicalId":247564,"journal":{"name":"International Journal on Oncology and Radiotherapy","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128584385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-23DOI: 10.51626/ijor.2022.03.00014
Sinonasal papillomas, also called Schneiderian papillomas, are uncommon benign epithelial tumors arising from the pseudostratified ciliated sinonasal mucosa. Three subtypes of sinonasal papillomas have been described, namely exophytic papilloma, inverted papilloma, and oncocytic papilloma. These papillomas usually have a favorable prognosis, however, frequent recurrences and local aggressiveness has been observed. These may undergo malignant transformation in rare instances. We report a case of a 70-year-old male with multiple co-morbidities presenting with nasal obstruction and bleeding for 3 months. CT and MRI sinuses demonstrated a polypoid mass within the right nasal cavity extending into the nasopharynx, likely arising from the right maxillary sinus. Histopathology revealed a diagnosis of carcinoma (poorly differentiated, NOS) ex combined inverted and oncocytic types sinonasal papilloma (Schneiderian papilloma) with multifocal severe dysplasia (carcinoma in situ). Importance of correct diagnosis lies in the fact that these tumors show recurrence and malignant transformation, thus, requiring long-term follow-up. Keywords: Schneiderian papilloma; Sinonasal papilloma; Malignant transformation; Radiotherapy; Oncocytic
{"title":"Carcinoma Ex Combined Inverted and Oncocytic Types Sinonasal Papilloma with Multifocal Severe Dysplasia: A Case Report","authors":"","doi":"10.51626/ijor.2022.03.00014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51626/ijor.2022.03.00014","url":null,"abstract":"Sinonasal papillomas, also called Schneiderian papillomas, are uncommon benign epithelial tumors arising from the pseudostratified ciliated sinonasal mucosa. Three subtypes of sinonasal papillomas have been described, namely exophytic papilloma, inverted papilloma, and oncocytic papilloma. These papillomas usually have a favorable prognosis, however, frequent recurrences and local aggressiveness has been observed.\u0000These may undergo malignant transformation in rare instances. We report a case of a 70-year-old male with multiple co-morbidities presenting with nasal obstruction and bleeding for 3 months. CT and MRI sinuses demonstrated a polypoid mass within the right nasal cavity extending into the nasopharynx, likely arising from the right maxillary sinus. Histopathology revealed a diagnosis of carcinoma (poorly differentiated,\u0000NOS) ex combined inverted and oncocytic types sinonasal papilloma (Schneiderian papilloma) with multifocal severe dysplasia (carcinoma in situ). Importance of correct diagnosis lies in the fact that these tumors show recurrence and malignant transformation, thus, requiring long-term follow-up.\u0000Keywords: Schneiderian papilloma; Sinonasal papilloma; Malignant transformation; Radiotherapy; Oncocytic","PeriodicalId":247564,"journal":{"name":"International Journal on Oncology and Radiotherapy","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130648933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-20DOI: 10.51626/ijor.2022.03.00013
Diffuse midline glioma, H3K27M-mutant, WHO grade IV (DMGM), is a newly established entity in the 2016 WHO classification. It is uncommon and the median age of diagnosis is 5-11 years. Due to their rarity in adults, their recognition can be challenging even though the histopathology and phenotypes of adult and pediatric cases are similar. We report a case of a middle-aged female who presented with seizures and persistent headache, where imaging revealed an enhancing suprasellar mass involving the hypothalamus and fornix and she was diagnosed with H3K27M-mutant diffuse midline glioma. DMGM is extremely rare in adults and therefore, more cases need to be reported to enable their recognize among neuropathologists. Also, this report suggests a needed emphasis on obtaining molecular studies whenever possible if there is a suspicion of H3K27M-mutant DMGM, given that they are extremely aggressive and have poor clinical outcomes in most cases. The case was presented at College of American Pathologists (CAP) annual conference in Chicago (October 2018) and the abstract was published in Archives as an online supplement only. Keywords: Glioma; Suprasellar; Hypothalamus; Fornix; Midbrain; Thalamus
{"title":"Diffuse Midline Glioma H3 K27-Mutant in an Adult: A Rare\u0000Case","authors":"","doi":"10.51626/ijor.2022.03.00013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51626/ijor.2022.03.00013","url":null,"abstract":"Diffuse midline glioma, H3K27M-mutant, WHO grade IV (DMGM), is a newly established entity in the 2016 WHO classification. It is uncommon and the median age of diagnosis is 5-11 years. Due to their rarity in adults, their recognition can be challenging even though the histopathology and phenotypes of adult and pediatric cases are similar. We report a case of a middle-aged female who presented with seizures and persistent headache, where imaging revealed an enhancing suprasellar mass involving the hypothalamus and fornix and she was diagnosed with H3K27M-mutant diffuse midline glioma. DMGM is extremely rare in adults and therefore, more cases need to be reported to enable their recognize among neuropathologists. Also, this report suggests a needed emphasis on obtaining molecular studies whenever possible if there is a suspicion of H3K27M-mutant DMGM, given that they are extremely aggressive and have poor clinical outcomes in most cases. The case was presented at College of American Pathologists (CAP) annual conference in Chicago (October 2018) and the abstract was published in Archives as an online supplement only.\u0000Keywords: Glioma; Suprasellar; Hypothalamus; Fornix; Midbrain; Thalamus","PeriodicalId":247564,"journal":{"name":"International Journal on Oncology and Radiotherapy","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133197216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-20DOI: 10.51626/ijor.2022.03.00012
Background: Prostate cancer which is the second most frequent cancer diagnosis made in men, more commonly occurs in the elderly. However, it sometimes occurs in younger men, especially in those with a family history of the condition. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of prostate cancer in younger adults and identify the determinants of the early screening and diagnosis of this pathology. Methods: We performed a retrospective study from 2012 to 2016 at the Centre medico-chirugical durologie in Douala Cameroon in which we included 29 patients aged 60 years or less who had prostate cancer diagnosed via histopathology after either prostate biopsy or palliative endoscopic prostate resection. Epi-info 7 was used for data analysis and the Kaplan-Meier curve was used to estimate the overall survival of the study participants. Results: The mean age of our study participants was 50.66 ± 5.31 years. Nine patients had a contributive family history of prostate cancer. Seventeen patients had metastases, with ten having bone metastases and thirteen having lymph node metastases. As initial therapy nine patients underwent laparoscopic total radical prostatectomy seven underwent medical Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT), ten underwent surgical ADT (bilateral pulpectomy), two underwent radiotherapy and one underwent active surveillance. Four patients underwent secondary treatment with two of them undergoing chemotherapy one undergoing ADT and one undergoing radiotherapy. Tumor recurrence occurred in seven patients. The rate of tumor recurrence was significantly higher among patients with a contributive family history. Six patients died in this study and the five-year overall survival of our study participants was 80%. Conclusion: Prostate cancer is a major public health issue not only in the elderly but also in younger men. Screening for this condition could be performed in younger patients too especially those with a contributive family history to ensure early diagnosis and reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with the condition. Keywords: Prostate cancer; Young patients; Prostate biopsy; Palliative treatment
{"title":"Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate in Young Patients:\u0000Management and Outcomes in a Urology Center in\u0000Douala Cameroon","authors":"","doi":"10.51626/ijor.2022.03.00012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51626/ijor.2022.03.00012","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Prostate cancer which is the second most frequent cancer diagnosis made in men, more commonly occurs in the elderly. However, it sometimes occurs in younger men, especially in those with a family history of the condition. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of prostate cancer in younger adults and identify the determinants of the early screening and diagnosis of this pathology.\u0000Methods: We performed a retrospective study from 2012 to 2016 at the Centre medico-chirugical durologie in Douala Cameroon in which we included 29 patients aged 60 years or less who had prostate cancer diagnosed via histopathology after either prostate biopsy or palliative endoscopic prostate resection. Epi-info 7 was used for data analysis and the Kaplan-Meier curve was used to estimate the overall survival of the\u0000study participants.\u0000Results: The mean age of our study participants was 50.66 ± 5.31 years. Nine patients had a contributive family history of prostate cancer. Seventeen patients had metastases, with ten having bone metastases and thirteen having lymph node metastases. As initial therapy nine patients underwent laparoscopic total radical prostatectomy seven underwent medical Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT), ten underwent surgical ADT (bilateral pulpectomy), two underwent radiotherapy and one underwent active surveillance. Four patients underwent secondary treatment\u0000with two of them undergoing chemotherapy one undergoing ADT and one undergoing radiotherapy. Tumor recurrence occurred in seven patients. The rate of tumor recurrence was significantly higher among patients with a contributive family history. Six patients died in this study and the five-year overall survival of our study participants was 80%.\u0000Conclusion: Prostate cancer is a major public health issue not only in the elderly but also in younger men. Screening for this condition could be performed in younger patients too especially those with a contributive family history to ensure early diagnosis and reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with the condition.\u0000Keywords: Prostate cancer; Young patients; Prostate biopsy; Palliative treatment","PeriodicalId":247564,"journal":{"name":"International Journal on Oncology and Radiotherapy","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133813645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-18DOI: 10.51626/ijor.2022.03.00011
Endometrial adenocarcinoma with a glandular invasion pattern resembling adenoma malignum of cervix is a deceptively benign and highly differentiated form of endometrioid adenocarcinoma which can be resistant to radiation therapy and exhibit a deep invasion pattern. We report a 57-year-old female who was a biopsy-proven case of FIGO grade 2 endometrial adenocarcinoma with 4 cm cervical involvement, who underwent whole pelvic radiation therapy followed by hysterectomy. Her hysterectomy sections revealed conventional endometrioid adenocarcinoma with a deceptively bland pattern of well-spaced, branching glands with myometrial invasion up to 90%. Extensive lymphovascular space invasion was identified and cervical stroma was involved. Immunohistochemistry was consistent with an endometrial origin. The final diagnosis was endometrial adenocarcinoma with adenoma malignum pattern of invasion. It is not clear whether the gland morphology was due to radiation treatment however, the widespread and extensive invasion makes it imperative to recognize that these patients need to be vigilantly followed up. It is important to recognize this entity because these deeply invasive and benign appearing glands can be resistant to the conventional approach of radiation treatment and highlights the fact that the patient needs to be cautiously staged and accordingly treated. Keywords: Endometrial adenocarcinoma; Minimal deviation; Adenoma malignum; Uterus; Pelvic radiotherapy
{"title":"Endometrial Adenocarcinoma with Pattern of Invasion\u0000Resembling Adenoma Malignum","authors":"","doi":"10.51626/ijor.2022.03.00011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51626/ijor.2022.03.00011","url":null,"abstract":"Endometrial adenocarcinoma with a glandular invasion pattern resembling adenoma malignum of cervix is a deceptively benign and highly differentiated form of endometrioid adenocarcinoma which can be resistant to radiation therapy and exhibit a deep invasion pattern. We report a 57-year-old female who was a biopsy-proven case of FIGO grade 2 endometrial adenocarcinoma with 4 cm cervical involvement, who underwent whole pelvic radiation therapy followed by hysterectomy. Her hysterectomy sections revealed conventional endometrioid adenocarcinoma with a deceptively bland pattern of well-spaced, branching glands with myometrial invasion up to 90%. Extensive lymphovascular space invasion was identified and cervical stroma was involved. Immunohistochemistry was consistent with an endometrial origin. The final diagnosis was endometrial adenocarcinoma with adenoma malignum pattern of invasion. It is not clear whether the gland morphology was due to radiation treatment however, the widespread and extensive invasion makes it imperative to recognize that these patients need to be vigilantly followed up. It is important to recognize this entity because these deeply invasive and benign appearing glands can be resistant to the conventional approach\u0000of radiation treatment and highlights the fact that the patient needs to be cautiously staged and accordingly treated.\u0000Keywords: Endometrial adenocarcinoma; Minimal deviation; Adenoma malignum; Uterus; Pelvic radiotherapy","PeriodicalId":247564,"journal":{"name":"International Journal on Oncology and Radiotherapy","volume":"191 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126157741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-04DOI: 10.51626/ijor.2022.03.00010
Aim: The focus of this research was to look at the dosimetric effect and evaluate the dose difference between TG-186 and TG-43 plans for cervical carcinoma using central vaginal applicators, in order to help clinicians to choose right algorithm. Introduction: TG-43 protocol is for calculation of dose-rate distributions around photon-emitting brachytherapy sources. The radiation is assumed to be carried out through an infinite homogeneous water phantom in the TG-43 dose calculation approach. Thus any heterogeneities within or outside the patient are not taken into account. As a result the accuracy of dose calculations in places near to air or bone may be impacted. The recently published AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 186 (TG-186) report has provided new guidelines for dose calculation and reporting in brachytherapy to address the shortcomings of the current TG-43U1 dose calculation methodology. Heterogeneity correction algorithms have only recently been made available to the BT community in contrary to external beam radiotherapy. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study including 15 patients with cervical cancer who had undergone postoperative brachytherapy was performed. External Beam Radiotherapy (EBRT) was performed with a total dose of 50 Gy in 25 fractions as 2 Gy/per fraction using conventional fractionation schedule.Based on TG-43 and TG-186 algorithms plans were done for 15 cervical patients on the Nucletron- oncentra planning system and treated with Ir-192 brachytherapy source. The plans were not re optimized and therefore the dwell positions and dwell times were identical between the two plans. Retrospectively the plans were recalculated using the TG-186 algorithms. For each patient DVH is used to calculate dose in 0.1cc CGy, 1cc CGy, 2cc CGy and 5cc CGy of OAR doses as well as prescription point doses. Results: D w,m, found small changes in Prescription doses and in D0.1 cc, D1 cc, D2 cc, D5 cc for rectum and bladder with all dose parameters for individual patients differing from TG-43 values by < 1%. Conclusion: The dose difference between TG43 and TG186 algorithms is for most clinical cases not significant for target volumes and OARs. Cylinder applicators although TG43 algorithm overestimated the tissue dose the difference of dose distribution caused by the two algorithms was almost negligible because the difference of dose distribution was not much (less than 1%) and both were located around the applicator.
{"title":"Comparison of Dose Distribution around Central Vaginal Applicator Brachytherapy Treatment Calculated with Water Based TG43 & Model Based TG186","authors":"","doi":"10.51626/ijor.2022.03.00010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51626/ijor.2022.03.00010","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The focus of this research was to look at the dosimetric effect and evaluate the dose difference between TG-186 and TG-43 plans for cervical carcinoma using central vaginal applicators, in order to help clinicians to choose right algorithm.\u0000\u0000Introduction: TG-43 protocol is for calculation of dose-rate distributions around photon-emitting brachytherapy sources. The radiation is assumed to be carried out through an infinite homogeneous water phantom in the TG-43 dose calculation approach. Thus any heterogeneities within or outside the patient are not taken into account. As a result the accuracy of dose calculations in places near to air or bone may be impacted. The recently published AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 186 (TG-186) report has provided new guidelines for dose calculation and reporting in brachytherapy to address the shortcomings of the current TG-43U1 dose calculation methodology. Heterogeneity correction algorithms have only recently been made available to the BT community in contrary to external beam radiotherapy.\u0000Materials and Methods: A retrospective study including 15 patients with cervical cancer who had undergone postoperative brachytherapy was performed. External Beam Radiotherapy (EBRT) was performed with a total dose of 50 Gy in 25 fractions as 2 Gy/per fraction using conventional fractionation schedule.Based on TG-43 and TG-186 algorithms plans were done for 15 cervical patients on the Nucletron- oncentra\u0000planning system and treated with Ir-192 brachytherapy source. The plans were not re optimized and therefore the dwell positions and dwell times were identical between the two plans. Retrospectively the plans were recalculated using the TG-186 algorithms. For each patient DVH is used to calculate dose in 0.1cc CGy, 1cc CGy, 2cc CGy and 5cc CGy of OAR doses as well as prescription point doses.\u0000Results: D w,m, found small changes in Prescription doses and in D0.1 cc, D1 cc, D2 cc, D5 cc for rectum and bladder with all dose parameters for individual patients differing from TG-43 values by < 1%.\u0000Conclusion: The dose difference between TG43 and TG186 algorithms is for most clinical cases not significant for target volumes and OARs. Cylinder applicators although TG43 algorithm overestimated the tissue dose the difference of dose distribution caused by the two algorithms\u0000was almost negligible because the difference of dose distribution was not much (less than 1%) and both were located around the applicator.","PeriodicalId":247564,"journal":{"name":"International Journal on Oncology and Radiotherapy","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129270536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-15DOI: 10.51626/ijor.2021.02.00007
Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer related death and more common in older people. Immunotherapy has improved efficacy compared to chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We aimed to review existing data on efficacy and adverse events (AEs) of single agent immunotherapy for NSCLC by age. We reported OS, progression-free survival (PFS) and AEs by age. Suitable results were meta-analysed using the random effects model. 1803 papers were screened, ten eligible papers identified, seven included in meta-analyses. Included individual papers did not demonstrate a difference in OS, PFS or AEs. Meta-analyses showed no significant difference in OS (HR: 1.03, 95% CI 0.92-1.15; p=0.58), PFS (HR 0.96, 95% CI: 0.92-1.01; p=0.15) or AEs (HR:1.01 95% CI:0.83-1.23; p=0.91) in older vs younger patients. Existing data on differences in efficacy and AEs of immunotherapy by age is largely observational and points to similar efficacy and adverse events by age.
{"title":"Efficacy and Side Effects of Single Agent Immunotherapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in Older and Younger Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"","doi":"10.51626/ijor.2021.02.00007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51626/ijor.2021.02.00007","url":null,"abstract":"Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer related death and more common in older people. Immunotherapy has improved\u0000efficacy compared to chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We aimed to review existing data on efficacy and adverse\u0000events (AEs) of single agent immunotherapy for NSCLC by age. We reported OS, progression-free survival (PFS) and AEs by age. Suitable\u0000results were meta-analysed using the random effects model. 1803 papers were screened, ten eligible papers identified, seven included\u0000in meta-analyses. Included individual papers did not demonstrate a difference in OS, PFS or AEs. Meta-analyses showed no significant\u0000difference in OS (HR: 1.03, 95% CI 0.92-1.15; p=0.58), PFS (HR 0.96, 95% CI: 0.92-1.01; p=0.15) or AEs (HR:1.01 95% CI:0.83-1.23;\u0000p=0.91) in older vs younger patients. Existing data on differences in efficacy and AEs of immunotherapy by age is largely observational\u0000and points to similar efficacy and adverse events by age.","PeriodicalId":247564,"journal":{"name":"International Journal on Oncology and Radiotherapy","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133934782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-23DOI: 10.51626/ijor.2021.02.00006
Colorectal cancer, despite advances in treatment and diagnosis, is one of the most common causes of death from cancer. Conventional anticancer treatment is associated with serious side effects, therefore, new strategies are needed to reduce its toxicity. Natural compound berberine has shown antiproliferative activity against various cancer cells including colon. To investigate antiproliferative effect of berberine in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells and its ability to potentiate the effect of convenient cytostatics taxol, docetaxel, doxorubicin and cisplatin we used MTT assay and flow cytometry was used to detect its proapoptotic effect and effect on cell cycle. In our experiments we observed significant antiproliferative activity of berberine chloride with IC50= 6.7526 μM. Combination of berberine chloride (1μM) with taxol, docetaxel, doxorubicin and carboplatin significantly increased their antiproliferative activity and decreased their IC50 values. Cell cycle analysis revealed increase in sub-G0 /G1 fraction considered as apoptotic and very mild increase in G0/G1 fraction in berberine chloride (5μM) treated cells. proapoptotic effect of berberine chloride (5μM) was confirmed by Annexin V/PI staining. Based on our results, we can assume that berberine has antiproliferative effect and the combination of berberine with cytostatics could be a promising alternative treatment for cancer. Further studies are necesary to investigate the exact mechanisms of action and drug – drug interactions.
{"title":"Berberine Shows Proapoptotic Effect and Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drugs Acitivity in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cells","authors":"","doi":"10.51626/ijor.2021.02.00006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51626/ijor.2021.02.00006","url":null,"abstract":"Colorectal cancer, despite advances in treatment and diagnosis, is one of the most common causes of death from cancer. Conventional anticancer treatment is associated with serious side effects, therefore, new strategies are needed to reduce its toxicity.\u0000Natural compound berberine has shown antiproliferative activity against various cancer cells including colon. To investigate antiproliferative effect of berberine in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells and its ability to potentiate the effect of convenient\u0000cytostatics taxol, docetaxel, doxorubicin and cisplatin we used MTT assay and flow cytometry was used to detect its proapoptotic effect and effect on cell cycle. In our experiments we observed significant antiproliferative activity of berberine chloride with IC50= 6.7526 μM. Combination of berberine chloride (1μM) with taxol, docetaxel, doxorubicin and carboplatin significantly increased their antiproliferative activity and decreased their IC50 values. Cell cycle analysis revealed increase in sub-G0\u0000/G1 fraction considered as apoptotic and very mild increase in G0/G1 fraction in berberine chloride (5μM) treated cells. proapoptotic effect of berberine chloride\u0000(5μM) was confirmed by Annexin V/PI staining. Based on our results, we can assume that berberine has antiproliferative effect and the combination of berberine with cytostatics could be a promising alternative treatment for cancer. Further studies are necesary to\u0000investigate the exact mechanisms of action and drug – drug interactions.","PeriodicalId":247564,"journal":{"name":"International Journal on Oncology and Radiotherapy","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126985141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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