Pub Date : 2023-11-15DOI: 10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n54888
A. O. Jayeola, O. S. Ayodele, J. I. Olususi
From field studies, six (6) lithological units were identified to be common around the study area which includes quartzites, granites, granite gneiss, porphyritic granites, amphibolite and pegmatites. The results of petrographical analyses show the mineral assemblages of the various rock types in the area which include quartzites as containing quartz, biotite, muscovite and myrmekite. Granite gneiss contains quartz, biotite, orthoclase, myrmekite, microcline, nepheline, hornblende and plagioclase. Pegmatite contains quartz, myrmekite, plagioclase, hornblende, microcline and muscovites. Porphyritic granites were observed to contain quartz, biotite, microcline, orthoclase and tourmaline. Granite contains quartz, biotite, hornblende, plagioclase and orthoclase while Amphibolite schist contains quartz, biotite, hornblende and muscovites. For the purpose of this study twenty (20) pulverized rock samples were taken to the laboratory for geochemical analysis with their results used in the classification as well as suggest the geochemical attributes of the rocks. Geochemical results obtained and interpreted using various geochemical plots or discrimination plots all classified the rocks in the area as belonging to both the peralkaline metaluminous and peraluminous types. Results for the major oxides ratios produced for Na2O/K2O, Al2O3/Na2O + CaO + K2O and Na2O + CaO + K2O/Al2O3 show the excess of alumina, Al2O3 over the alkaline Na2O +CaO +K2O thus suggesting peraluminous rocks. While the excess of the alkali over the alumina suggests the peralkaline metaluminous rock type. The results of correlation coefficient show a perfect strong positive correlation which shows that they are of same geogenic sources while negative correlation coefficient values indicate a perfect weak negative correlation suggesting that they are of heterogeneous geogenic sources. The result of the factor analysis show the elemental association of the trace elements and heavy metals represented as variables in the statistical analysis. Hence, establishing the elemental association of Component 1 as consisting of Ag-As-Ba-Cd-Co, Component 2 as Cr-Cu-Ni, Component 3 as Pb-Rb, Component 4 as Zn-Fe-V and Component 5 as U-Mn. Component 1 suggest the possibilities of sulphide and gold mineralization. Component 2 suggesting pathfinder elements while Components 3, 4 and 5 suggest weathered or dispersed elements. Hence, the occurrence of heavy metallic minerals in the rocks will serve huge economic significance with focus on the pegmatites in the area.
{"title":"Petrology and Petrochemistry of Basement Rocks in Ila Orangun Area, Southwestern Nigeria","authors":"A. O. Jayeola, O. S. Ayodele, J. I. Olususi","doi":"10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n54888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n54888","url":null,"abstract":"From field studies, six (6) lithological units were identified to be common around the study area which includes quartzites, granites, granite gneiss, porphyritic granites, amphibolite and pegmatites. The results of petrographical analyses show the mineral assemblages of the various rock types in the area which include quartzites as containing quartz, biotite, muscovite and myrmekite. Granite gneiss contains quartz, biotite, orthoclase, myrmekite, microcline, nepheline, hornblende and plagioclase. Pegmatite contains quartz, myrmekite, plagioclase, hornblende, microcline and muscovites. Porphyritic granites were observed to contain quartz, biotite, microcline, orthoclase and tourmaline. Granite contains quartz, biotite, hornblende, plagioclase and orthoclase while Amphibolite schist contains quartz, biotite, hornblende and muscovites. For the purpose of this study twenty (20) pulverized rock samples were taken to the laboratory for geochemical analysis with their results used in the classification as well as suggest the geochemical attributes of the rocks. Geochemical results obtained and interpreted using various geochemical plots or discrimination plots all classified the rocks in the area as belonging to both the peralkaline metaluminous and peraluminous types. Results for the major oxides ratios produced for Na2O/K2O, Al2O3/Na2O + CaO + K2O and Na2O + CaO + K2O/Al2O3 show the excess of alumina, Al2O3 over the alkaline Na2O +CaO +K2O thus suggesting peraluminous rocks. While the excess of the alkali over the alumina suggests the peralkaline metaluminous rock type. The results of correlation coefficient show a perfect strong positive correlation which shows that they are of same geogenic sources while negative correlation coefficient values indicate a perfect weak negative correlation suggesting that they are of heterogeneous geogenic sources. The result of the factor analysis show the elemental association of the trace elements and heavy metals represented as variables in the statistical analysis. Hence, establishing the elemental association of Component 1 as consisting of Ag-As-Ba-Cd-Co, Component 2 as Cr-Cu-Ni, Component 3 as Pb-Rb, Component 4 as Zn-Fe-V and Component 5 as U-Mn. Component 1 suggest the possibilities of sulphide and gold mineralization. Component 2 suggesting pathfinder elements while Components 3, 4 and 5 suggest weathered or dispersed elements. Hence, the occurrence of heavy metallic minerals in the rocks will serve huge economic significance with focus on the pegmatites in the area.","PeriodicalId":249043,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Earth Sciences Research","volume":"197 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139272065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-15DOI: 10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n589120
Stanley Uchechukwu Eze, Ekom E. Essien, Okiotor M. Edirin, Sampson Jaja William, Saleh A. Saleh, Bello A. Maruff, Ugwu Joshua Udokaf
Exploration, management, and conservation of groundwater resources are critical stages toward potable water supply, driven by an expanding populace and the threat of a new norm posed by the distinctive coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. An in-depth assessment of the potential of groundwater reserves and susceptibility, using a multi-criteria evaluation, is required to aid in the planning of exploration programs for groundwater well location. Thirty (30) vertical electrical soundings (VES) were collected in Okerenkoko, Warri-Southwest, Delta State, to assess groundwater potential and vulnerability indicators. The VES data were used to obtain the first-order geoelectric variables, which were further exploited to calculate the geo-hydraulic parameters (hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity) and the vulnerability indices of the aquifer. For aquifer vulnerability appraisal, the AVI (aquifer vulnerability index), GOD (groundwater occurrence, overlying lithology, and depth to the aquifer), and GLSI (geoelectric layer susceptibility index) models were used. The groundwater characteristics in the area were evaluated using the aquifer resistivity, thickness, transmissivity and coefficient of anisotropy values of the aquifer layers defined from VES 1-30. The results show that aquifer layers with low resistivity favor more saturation due to immense porosity and therefore have greater groundwater potential than aquifers with high resistivity. The geoelectric structures defined by VES 1, 2 and 4 were consistent in their groundwater potential and yield judging from the multi-criteria assessments. The estimation of AVI, GOD, and GLSI models for aquifer threat assessment was facilitated by the multi-criteria evaluation of vulnerability indices utilizing hydro-geophysical parameters and index-based approaches. The models depend on the symbiotic effects of geologic array and thickness as the basis for the magnitude of conservation imparted to any particular aquifer involved. The AVI model map depicts that most of the VES locations were rated high (C between 1 and 2) to extremely high (C < 1), indicating that the aquifers at these locations are vulnerable to pollution. However, the extent of vulnerability observed in the GOD model is less than in the AVI model, as GOD accords much more inclination to the inherent properties of geologic entities. The GOD model map categorized the vulnerability index ratings in the area as negligible (0.0-0.1), low (0.1-0.3) and moderate (0.3-0.5), with most VES locations ranked low to moderate, which indicates that these locations are susceptible to vulnerability. In the GLSI model, individual overlying layer thicknesses were prioritized. The GLSI model map shows that the vulnerability index ratings in the area are ranked as moderate (2.00-2.99), high (3.00-3.99) and extremely high (≥ 4.00) with most of the VES locations ranked moderate to high with the exception of VES 27, which ranked extremely high in both AVI and GLSI indices.
地下水资源的勘探、管理和保护是实现饮用水供应的关键阶段，其驱动力是不断扩大的人口和独特的冠状病毒（COVID-19）大流行所带来的新常态威胁。需要采用多标准评估法对地下水储量的潜力和敏感性进行深入评估，以帮助规划地下水井位置的勘探计划。在三角洲州瓦里西南部的 Okerenkoko 收集了三十（30）次垂直电测（VES），以评估地下水的潜力和脆弱性指标。利用垂直电测数据获得了一阶地电变量，并进一步利用这些变量计算了地水参数（水力传导性和渗透性）和含水层的脆弱性指数。在含水层易损性评估中，使用了 AVI（含水层易损性指数）、GOD（地下水出现、上覆岩性和含水层深度）和 GLSI（地电层易损性指数）模型。利用 VES 1-30 中定义的含水层的含水层电阻率、厚度、渗透率和各向异性系数值，对该地区的地下水特征进行了评估。结果表明，低电阻率的含水层由于孔隙度大，有利于提高饱和度，因此比高电阻率的含水层具有更大的地下水潜力。从多重标准评估的结果来看，VES 1、2 和 4 所确定的地电结构在地下水潜力和产水量方面是一致的。利用水文地球物理参数和基于指数的方法对脆弱性指数进行多标准评估，有助于估算用于含水层威胁评估的 AVI、GOD 和 GLSI 模型。这些模型以地质阵列和厚度的共生效应为基础，确定对任何特定含水层的保护程度。从空间影响指数模型图上可以看出，大多数 VES 地点都被评为高（C 在 1 和 2 之间）到极高（C < 1），这表明这些地点的含水层很容易受到污染。不过，在 GOD 模型中观察到的脆弱程度要小于 AVI 模型，因为 GOD 更倾向于地质实体的固有属性。GOD 模型地图将该地区的脆弱性指数等级分为可忽略（0.0-0.1）、低（0.1-0.3）和中（0.3-0.5），其中大多数 VES 地点的等级为低至中，这表明这些地点容易受到脆弱性的影响。在 GLSI 模型中，单个上覆地层厚度被优先排序。GLSI 模型图显示，该地区的易损性指数等级分为中等（2.00-2.99）、高（3.00-3.99）和极高（≥ 4.00），大多数 VES 地点的易损性指数等级为中等至高，只有 VES 27 例外，该地点的 AVI 和 GLSI 指数等级均为极高。通过对 AVI、GOD 和 GLSI 模型的脆弱性指数评估结果进行相关分析，发现 AVI 和 GLSI 模型之间的相关性更高。这些研究结果验证了在地下水潜力和含水层脆弱性研究中采用多标准评价方法的有效性，并强烈建议将其作为地下含水层定位及其保护措施的实用标准，用于地下水远景开发规划和管理。
{"title":"Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) of Groundwater Prospect and Vulnerability Index Mapping from Second-Order Geo-Electric Indices: A Case Study of Coastal Environments","authors":"Stanley Uchechukwu Eze, Ekom E. Essien, Okiotor M. Edirin, Sampson Jaja William, Saleh A. Saleh, Bello A. Maruff, Ugwu Joshua Udokaf","doi":"10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n589120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n589120","url":null,"abstract":"Exploration, management, and conservation of groundwater resources are critical stages toward potable water supply, driven by an expanding populace and the threat of a new norm posed by the distinctive coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. An in-depth assessment of the potential of groundwater reserves and susceptibility, using a multi-criteria evaluation, is required to aid in the planning of exploration programs for groundwater well location. Thirty (30) vertical electrical soundings (VES) were collected in Okerenkoko, Warri-Southwest, Delta State, to assess groundwater potential and vulnerability indicators. The VES data were used to obtain the first-order geoelectric variables, which were further exploited to calculate the geo-hydraulic parameters (hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity) and the vulnerability indices of the aquifer. For aquifer vulnerability appraisal, the AVI (aquifer vulnerability index), GOD (groundwater occurrence, overlying lithology, and depth to the aquifer), and GLSI (geoelectric layer susceptibility index) models were used. The groundwater characteristics in the area were evaluated using the aquifer resistivity, thickness, transmissivity and coefficient of anisotropy values of the aquifer layers defined from VES 1-30. The results show that aquifer layers with low resistivity favor more saturation due to immense porosity and therefore have greater groundwater potential than aquifers with high resistivity. The geoelectric structures defined by VES 1, 2 and 4 were consistent in their groundwater potential and yield judging from the multi-criteria assessments. The estimation of AVI, GOD, and GLSI models for aquifer threat assessment was facilitated by the multi-criteria evaluation of vulnerability indices utilizing hydro-geophysical parameters and index-based approaches. The models depend on the symbiotic effects of geologic array and thickness as the basis for the magnitude of conservation imparted to any particular aquifer involved. The AVI model map depicts that most of the VES locations were rated high (C between 1 and 2) to extremely high (C < 1), indicating that the aquifers at these locations are vulnerable to pollution. However, the extent of vulnerability observed in the GOD model is less than in the AVI model, as GOD accords much more inclination to the inherent properties of geologic entities. The GOD model map categorized the vulnerability index ratings in the area as negligible (0.0-0.1), low (0.1-0.3) and moderate (0.3-0.5), with most VES locations ranked low to moderate, which indicates that these locations are susceptible to vulnerability. In the GLSI model, individual overlying layer thicknesses were prioritized. The GLSI model map shows that the vulnerability index ratings in the area are ranked as moderate (2.00-2.99), high (3.00-3.99) and extremely high (≥ 4.00) with most of the VES locations ranked moderate to high with the exception of VES 27, which ranked extremely high in both AVI and GLSI indices. ","PeriodicalId":249043,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Earth Sciences Research","volume":"39 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139272840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-15DOI: 10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n52747
Ojoka Benjamin Shaibu, O. W. Osisanya, A. A. Amoyedo, Bamidele Honesty Akpeji
The Niger Delta terrain is often prone to environmental degradation resulting from oil and gas spillage. This research aims to assess the environmental impact of oil and gas spillage on the soil of Warri, Southern Nigeria, by utilizing physicochemical properties, statistical analysis, and socioeconomic information to evaluate the impact of heavy metals in the study area. A total of six (6) soil samples were collected and examined with the aid of an atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) using a procedure that adheres to World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Concentration levels of Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Exchangeable Acidity (EA), Exchangeable Cation Exchange Capacity (ECEC), Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Cadmium (Cd), and Lead (Pb) were analyzed and found to range from (21.1-74.98) ppm, (23.46-105.57) ppm, (128-1442) ppm, (58.80-341.60) ppm, (0.25-13.50) ppm, (11.51-14.78) ppm, (11.30-226.34) mg/kg, (98.26-122.60) mg/kg, (10.10-18.43) mg/kg, (321.86-994.04) mg/kg, (0.26-0.50) mg/kg, (0.4-1.15) mg/kg, respectively. The research revealed that the soil pH ranged from highly acidic to slightly acidic, which can negatively affect nutrient availability and plant growth. The research also highlighted the detrimental impact of oil spillage on the health, livelihood, amenities, and socioeconomic state of affected communities. Agricultural produce, crop yield, and livestock production were negatively affected due to poor soil fertility and damage to water bodies. Basic amenities were polluted, leading to abandonment and contamination of drinking water. The social environment of these communities experienced setbacks in occupation, income, and education. The findings provide valuable insights into soil characteristics and contamination levels and also show that regular soil quality monitoring and assessment are essential to detect any degradation in soil quality in the examined area.
{"title":"Assessing Environmental Impact and Socioeconomic Consequences of Oil and Gas Spillage on Soil in Warri, Southern Nigeria","authors":"Ojoka Benjamin Shaibu, O. W. Osisanya, A. A. Amoyedo, Bamidele Honesty Akpeji","doi":"10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n52747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n52747","url":null,"abstract":"The Niger Delta terrain is often prone to environmental degradation resulting from oil and gas spillage. This research aims to assess the environmental impact of oil and gas spillage on the soil of Warri, Southern Nigeria, by utilizing physicochemical properties, statistical analysis, and socioeconomic information to evaluate the impact of heavy metals in the study area. A total of six (6) soil samples were collected and examined with the aid of an atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) using a procedure that adheres to World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Concentration levels of Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Exchangeable Acidity (EA), Exchangeable Cation Exchange Capacity (ECEC), Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Cadmium (Cd), and Lead (Pb) were analyzed and found to range from (21.1-74.98) ppm, (23.46-105.57) ppm, (128-1442) ppm, (58.80-341.60) ppm, (0.25-13.50) ppm, (11.51-14.78) ppm, (11.30-226.34) mg/kg, (98.26-122.60) mg/kg, (10.10-18.43) mg/kg, (321.86-994.04) mg/kg, (0.26-0.50) mg/kg, (0.4-1.15) mg/kg, respectively. The research revealed that the soil pH ranged from highly acidic to slightly acidic, which can negatively affect nutrient availability and plant growth. The research also highlighted the detrimental impact of oil spillage on the health, livelihood, amenities, and socioeconomic state of affected communities. Agricultural produce, crop yield, and livestock production were negatively affected due to poor soil fertility and damage to water bodies. Basic amenities were polluted, leading to abandonment and contamination of drinking water. The social environment of these communities experienced setbacks in occupation, income, and education. The findings provide valuable insights into soil characteristics and contamination levels and also show that regular soil quality monitoring and assessment are essential to detect any degradation in soil quality in the examined area.","PeriodicalId":249043,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Earth Sciences Research","volume":"5 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139273568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-15DOI: 10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n51526
Funminiyi Emmanuel Olayiwola
Real estate development is capital intensive and hence requires a huge capital outlay and the onus of capital provision lies solely on the development firm. However, the largeness of projects usually makes equity insufficient, raising the need for firms to look outward for capital supply. With debt finance as the alternative, associated high cost of capital acquisition made it inaccessible to development firms. The recent attention-shift of real estate development firms towards pre-letting and pre-sale financing arrangements suggests the cost effectiveness of the arrangements over mortgage. However, despite the attention-shift, the cost effectiveness of pre-letting and pre-sale financing arrangements has been given little attention by the researcher. Hence, this study assessed cost effectiveness of pre-letting and pre-sale financing arrangements with a view to providing information that will increase the level of adoption, using selected properties in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria as a case study. The cost effectiveness of the arrangements was assessed using three case studies analysis. One property in each of year 2018 (pre – COVID19), year 2020 (COVID19 period) and year 2021 (post – COVID19). Property details such as the number of units financed by pre-letting and pre-sale arrangements, units’ type (1-bedroom, 2-bedroom, 3 bedrooms, among others), number of units targeted for pre-letting and/or pre-sale, number of units eventually pre-let and/or pre-sold, duration of property development, annual rent of the pre-let per unit, price of the pre-sale per unit, among others were acquired from the firm’s record. In addition, commercial banks mortgage lending rates was retrieved from Central Bank of Nigeria website for year 2015 to 2021, and was used to capitalise the property rent and/or price.
{"title":"Pre-Letting and Pre-Sale Financing Arrangements: An Assessment of Cost Effectiveness for Real Estate Development in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria","authors":"Funminiyi Emmanuel Olayiwola","doi":"10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n51526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n51526","url":null,"abstract":"Real estate development is capital intensive and hence requires a huge capital outlay and the onus of capital provision lies solely on the development firm. However, the largeness of projects usually makes equity insufficient, raising the need for firms to look outward for capital supply. With debt finance as the alternative, associated high cost of capital acquisition made it inaccessible to development firms. The recent attention-shift of real estate development firms towards pre-letting and pre-sale financing arrangements suggests the cost effectiveness of the arrangements over mortgage. However, despite the attention-shift, the cost effectiveness of pre-letting and pre-sale financing arrangements has been given little attention by the researcher. Hence, this study assessed cost effectiveness of pre-letting and pre-sale financing arrangements with a view to providing information that will increase the level of adoption, using selected properties in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria as a case study. The cost effectiveness of the arrangements was assessed using three case studies analysis. One property in each of year 2018 (pre – COVID19), year 2020 (COVID19 period) and year 2021 (post – COVID19). Property details such as the number of units financed by pre-letting and pre-sale arrangements, units’ type (1-bedroom, 2-bedroom, 3 bedrooms, among others), number of units targeted for pre-letting and/or pre-sale, number of units eventually pre-let and/or pre-sold, duration of property development, annual rent of the pre-let per unit, price of the pre-sale per unit, among others were acquired from the firm’s record. In addition, commercial banks mortgage lending rates was retrieved from Central Bank of Nigeria website for year 2015 to 2021, and was used to capitalise the property rent and/or price.","PeriodicalId":249043,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Earth Sciences Research","volume":"12 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139272032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-15DOI: 10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n5114
P. John, G. J. Udom, A.C Tse
Assessment of ultimate pile carrying capacity (deep foundation) and its settlement in parts of Port Harcourt and environs Rivers State has become imperative due to moderate bearing pressure and poor subsoil nature found in the study area. Bored pile foundation analysis was carried out for the soil profiles with diameter 306, 406, 460 and 600mm for the deep foundation at various study area were calculated. The study shows that the higher the diameter and pile depth of the foundation, the higher the ultimate pile carrying capacity. The settlement of the piles fall within an acceptable criterion of one-tenth. Safe working load of Greater Port Harcourt New Stadium Precient (BH4) was found higher, when compared to other locations in parts of Port Harcourt and environs.
{"title":"Bored Pile Designs Using Geotechnical Data in Parts of Port Harcourt and Environs, Rivers State, Nigeria","authors":"P. John, G. J. Udom, A.C Tse","doi":"10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n5114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n5114","url":null,"abstract":"Assessment of ultimate pile carrying capacity (deep foundation) and its settlement in parts of Port Harcourt and environs Rivers State has become imperative due to moderate bearing pressure and poor subsoil nature found in the study area. Bored pile foundation analysis was carried out for the soil profiles with diameter 306, 406, 460 and 600mm for the deep foundation at various study area were calculated. The study shows that the higher the diameter and pile depth of the foundation, the higher the ultimate pile carrying capacity. The settlement of the piles fall within an acceptable criterion of one-tenth. Safe working load of Greater Port Harcourt New Stadium Precient (BH4) was found higher, when compared to other locations in parts of Port Harcourt and environs.","PeriodicalId":249043,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Earth Sciences Research","volume":"34 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139271471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-15DOI: 10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n45062
P.N John, G. J. Udom, A.C Tse
This research was to determine geotechnical properties of the subsoils in some part of Yenagoa and environs to obtain proper foundation design parameters, six towns in Yenagoa local government area, Bayelsa state was investigated. Six geotechnical boreholes was drilled and laboratory studies of soils samples were obtained from 0-20.25m deep. Subsurface soil profiles were delineated followed by determination of their index and mechanical properties, including Atterberg limits, particle sizes distribution, undrained shear strength, shear box test and consolidation coefficient. The general soil profile consists of (from top to bottom), , upper Silty clay horizon (0.0-5.25m thickness) soft to firm for Yenagoa study areas, Medium silty clay horizon (0.75 to 1.5m thickness) soft to firm Yenagoa study areas, low clayey sand horizon (0.75 to 1.5m thickness) soft Yenagoa study areas, peaty clay (1.0m thickness between 3.0-4.0m) soft Igbogene Yenagoa, upper sand horizon (3.0m thickness) silty sand Etegwe town Yenagoa, lower sand horizon (13.5 to 18.0m) silty sand to fine to medium and medium coarse appear in all the boreholes in Yenagoa. Yenagoa sub-soil show clay of high plasticity, silt of intermediate to high plasticity (CH, MI and MH) according to unified soil classification system from the results it shows that pad foundation is more economical in the study areas. Raft foundation is more economical in the six towns study areas of Yenagoa with Allowable bearing capacity of the upper clay layer ranges from 23-128KN/m2 In view of the significant variations in the stratification and engineering geological index properties of the soil in the six towns in Yenagoa while geotechnical data of one location cannot be used as a basis for design of foundation in a nearby land. Axial load carrying capacity for 305, 306mm, 356, 360mm, 406mm, 600and 610mm diameter for bore pile and tubular driven steel cased piles respectively were calculated for all the studies areas. Where high rise building is required in the various study areas. The study shows that the frequent causes of building collapse in Yenagoa are as a result of inadequate geotechnical investigations of the subsoil, poor quality materials, and poor work supervision.
{"title":"Geotechnical Considerations for Foundation Design in Parts of Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Niger Delta Nigeria","authors":"P.N John, G. J. Udom, A.C Tse","doi":"10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n45062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n45062","url":null,"abstract":"This research was to determine geotechnical properties of the subsoils in some part of Yenagoa and environs to obtain proper foundation design parameters, six towns in Yenagoa local government area, Bayelsa state was investigated. Six geotechnical boreholes was drilled and laboratory studies of soils samples were obtained from 0-20.25m deep. Subsurface soil profiles were delineated followed by determination of their index and mechanical properties, including Atterberg limits, particle sizes distribution, undrained shear strength, shear box test and consolidation coefficient. The general soil profile consists of (from top to bottom), , upper Silty clay horizon (0.0-5.25m thickness) soft to firm for Yenagoa study areas, Medium silty clay horizon (0.75 to 1.5m thickness) soft to firm Yenagoa study areas, low clayey sand horizon (0.75 to 1.5m thickness) soft Yenagoa study areas, peaty clay (1.0m thickness between 3.0-4.0m) soft Igbogene Yenagoa, upper sand horizon (3.0m thickness) silty sand Etegwe town Yenagoa, lower sand horizon (13.5 to 18.0m) silty sand to fine to medium and medium coarse appear in all the boreholes in Yenagoa. Yenagoa sub-soil show clay of high plasticity, silt of intermediate to high plasticity (CH, MI and MH) according to unified soil classification system from the results it shows that pad foundation is more economical in the study areas. Raft foundation is more economical in the six towns study areas of Yenagoa with Allowable bearing capacity of the upper clay layer ranges from 23-128KN/m2 In view of the significant variations in the stratification and engineering geological index properties of the soil in the six towns in Yenagoa while geotechnical data of one location cannot be used as a basis for design of foundation in a nearby land. Axial load carrying capacity for 305, 306mm, 356, 360mm, 406mm, 600and 610mm diameter for bore pile and tubular driven steel cased piles respectively were calculated for all the studies areas. Where high rise building is required in the various study areas. The study shows that the frequent causes of building collapse in Yenagoa are as a result of inadequate geotechnical investigations of the subsoil, poor quality materials, and poor work supervision.","PeriodicalId":249043,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Earth Sciences Research","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127528565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-15DOI: 10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n42049
S.O. Amiebenomo, A.S. Adavbiele, B.O. Ozigi
In manufacturing industry, the quality of manufactured machine components, is determined by how well they follow a defined product's criteria for dimensional accuracy, tool wear, and surface finish quality. For this reason, manufacturers must be able to regulate machining processes to ensure improved performance and service life of engineering components. This research work presents a study on the optimization of machining parameters for mild steel using artificial neural networks (ANNs). The focus is on developing an effective and efficient machining technique for mild steel by leveraging the capabilities of ANNs to predict optimal machining parameters. To bridge the gap between laboratory figures, model-simulated values, and real-world application, experiments were conducted to obtain data used in the research analysis. Levenberg-Marquardt method were utilized to train the ANNs, with input factors like depth of cut, bearing clearance, cutting speed, and feed rate considered, while the surface roughness of the cut, normalized within 0 to 1 range. A statistical measure of the surface roughness predicted using indicated MAPE value of 0.002% while the correlation coefficient (R) was 0.99995. The results showed that ANNs are a viable machining parameter optimization method and can improve product quality, while providing significant economic and production benefits.
{"title":"Neural Network Prediction of Surface Roughness with Bearing Clearance Effect","authors":"S.O. Amiebenomo, A.S. Adavbiele, B.O. Ozigi","doi":"10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n42049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n42049","url":null,"abstract":"In manufacturing industry, the quality of manufactured machine components, is determined by how well they follow a defined product's criteria for dimensional accuracy, tool wear, and surface finish quality. For this reason, manufacturers must be able to regulate machining processes to ensure improved performance and service life of engineering components. This research work presents a study on the optimization of machining parameters for mild steel using artificial neural networks (ANNs). The focus is on developing an effective and efficient machining technique for mild steel by leveraging the capabilities of ANNs to predict optimal machining parameters. To bridge the gap between laboratory figures, model-simulated values, and real-world application, experiments were conducted to obtain data used in the research analysis. Levenberg-Marquardt method were utilized to train the ANNs, with input factors like depth of cut, bearing clearance, cutting speed, and feed rate considered, while the surface roughness of the cut, normalized within 0 to 1 range. A statistical measure of the surface roughness predicted using indicated MAPE value of 0.002% while the correlation coefficient (R) was 0.99995. The results showed that ANNs are a viable machining parameter optimization method and can improve product quality, while providing significant economic and production benefits.","PeriodicalId":249043,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Earth Sciences Research","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115619117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-15DOI: 10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n4119
G. J. Udom, P.N John
The study was carried out with the objectives of determining the stratification, geotechnical index properties of the soils in part of Port Harcourt city and Obio/Akpor local Government Area, Rivers state. Field Exploration and laboratory studies of soils samples were obtained from 0-20.25m deep. Subsurface soil profiles were delineated followed by determination of their index and mechanical properties, including Atterberg limits, particle sizes distribution, undrained shear strength, shear box test and consolidation coefficient. Results reveal an overlying light brown sandy clay, soft to firm consistency, clay thickness vary from 9.0 to 13.5m. Beneath this overburden lie yellowish brown to light grey fine to medium to coarse grained sand, loose to medium dense to dense consistency and poorly graded sand, thickness vary from 6.75 to 11.25m. The clays show low to intermediate clay plasticity (CL-CI). The shear strength parameters of these c- soil gave values range of 40-60KN/m2 . Allowable bearing capacities for the shallow foundation and bored pile foundation analysis was also carried out for the soil profiles with diameter 306, 406, 460 and 600mm for the deep foundation for various study areas were calculated.
{"title":"Geotechnical Properties of Foundation Subsoils in Parts of Port Harcourt City, Obio/Akpor and Ikwerre Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria","authors":"G. J. Udom, P.N John","doi":"10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n4119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n4119","url":null,"abstract":"The study was carried out with the objectives of determining the stratification, geotechnical index properties of the soils in part of Port Harcourt city and Obio/Akpor local Government Area, Rivers state. Field Exploration and laboratory studies of soils samples were obtained from 0-20.25m deep. Subsurface soil profiles were delineated followed by determination of their index and mechanical properties, including Atterberg limits, particle sizes distribution, undrained shear strength, shear box test and consolidation coefficient. Results reveal an overlying light brown sandy clay, soft to firm consistency, clay thickness vary from 9.0 to 13.5m. Beneath this overburden lie yellowish brown to light grey fine to medium to coarse grained sand, loose to medium dense to dense consistency and poorly graded sand, thickness vary from 6.75 to 11.25m. The clays show low to intermediate clay plasticity (CL-CI). The shear strength parameters of these c- soil gave values range of 40-60KN/m2 . Allowable bearing capacities for the shallow foundation and bored pile foundation analysis was also carried out for the soil profiles with diameter 306, 406, 460 and 600mm for the deep foundation for various study areas were calculated.","PeriodicalId":249043,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Earth Sciences Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129531246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-15DOI: 10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n47793
A. Aturamu
Palynofacies analyses of the strata penetrated by TTtex-1 Well were carried out with the aim of investigating the stratigraphic sequence penetrated by the Well to establish palynostratigraphic zones, the relative age and the paleoenvironment of deposition. Sixty-two ditch cutting samples within the interval of 2179 – 3523 m were analyzed. The use of acid in the sample preparation for palynofacies analyses were used. The result of the analyses produced relatively low to abundant occurrences of pollen and spores shows abundance of small, medium, and large sizes of palynomacerals I and II, few occurrences of palynomacerals III and IV. The lithology consists of intercalations of shale and sandstone units with few intercalations of argillaceous sandstone units, this designates the studied interval to be Agbada Formation. The interval studied were dated to be middle Miocene to late Miocene based on the recovered age indicative marker species such as Multiareolites formosus, Zonocostatites ramonae, Crassoretitriletes vanraadshoveni Verrutricolporites rotundiporus, and Racemonocolpites hians. A taxon range zone: Ainipollinite verus zone and Two interval range palynostratigraphic zones: Multiareolites formosus – Zonocostatites ramonae, Verrutricolporites rotundiporus - Crassoretitriletes vanraadshoveni were proposed. The stratigraphic interval studied was deposited in the Coastal-marsh (marginal marine) environments based on paleoenvironmental interpretation of the palynofacies associations and the lithology.
{"title":"Palynological Investigation of TTtex-1 Well, coastal marsh depobelt of Eastern Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria","authors":"A. Aturamu","doi":"10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n47793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n47793","url":null,"abstract":"Palynofacies analyses of the strata penetrated by TTtex-1 Well were carried out with the aim of investigating the stratigraphic sequence penetrated by the Well to establish palynostratigraphic zones, the relative age and the paleoenvironment of deposition. Sixty-two ditch cutting samples within the interval of 2179 – 3523 m were analyzed. The use of acid in the sample preparation for palynofacies analyses were used. The result of the analyses produced relatively low to abundant occurrences of pollen and spores shows abundance of small, medium, and large sizes of palynomacerals I and II, few occurrences of palynomacerals III and IV. The lithology consists of intercalations of shale and sandstone units with few intercalations of argillaceous sandstone units, this designates the studied interval to be Agbada Formation. The interval studied were dated to be middle Miocene to late Miocene based on the recovered age indicative marker species such as Multiareolites formosus, Zonocostatites ramonae, Crassoretitriletes vanraadshoveni Verrutricolporites rotundiporus, and Racemonocolpites hians. A taxon range zone: Ainipollinite verus zone and Two interval range palynostratigraphic zones: Multiareolites formosus – Zonocostatites ramonae, Verrutricolporites rotundiporus - Crassoretitriletes vanraadshoveni were proposed. The stratigraphic interval studied was deposited in the Coastal-marsh (marginal marine) environments based on paleoenvironmental interpretation of the palynofacies associations and the lithology.","PeriodicalId":249043,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Earth Sciences Research","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115472494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-15DOI: 10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n46376
Ajijola, S. Oluwakemi, F.M. Adedire
As physical flood vulnerability continues to increase in urbanized floodplain areas; understanding and improving household adaptation is an important step towards disaster risk reduction. The study provides an assessment of household adaptation using the resilience model to identify pre-disaster preparedness, household coping capacity, and intervention received during and in post-severe flooding scenarios within communities located in the urbanized floodplain areas of Kosofe. Lagos, Nigeria. Kosofe is the most vulnerable residential area out of the 20 local government areas in Africa’s most populated city, based on flood vulnerability map of the entire city. The study is based on a positivists’ philosophical paradigm, using the deductive approach to gain understanding of resilience model and then tested through a cross-sectional survey involving 324 household heads/representatives in the study area, to contextualize the model in terms of its application in assessing household adaptation. Findings indicate that there is little practice of flood preparedness measures despite high levels of flood risk awareness learnt from previous flood experiences within the area. Similarly, households within the study area rarely use building-based adaptation strategies in coping during severe flooding. Also, government support are very minimal as the most common interventions received by household during and after severe flooding are prayers, savings/thrift contribution, and support from friends and families. The implication of this finding is that by encouraging investments in pre-disaster preparations, deploying adaptive building-based flood disaster risk reduction strategies in new and existing houses, and improving government involvement and support in marginalized urbanized floodplain areas; vulnerable households are better positioned to deal with, cope with and recover from future flood risks.
{"title":"Contextualizing Household Adaptation to Flooding in Urbanized Floodplain Areas: Pre-disaster Adaptation, Coping Capacity and Post-Disaster Intervention","authors":"Ajijola, S. Oluwakemi, F.M. Adedire","doi":"10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n46376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n46376","url":null,"abstract":"As physical flood vulnerability continues to increase in urbanized floodplain areas; understanding and improving household adaptation is an important step towards disaster risk reduction. The study provides an assessment of household adaptation using the resilience model to identify pre-disaster preparedness, household coping capacity, and intervention received during and in post-severe flooding scenarios within communities located in the urbanized floodplain areas of Kosofe. Lagos, Nigeria. Kosofe is the most vulnerable residential area out of the 20 local government areas in Africa’s most populated city, based on flood vulnerability map of the entire city. The study is based on a positivists’ philosophical paradigm, using the deductive approach to gain understanding of resilience model and then tested through a cross-sectional survey involving 324 household heads/representatives in the study area, to contextualize the model in terms of its application in assessing household adaptation. Findings indicate that there is little practice of flood preparedness measures despite high levels of flood risk awareness learnt from previous flood experiences within the area. Similarly, households within the study area rarely use building-based adaptation strategies in coping during severe flooding. Also, government support are very minimal as the most common interventions received by household during and after severe flooding are prayers, savings/thrift contribution, and support from friends and families. The implication of this finding is that by encouraging investments in pre-disaster preparations, deploying adaptive building-based flood disaster risk reduction strategies in new and existing houses, and improving government involvement and support in marginalized urbanized floodplain areas; vulnerable households are better positioned to deal with, cope with and recover from future flood risks.","PeriodicalId":249043,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Earth Sciences Research","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131771160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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