Pub Date : 2023-01-15DOI: 10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n11730
S. Obaje, A. O. Pirisola
The aim of this work is to determine the provenance, chemical index of alteration, elemental spatial distribution in the stream sediments, stream flow energy and the depositional conditions in the study area. The study area is located in Egbetua area in Akoko Edo Local Government Area of Edo State, Southwestern Nigeria. It is located on latitudes 07º 21’30’’N and 07º 22’N longitudes 06º 15’ 30” E and 06º 17’E and average elevation of 182 metres. Standard field and laboratory procedures were used in the study. Geochemical analysis was carried out using x-ray fluorescence method. Average concentrations of SiO2 (78.24 wt. %), Al2O3 (ca. 12.15 wt. %) and the chemical index of alteration (CIA) values of 68.90% indicate felsic granitic source rocks. Ce/Ce*, Eu/Eu* and (La/Yb)n ratios were used to deduce the prevailing reducing-oxidizing depositional environment of the sediments. Ce/Ce* (0.80) confirmed an oxidizing environment of deposition with low stream flow energy, while Eu/Eu* (0.07) corroborated an oxidizing environment with felsic source rock. (La/Yb)n (5.95) indicated an oxidizing environment in a low stream energy flow with coarse-grained and clay size sediment input.
{"title":"Geochemical characterization of Egbetua stream sediments, southwestern Nigeria: implication for provenance and depositional conditions","authors":"S. Obaje, A. O. Pirisola","doi":"10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n11730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n11730","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this work is to determine the provenance, chemical index of alteration, elemental spatial distribution in the stream sediments, stream flow energy and the depositional conditions in the study area. The study area is located in Egbetua area in Akoko Edo Local Government Area of Edo State, Southwestern Nigeria. It is located on latitudes 07º 21’30’’N and 07º 22’N longitudes 06º 15’ 30” E and 06º 17’E and average elevation of 182 metres. Standard field and laboratory procedures were used in the study. Geochemical analysis was carried out using x-ray fluorescence method. Average concentrations of SiO2 (78.24 wt. %), Al2O3 (ca. 12.15 wt. %) and the chemical index of alteration (CIA) values of 68.90% indicate felsic granitic source rocks. Ce/Ce*, Eu/Eu* and (La/Yb)n ratios were used to deduce the prevailing reducing-oxidizing depositional environment of the sediments. Ce/Ce* (0.80) confirmed an oxidizing environment of deposition with low stream flow energy, while Eu/Eu* (0.07) corroborated an oxidizing environment with felsic source rock. (La/Yb)n (5.95) indicated an oxidizing environment in a low stream energy flow with coarse-grained and clay size sediment input.","PeriodicalId":249043,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Earth Sciences Research","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114467944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-15DOI: 10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n1115
O. Orji, W. Ofuyah
Seismic visibility is enhanced through the change of the seismic data outlook from the standard amplitude measurement to a new domain in order separate fact from artifact in seismic processing and interpretation. General seismic data interpretation involves direct fault and horizon mapping, sequence stratigraphy and seismic modeling to produce structural, stratigraphic and reservoir maps for the delineation, exploration and production of hydrocarbon in oil fields. These methods operate on stacked and migrated data and without adequate calibration. Besides, final stacks are inadequately displayed, processing is coarse and in time domain. Actual hydrocarbon entrapments are rarely detailed well enough to permit reliable location of wells from these studies alone owing to noise. This paper presents the results of the application of Cepstral transform (CT) in the interpretation of the 3D seismic data in the Niger Delta. The aim of the study was to develop a robust technique for mapping subtle stratigraphic units which are usually masked during normal data interpretation using Cepstral algorithm. The Cepstrum is the Fourier transform of the log of the spectrum of the data. The transform filters the field data recorded in time domain, and recovers lost sub-seismic geologic information in quefrency domain. Cepstral domain analysis separates source and transmission path effects. The algorithm is based on fast Fourier transform technique and was developed within Matlab software. The results of the Cepstral decomposition yielded gamnitude, saphe and quefrency maps of the reservoir and revealed sub-seismic faults, differences in lithology and better reservoir delineation and delimitation.
{"title":"A Cepstral Technique for Unmasking Vital Sub-Seismic Stratigraphic Details Embedded in Dense 3D Seismic Data from Niger Delta","authors":"O. Orji, W. Ofuyah","doi":"10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n1115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol11n1115","url":null,"abstract":"Seismic visibility is enhanced through the change of the seismic data outlook from the standard amplitude measurement to a new domain in order separate fact from artifact in seismic processing and interpretation. General seismic data interpretation involves direct fault and horizon mapping, sequence stratigraphy and seismic modeling to produce structural, stratigraphic and reservoir maps for the delineation, exploration and production of hydrocarbon in oil fields. These methods operate on stacked and migrated data and without adequate calibration. Besides, final stacks are inadequately displayed, processing is coarse and in time domain. Actual hydrocarbon entrapments are rarely detailed well enough to permit reliable location of wells from these studies alone owing to noise. This paper presents the results of the application of Cepstral transform (CT) in the interpretation of the 3D seismic data in the Niger Delta. The aim of the study was to develop a robust technique for mapping subtle stratigraphic units which are usually masked during normal data interpretation using Cepstral algorithm. The Cepstrum is the Fourier transform of the log of the spectrum of the data. The transform filters the field data recorded in time domain, and recovers lost sub-seismic geologic information in quefrency domain. Cepstral domain analysis separates source and transmission path effects. The algorithm is based on fast Fourier transform technique and was developed within Matlab software. The results of the Cepstral decomposition yielded gamnitude, saphe and quefrency maps of the reservoir and revealed sub-seismic faults, differences in lithology and better reservoir delineation and delimitation.","PeriodicalId":249043,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Earth Sciences Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131295824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-15DOI: 10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol10n4720
C. C. Ehirim, J. Ebeniro
The search for hydrocarbons in parts of the lower Benue basin has remained comatose because of poor discoveries. The basin has attracted focused attention in the recent because of the continued discovery of commercial hydrocarbons in the contiguous basins of Chad and Niger Republics and Sudan. However, data from drilled wells revealed a number of continuous organic rich stratigraphic intervals with potentials for both oil and gas generation. With the rising global energy demand and uncertainties in supply, explorations are taking new dimensions with the adoption of new technologies. Remote sensing offers an attractive, robust and innovative reconnaissance technique that compliments the geophysical methods in hydrocarbon exploration. In the present study, a satellite image-based analysis was conducted for extracting surface lineaments and terrain attributes for hydrocarbon prospect evaluation in parts of the lower Benue basin. Advanced space borne thermal emission and reflection radiometer global digital elevation model (ASTER GDEM) and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS data were used. Results revealed that lineament distribution, density and orientation vary across the study area. The tectonic highs (escarpment) have high prevalence of lineaments and lineament density than the lowlands/valleys, suggesting a structurally deformed area. The NE-SW is the most dominant lineament orientation and the major tectonic feature that control the structuration of the study area, while NW-SE, N-S and E-W lineament orientations are less dominant. Terrain attributes were partly lineament-controlled and lithological and could be related to the development of petroleum entrapment structures. Hydrocarbon prospect zones were delineated in medium to high lineament density areas, where lineament intersections and connectivity capable of trapping hydrocarbons is high. Therefore, Agwu, Awka, Enugu, Nsukka, Udi and Ukehe located on the escarpment are preferred prospect areas than Adanu, Nkalagu and Igumale in the flanking lowland/valley areas for detailed hydrocarbon exploration. Correlation of lineament density and surface hydrocarbon seepage in parts of the basin, revealed that high lineament density correlates with known location of hydrocarbon seepage in the study, indicating the connectivity of these lineaments with deep seated structures.
{"title":"Hydrocarbon Prospect Evaluation from Remote Sensed Data in Parts of Lower Benue Trough","authors":"C. C. Ehirim, J. Ebeniro","doi":"10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol10n4720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol10n4720","url":null,"abstract":"The search for hydrocarbons in parts of the lower Benue basin has remained comatose because of poor discoveries. The basin has attracted focused attention in the recent because of the continued discovery of commercial hydrocarbons in the contiguous basins of Chad and Niger Republics and Sudan. However, data from drilled wells revealed a number of continuous organic rich stratigraphic intervals with potentials for both oil and gas generation. With the rising global energy demand and uncertainties in supply, explorations are taking new dimensions with the adoption of new technologies. Remote sensing offers an attractive, robust and innovative reconnaissance technique that compliments the geophysical methods in hydrocarbon exploration. In the present study, a satellite image-based analysis was conducted for extracting surface lineaments and terrain attributes for hydrocarbon prospect evaluation in parts of the lower Benue basin. Advanced space borne thermal emission and reflection radiometer global digital elevation model (ASTER GDEM) and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS data were used. Results revealed that lineament distribution, density and orientation vary across the study area. The tectonic highs (escarpment) have high prevalence of lineaments and lineament density than the lowlands/valleys, suggesting a structurally deformed area. The NE-SW is the most dominant lineament orientation and the major tectonic feature that control the structuration of the study area, while NW-SE, N-S and E-W lineament orientations are less dominant. Terrain attributes were partly lineament-controlled and lithological and could be related to the development of petroleum entrapment structures. Hydrocarbon prospect zones were delineated in medium to high lineament density areas, where lineament intersections and connectivity capable of trapping hydrocarbons is high. Therefore, Agwu, Awka, Enugu, Nsukka, Udi and Ukehe located on the escarpment are preferred prospect areas than Adanu, Nkalagu and Igumale in the flanking lowland/valley areas for detailed hydrocarbon exploration. Correlation of lineament density and surface hydrocarbon seepage in parts of the basin, revealed that high lineament density correlates with known location of hydrocarbon seepage in the study, indicating the connectivity of these lineaments with deep seated structures.","PeriodicalId":249043,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Earth Sciences Research","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128330212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-15DOI: 10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol10n416
Mustapha Isa Alhaji, Abubakar Fusami Ayuba, Joseph Amusuk Danboyi
Land cover maps provide best understanding of current landscape change over time. One can evaluate past land cover maps for several different years for management decisions as well as gain insight into the possible effects on decisions making. One of the key monitoring areas is how the environment keeps degrading resulting from increased anthropogenic activities such as the removal of the forest covers. This study monitors the pattern changes of the Geidam Yobe state Nigeria, using Landsat images of two different periods from Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) image of data of 1988 and 2018. The images were geometrically and atmospherically pre-processed then classified, using maximum likelihood (MLC) algorithm to produce land cover maps of the Geidam. The accuracy of the classification was assessed with confusion matrices giving results morethan the minimum 85% required. The results revealed that the built-up and tree area increase by (+30.97%), water body reduced by (-5.06%) and forest reduce by (-23.48%) within the study period. This shows a rapid decrease in the forest, which is partly attributed to deforestation activities and partly to climate change impact.
{"title":"Depletion of Forested Area: Geidam Perspective","authors":"Mustapha Isa Alhaji, Abubakar Fusami Ayuba, Joseph Amusuk Danboyi","doi":"10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol10n416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol10n416","url":null,"abstract":"Land cover maps provide best understanding of current landscape change over time. One can evaluate past land cover maps for several different years for management decisions as well as gain insight into the possible effects on decisions making. One of the key monitoring areas is how the environment keeps degrading resulting from increased anthropogenic activities such as the removal of the forest covers. This study monitors the pattern changes of the Geidam Yobe state Nigeria, using Landsat images of two different periods from Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) image of data of 1988 and 2018. The images were geometrically and atmospherically pre-processed then classified, using maximum likelihood (MLC) algorithm to produce land cover maps of the Geidam. The accuracy of the classification was assessed with confusion matrices giving results morethan the minimum 85% required. The results revealed that the built-up and tree area increase by (+30.97%), water body reduced by (-5.06%) and forest reduce by (-23.48%) within the study period. This shows a rapid decrease in the forest, which is partly attributed to deforestation activities and partly to climate change impact.","PeriodicalId":249043,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Earth Sciences Research","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130840467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-15DOI: 10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol10n32636
Abeba Hassen Selie
Improving irrigation water management and enhancing crop and water productivity (WP) are required to address future water scarcity in Ethiopia. Increasing WP through exposing the crop to a positive level of water stress the use of deficit irrigation (DI) is taken into consideration a promising strategy. To espouse deficit irrigation strategies, a shred of complete proof regarding DI for distinctive crops is required. The objective of this critical review is to collect adequate information about the indicators on the essential of DI to crop and water productivity. Just a study on the role of deficit irrigation indicates improve crop yield and water productivity. The end result confirmed that DI appreciably improved WP in comparison to complete irrigation. Despite better WP, the decreased yield became acquired in a number of the studied DI practices in comparison to complete irrigation. It was additionally observed that yield reduction can be low in comparison to the advantages won through diverting the saved water to irrigate extra arable land. The advantages of water-saving techniques which include alternate furrow and deficit irrigation want to be explored to make sure meals safety for the ever-growing populace in the context of declining availability of irrigation water. Consequently, reviewer concluded that deficit irrigation is doubtlessly important to enhance sustainable crop and water productiveness in Ethiopian agriculture.
{"title":"The Essentials of Deficit Irrigation for Crop and Water Productivity in Ethiopia: A Review","authors":"Abeba Hassen Selie","doi":"10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol10n32636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol10n32636","url":null,"abstract":"Improving irrigation water management and enhancing crop and water productivity (WP) are required to address future water scarcity in Ethiopia. Increasing WP through exposing the crop to a positive level of water stress the use of deficit irrigation (DI) is taken into consideration a promising strategy. To espouse deficit irrigation strategies, a shred of complete proof regarding DI for distinctive crops is required. The objective of this critical review is to collect adequate information about the indicators on the essential of DI to crop and water productivity. Just a study on the role of deficit irrigation indicates improve crop yield and water productivity. The end result confirmed that DI appreciably improved WP in comparison to complete irrigation. Despite better WP, the decreased yield became acquired in a number of the studied DI practices in comparison to complete irrigation. It was additionally observed that yield reduction can be low in comparison to the advantages won through diverting the saved water to irrigate extra arable land. The advantages of water-saving techniques which include alternate furrow and deficit irrigation want to be explored to make sure meals safety for the ever-growing populace in the context of declining availability of irrigation water. Consequently, reviewer concluded that deficit irrigation is doubtlessly important to enhance sustainable crop and water productiveness in Ethiopian agriculture.","PeriodicalId":249043,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Earth Sciences Research","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131961475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-15DOI: 10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol10n3115
C. Okeke, B. Jatau, A. Kana
The geological and hydrogeophysical assessment of the groundwater prospect/potential in Angwan Zakara and its environs, Karu Local Government, Nasarawa State, North-Central, Nigeria has been carried out in this study. The study area covers 25km2.The area is underlain by the Basement Complex of the North-Central Nigeria consisting of Medium grained biotite granite, biotite gneiss, phyllite and un-mappable muscovite schist with structural features such as joints, veins, foliation, faults, and xenoliths trending NW-SE direction. Forty Nine (49) Vertical Electrical Sounding were carried out in the study area using Omega Resistivity Terrameter, GPS12 Garmix with a maximum cable spread of AB/2=100m and MN/2=5m. The results obtained from the field data were interpreted using IXID Software for quantitative analysis. True resistivity map, piezometric map, basement resistivity map and depth to basement map were prepared and interpreted using computer software for qualitative analysis (SURFER 8). From the IXID interpreted results, five (5) curve types were obtained from the acquired data namely A, H, KH, AH, and HK curve types are the dominant. The study area showed depth to basement ranges from 20-90m. That revealed good groundwater potential. The study area revealed 4-7 lithologic sequences consisting of top soil, laterite, clay, weathered/ fractured basement however the host rocks in the study area are biotite granite, quartzite and schistose-gneiss. The results obtained shows that the direction of water flows revealed five ridges R1-R5 and four depressions D1-D4 with receptacles trends of the ridges are R1 and R2:NW-SE; R3 N-S, R4 : NE-SW and R5; E-W. The geoelectric sections were produced and correlated with the geology of the study area and it was found to be in conformity with the each other. Based on this, the study area is zoned into three namely good, moderate and poor groundwater potential zones.
{"title":"Geological and Hydrogeophysical Investigation of Angwan Zakara, Keffi Sheet 208N.E of North Central Nigeria","authors":"C. Okeke, B. Jatau, A. Kana","doi":"10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol10n3115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol10n3115","url":null,"abstract":"The geological and hydrogeophysical assessment of the groundwater prospect/potential in Angwan Zakara and its environs, Karu Local Government, Nasarawa State, North-Central, Nigeria has been carried out in this study. The study area covers 25km2.The area is underlain by the Basement Complex of the North-Central Nigeria consisting of Medium grained biotite granite, biotite gneiss, phyllite and un-mappable muscovite schist with structural features such as joints, veins, foliation, faults, and xenoliths trending NW-SE direction. Forty Nine (49) Vertical Electrical Sounding were carried out in the study area using Omega Resistivity Terrameter, GPS12 Garmix with a maximum cable spread of AB/2=100m and MN/2=5m. The results obtained from the field data were interpreted using IXID Software for quantitative analysis. True resistivity map, piezometric map, basement resistivity map and depth to basement map were prepared and interpreted using computer software for qualitative analysis (SURFER 8). From the IXID interpreted results, five (5) curve types were obtained from the acquired data namely A, H, KH, AH, and HK curve types are the dominant. The study area showed depth to basement ranges from 20-90m. That revealed good groundwater potential. The study area revealed 4-7 lithologic sequences consisting of top soil, laterite, clay, weathered/ fractured basement however the host rocks in the study area are biotite granite, quartzite and schistose-gneiss. The results obtained shows that the direction of water flows revealed five ridges R1-R5 and four depressions D1-D4 with receptacles trends of the ridges are R1 and R2:NW-SE; R3 N-S, R4 : NE-SW and R5; E-W. The geoelectric sections were produced and correlated with the geology of the study area and it was found to be in conformity with the each other. Based on this, the study area is zoned into three namely good, moderate and poor groundwater potential zones.","PeriodicalId":249043,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Earth Sciences Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128912691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-15DOI: 10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol10n31625
A. Ola-buraimo, N. Haidara
Feld samples were collected from an outcrop at Tunga Buzu with the intention of comparing field relationship between the claystone member and the underlying carbonaceous shale Type Section for palynological study. The study was carried out in order to determine the geologic age relationship of the facies sequence, sequence stratigraphy and paleoenvironment of deposition of the sediments. Lithological description of the beds follows notation of colour, facies composition, texture, fossil content, structure and post depositional diagenetic effects. Laboratory preparation of palynological slides involved decarbonisation, sample digestion using hydrofluoric acid, sieving with 10µm mesh, bleaching of organic debris with nitric acid, maceral separation with zinc bromide, rinsing of separated maceral with ethanol and final mounting of the organomaceral on the slides for microscopic analysis.The carbonaceous shale is light grey in colour, fissile, carbonaceous, slightly bioturbated and ferruginized. Pollen, spores, dinoflagellates and algae were recovered from samples N1-N4. The samples N1-N3 are claystone samples characterised by relatively low assemblage assemblage of miospores with downhole increase in dinoflagellate cysts. The carbonaceous shale (sample N4) is relatively rich in palynomorphs with corresponding high palynomorph population and diversity compared with the claystone facies. Both the claystone and carbonaceous shale contain marker fossils such as Striamonocolpites sp., Retibrevitricolporites obodoensis, Verrutricolporites sp., Praedapollis sp., Belskipollis elegans and Peregnipollis nigericus; indicative of Early Miocene age. The litho-sequence of claystone and carbonaceous shale indicated alternation of continental and marginal marine deposits characterised by paucity and preponderance of peridinacean dinocysts. This suggests eustatic change in sea level of continental Lowstand Systems Tract (LST) and marginal marine Transgressive Systems Tract (TST) deposits respectively. The Tunga Buzu Carbonaceous Shale Type Section constitutes a member of the Early Miocene Gwandu Formation of the Sokoto Basin, Nigeria.
{"title":"Pollen and Spores Recovery in Tunga Buzu Carbonaceous Shale Type Section Member: Significance in Sequence Stratigraphy, Age Dating and Paleoenvironment Deduction of the Early Miocene Gwandu Formation, Sokoto Basin, Northwestern Nigeria","authors":"A. Ola-buraimo, N. Haidara","doi":"10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol10n31625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol10n31625","url":null,"abstract":"Feld samples were collected from an outcrop at Tunga Buzu with the intention of comparing field relationship between the claystone member and the underlying carbonaceous shale Type Section for palynological study. The study was carried out in order to determine the geologic age relationship of the facies sequence, sequence stratigraphy and paleoenvironment of deposition of the sediments. Lithological description of the beds follows notation of colour, facies composition, texture, fossil content, structure and post depositional diagenetic effects. Laboratory preparation of palynological slides involved decarbonisation, sample digestion using hydrofluoric acid, sieving with 10µm mesh, bleaching of organic debris with nitric acid, maceral separation with zinc bromide, rinsing of separated maceral with ethanol and final mounting of the organomaceral on the slides for microscopic analysis.The carbonaceous shale is light grey in colour, fissile, carbonaceous, slightly bioturbated and ferruginized. Pollen, spores, dinoflagellates and algae were recovered from samples N1-N4. The samples N1-N3 are claystone samples characterised by relatively low assemblage assemblage of miospores with downhole increase in dinoflagellate cysts. The carbonaceous shale (sample N4) is relatively rich in palynomorphs with corresponding high palynomorph population and diversity compared with the claystone facies. Both the claystone and carbonaceous shale contain marker fossils such as Striamonocolpites sp., Retibrevitricolporites obodoensis, Verrutricolporites sp., Praedapollis sp., Belskipollis elegans and Peregnipollis nigericus; indicative of Early Miocene age. The litho-sequence of claystone and carbonaceous shale indicated alternation of continental and marginal marine deposits characterised by paucity and preponderance of peridinacean dinocysts. This suggests eustatic change in sea level of continental Lowstand Systems Tract (LST) and marginal marine Transgressive Systems Tract (TST) deposits respectively. The Tunga Buzu Carbonaceous Shale Type Section constitutes a member of the Early Miocene Gwandu Formation of the Sokoto Basin, Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":249043,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Earth Sciences Research","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126644569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-15DOI: 10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol10n2pp114
Akinkunmi Joel Olukunle
Improved indigenous shelter performance play an important role in quality of living and socio-economic activities. Finding support that substandard shelter situated at the rural area encourages rural urban drift and discourages local industrial developments, this generated unemployment problem. Interaction with rural dweller reveal that the quality of life developments is affected because of appreciable rural development need, such as quality shelter system that will enhance quality of living, education system, health system and industrial development. This research focuses on how indigenous earth as building material can be adopted and improved to provide adequate and appropriate building performance for a variety of purpose that will enhance socio economy development. Data were obtained through the stratification of the study area which comprises of seven communities of Origbo in Ife North Local Government area of Osun state south Nigeria, data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and one-way analysis variance (ANOV) to determine the relationship of earth as building material and potential benefits that associated with it which include cost, affordability and availability.The research concludes, which indicates the significance of shelter to improve both local and national economy and development of capacity of socio-economic base of the nation especially in the poorly developed economic communities
{"title":"Potential Benefits of Indigenous Earth as Building Materials for Shelter Provision in Socio Economy Development in Nigeria: A Case Study of Origbo Communities in Osun State South West of Nigeria","authors":"Akinkunmi Joel Olukunle","doi":"10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol10n2pp114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol10n2pp114","url":null,"abstract":"Improved indigenous shelter performance play an important role in quality of living and socio-economic activities. Finding support that substandard shelter situated at the rural area encourages rural urban drift and discourages local industrial developments, this generated unemployment problem. Interaction with rural dweller reveal that the quality of life developments is affected because of appreciable rural development need, such as quality shelter system that will enhance quality of living, education system, health system and industrial development. This research focuses on how indigenous earth as building material can be adopted and improved to provide adequate and appropriate building performance for a variety of purpose that will enhance socio economy development. Data were obtained through the stratification of the study area which comprises of seven communities of Origbo in Ife North Local Government area of Osun state south Nigeria, data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and one-way analysis variance (ANOV) to determine the relationship of earth as building material and potential benefits that associated with it which include cost, affordability and availability.The research concludes, which indicates the significance of shelter to improve both local and national economy and development of capacity of socio-economic base of the nation especially in the poorly developed economic communities","PeriodicalId":249043,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Earth Sciences Research","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129248237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-15DOI: 10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol10n2pp3438
R. Oladimeji, A. Ola-buraimo
X-ray diffraction and field studies were carried out on the Patti Clay Member of the Patti Formation in the southern Bida Basin. The studies involved field collection of samples and XRD laboratory analysis of clay samples in order to determine the dominant clay type, subordinate associated minerals, geologic processes and paleoenvironment of deposition. Field study involved standard litho-description by noting textural properties, facies type, fossil presence, structure and diagenetic effect. Laboratory XRD analysis procedure included sample grinding, XRD recording condition, selection and measurement of reference minerals, quantification of clay minerals using XRD processing software, XPert-Highscore Plus to generate results indicating clay mineral type and other minerals peaks. Lithostratigraphic section is dominated by the alternation of sandstone and claystone layers. The sedimentary structures are planar parallel and cross bedding in nature. The sandstone at Ahoko and along Lokoja-Abuja highway is characterized by liesegang ring and bioturbation structures. XRD results indicated that the Patti Clay Members are dominated by kaolinite with subordinate illite, montmorillonite and zincite in rare cases. The clay members were suggested to be deposited by moderate to low energy of transportation, moderate to low rate of deposition through prograding mechanism in a marginal marine setting. The kaolinite clay was formed by meteoric water reaction with the shallow-seated clay members through leaching of K+, Na+ and silica ions with resultant kaolinite stable at adequate pH that was not acidic.
{"title":"X- Ray Diffraction Studies of Patti Claystone Member of the Campano-Maastrichtian Patti Formation, Southern Bida Basin, North Central Nigeria","authors":"R. Oladimeji, A. Ola-buraimo","doi":"10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol10n2pp3438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol10n2pp3438","url":null,"abstract":"X-ray diffraction and field studies were carried out on the Patti Clay Member of the Patti Formation in the southern Bida Basin. The studies involved field collection of samples and XRD laboratory analysis of clay samples in order to determine the dominant clay type, subordinate associated minerals, geologic processes and paleoenvironment of deposition. Field study involved standard litho-description by noting textural properties, facies type, fossil presence, structure and diagenetic effect. Laboratory XRD analysis procedure included sample grinding, XRD recording condition, selection and measurement of reference minerals, quantification of clay minerals using XRD processing software, XPert-Highscore Plus to generate results indicating clay mineral type and other minerals peaks. Lithostratigraphic section is dominated by the alternation of sandstone and claystone layers. The sedimentary structures are planar parallel and cross bedding in nature. The sandstone at Ahoko and along Lokoja-Abuja highway is characterized by liesegang ring and bioturbation structures. XRD results indicated that the Patti Clay Members are dominated by kaolinite with subordinate illite, montmorillonite and zincite in rare cases. The clay members were suggested to be deposited by moderate to low energy of transportation, moderate to low rate of deposition through prograding mechanism in a marginal marine setting. The kaolinite clay was formed by meteoric water reaction with the shallow-seated clay members through leaching of K+, Na+ and silica ions with resultant kaolinite stable at adequate pH that was not acidic.","PeriodicalId":249043,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Earth Sciences Research","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115696158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-15DOI: 10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol10n2pp1523
Akinkunmi Joel Olukunle
The sustainability of earth as building material cannot be overemphasised with proven superior performance at the specified criteria. This research addresses the analysis of the sustainability criteria present in a sample of 120 cases of traditional earth building at Gbongan rural area in Osun state Nigeria, as locally produced and sourced material, reduced transport cost and environmental impact among others. The focus group of professional especially architect and builders were organized to coordinate the study process, ensuring adequate evaluations of issues that can facilitate sustainability of earth as a building material. Their recommendations are evaluated and classified according to physical attributes of earth as sustainable building material: twelve prevailing factors facilitating sustainability of earth as building material were identified. The sustainability solution of earth as building material were discussed which include local employment opportunity for socio economic development. The paper then concludes on some sustainability strategies known with the earth over the year as productive and effective building material.
{"title":"The Sustainability Solution of Earth as Buildings material: Case of Gbongan Rural communities in Osun State south west Nigeria","authors":"Akinkunmi Joel Olukunle","doi":"10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol10n2pp1523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37745/bjesr.2013/vol10n2pp1523","url":null,"abstract":"The sustainability of earth as building material cannot be overemphasised with proven superior performance at the specified criteria. This research addresses the analysis of the sustainability criteria present in a sample of 120 cases of traditional earth building at Gbongan rural area in Osun state Nigeria, as locally produced and sourced material, reduced transport cost and environmental impact among others. The focus group of professional especially architect and builders were organized to coordinate the study process, ensuring adequate evaluations of issues that can facilitate sustainability of earth as a building material. Their recommendations are evaluated and classified according to physical attributes of earth as sustainable building material: twelve prevailing factors facilitating sustainability of earth as building material were identified. The sustainability solution of earth as building material were discussed which include local employment opportunity for socio economic development. The paper then concludes on some sustainability strategies known with the earth over the year as productive and effective building material.","PeriodicalId":249043,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Earth Sciences Research","volume":"335 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123182039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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