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Tax Reforms, Fiscal Illusion and Moral Hazard: Some Econometric Evidence from Indian Economy 税制改革、财政错觉与道德风险:来自印度经济的计量经济学证据
Pub Date : 2018-12-25 DOI: 10.17492/VISION.V5I2.14516
N. Sinha
Theory of Fiscal illusion as a theory of government expenditure was first conceived by an Italian economist Puviani suggesting that the benefits from tax revenue through government expenditure are not fully understood by the taxpayers if the government revenues are unobserved. This is due to information asymmetry. Since some or all taxpayers benefit from government expenditures from these unobserved or hidden revenues the public's demand for government expenditures increases, thus providing politicians incentive to expand the size of government. Fiscal Illusion is invoked as an explanation of the flypaper effect when a higher level of government provides a grant to a lower level of government because the local taxpayers are under the mistaken perception that the grant is to local government and not, in fact, to them. One of the sources of fiscal illusion is the complexity of the tax system. According to the fiscal illusion hypothesis, governments spending can be influenced by the size of the public sector and complexity in the tax system. An attempt is made in the present study to examine the fiscal illusion and explore its relationship with the fiscal dimension including revenue receipts and spending of the government. Considering the Indian federal system, the paper examines revenue diversification that has occurred during 1970 and 2016, and it estimates a model that examines the degree of moral hazard which arises mainly due to fiscal illusion within the framework of the principal agent.
财政错觉理论作为一种政府支出理论最早是由意大利经济学家普维亚尼提出的,他认为如果政府收入不被观察到,纳税人就不能完全理解通过政府支出获得的税收收益。这是由于信息不对称。由于部分或全部纳税人从这些未被观察到或隐藏的收入中受益于政府支出,公众对政府支出的需求增加,从而为政治家扩大政府规模提供了动力。财政错觉被用来解释蝇纸效应,即上级政府向下级政府提供赠款,因为地方纳税人错误地认为赠款是给地方政府的,而实际上不是给他们的。财政错觉的来源之一是税收制度的复杂性。根据财政错觉假说,政府支出可能受到公共部门规模和税收体系复杂性的影响。本研究试图检验财政错觉,并探讨其与财政维度的关系,包括政府的收入和支出。考虑到印度联邦制,本文研究了1970年至2016年期间发生的收入多样化,并估计了一个模型,该模型检验了主要由委托代理框架内的财政错觉引起的道德风险程度。
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引用次数: 0
Fiscal Management in India: A Study of the Impact of FRBM Act 印度财政管理:FRBM法案的影响研究
Pub Date : 2018-12-25 DOI: 10.17492/VISION.V5I2.14388
Ankita Singh, Akanksha Singh Fouzdar
Fiscal deficit, the gap between government's aggregate receipts and aggregate consumption, gives the flag to the union about the aggregate acquiring necessary from all sources. Since these deficits had to be met by borrowings, the internal debt of the government accumulated rapidly from 35 percent of GDP at the end of 1980-81 to 53 percent of GDP at the end of 1990-91. Fiscal profligacy seen to have caused balance of payments crisis in 1991 and a reduction in the fiscal deficit was therefore an urgent priority at the start of the reforms. This paper aims at describing intricacies of fiscal deficit and to assess the impact of FRBMA on fiscal deficit in India from 1991-92 to 2016-17 by statistical techniques. The study observes a significant impact of FRBMA on fiscal deficit discipline in India and offers some valuable suggestions for effective fiscal governance and achieving targets pre-set in FRBMA.
财政赤字,即政府总收入与总消费之间的差距,向联盟发出了从所有来源获得必要的总收入的信号。由于这些赤字必须通过借款来弥补,政府的内部债务从1980-81年底占GDP的35%迅速累积到1990-91年底占GDP的53%。财政上的挥霍似乎造成了1991年的国际收支危机,因此,在改革开始时,减少财政赤字是一项紧迫的优先事项。本文旨在描述财政赤字的复杂性,并通过统计技术评估FRBMA对1991-92年至2016-17年印度财政赤字的影响。研究观察到FRBMA对印度财政赤字纪律的重大影响,并为有效的财政治理和实现FRBMA预设的目标提供了一些有价值的建议。
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引用次数: 1
Anti-Dumping Duties and Trade Remedial Measures: The Case of Dumping of Chinese Goods in India 反倾销税与贸易补救措施:以中国商品在印度的倾销为例
Pub Date : 2018-12-25 DOI: 10.17492/VISION.V5I2.14519
Rahul Bhasin
While China is an important trading partner for India, the increasing imports from China have taken its toll on our manufacturing sector. Many of these imports amount to dumping with goods being sold in the foreign market at a price below the domestic selling price. The deluge of Chinese imports in the Indian market is wiping out many domestic industries and is a cause for serious concern. The quality of these products is often questionable and there is an urgent need to educate and encourage people about the importance of quality products and promote buying of Indian goods. To deal with the detrimental effects of dumping in the Indian market, the government of India has employed measures such as anti-dumping duties and anti-subsidy duties. These measures are not meant to ensure general economic protection to domestic industry per se but are imposed only to ensure a level playing field for the domestic industry to mitigate the injury caused to them due to unfair practices of dumping or subsidization.
虽然中国是印度的重要贸易伙伴,但从中国进口的增加对我们的制造业造成了影响。这些进口产品中有许多构成倾销,以低于国内销售价格的价格在国外市场销售。大量中国进口商品涌入印度市场,摧毁了许多国内产业,引起了严重关切。这些产品的质量经常有问题,迫切需要教育和鼓励人们认识到优质产品的重要性,并促进购买印度商品。为了应对倾销对印度市场的不利影响,印度政府采取了反倾销税和反补贴税等措施。这些措施的目的不是确保对国内产业本身的一般经济保护,而只是为了确保为国内产业提供一个公平的竞争环境,以减轻由于倾销或补贴的不公平做法对它们造成的损害。
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引用次数: 0
Customs Duties: Revenue Significance and Legislative Framework 关税:税收意义与立法框架
Pub Date : 2018-12-25 DOI: 10.17492/vision.v5i2.14518
M. Sury
Customs duties constitute a significant source of revenue for the Central government although its importance has declined over a period of time due to the liberalisation of the economy and the policy of progressively reducing import duties. This paper analyses the trends in import duties since Independence and examines the revenue significance of customs duties among indirect taxes. The paper also discusses the legislative framework with regard to customs duties to understand the various categories of customs duties that are in force in India.
关税是中央政府收入的重要来源,尽管由于经济自由化和逐步降低进口关税的政策,其重要性在一段时间内有所下降。本文分析了我国独立以来进口税的发展趋势,并考察了间接税中关税的收入意义。本文还讨论了有关关税的立法框架,以了解在印度生效的各种关税。
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引用次数: 0
Intra Group Services: Need for a Uniform Transfer Pricing Regime 集团内部服务:需要统一的转让定价制度
Pub Date : 2018-12-25 DOI: 10.17492/VISION.V5I2.14517
L. Radhakrishnan
Intragroup services form one of the trickiest areas in transfer pricing regulation owing to the internal and routine nature of these activities. Instances of false invoicing and tax evasion are rampant as national tax authorities scramble to detect malpractices. Apart from the transfer pricing challenges inherent in intragroup services, external problems arise in the form of inconsistencies in domestic taxation regimes. The lack of adequate coordination among national tax regulators further aggravates the problem. This research paper seeks to delve into this issue and stress the compelling need for a uniform global approach. The introduction is followed by a brief analysis of the existing legal framework under the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The subsequent section will discuss major Indian case laws to understand the judicial approach towards transfer pricing adjustments made to intragroup service transactions. The conclusion will highlight the shortcomings and inconsistencies in the existing regulatory framework and emphasize the need for a uniform transnational approach.
集团内部服务是转让定价监管中最棘手的领域之一,因为这些活动具有内部和常规的性质。随着各国税务机关对不法行为的调查日益激烈,虚假发票和逃税的情况日益猖獗。除了集团内部服务固有的转让定价挑战外,还出现了国内税收制度不一致的外部问题。各国税务监管机构之间缺乏充分的协调进一步加剧了这一问题。这篇研究论文试图深入研究这个问题,并强调迫切需要一个统一的全球方法。引言之后是对经济合作与发展组织(经合发组织)现有法律框架的简要分析。接下来的部分将讨论主要的印度判例法,以了解对集团内部服务交易的转让定价调整的司法方法。结论将突出现有管理框架的缺点和不一致之处,并强调需要采取统一的跨国办法。
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引用次数: 0
A Critical Appraisal of Goods and Services Tax in India 对印度商品服务税的批判性评价
Pub Date : 2018-12-25 DOI: 10.17492/VISION.V5I2.14390
Rabinarayan Samantara
The present paper attempts to make a critical appraisal of Goods and Services Tax (GST), implemented in India from 1st July, 2017. In addition to explaining the structure of GST in India as well as the tax rates under it, the present paper attempts to analyse the impact of GST on certain major industries or sectors within the Indian economy. Although GST has certain obvious advantages including exemptions and low compliance burden for small businesses, lower tax rates for mass consumption goods, increase in tax base and tax collections, etc., it is noteworthy, however, that GST has certain limitations as well. In spite of this, it must be accepted that GST has helped in ensuring a common Indian market through the elimination of multiplicity of taxes as well as ‘ tax on tax ‘. It is expected to accelerate economic growth, help generate more of employment opportunities, and lead to increased tax base as well as increased revenue generation
本文试图对2017年7月1日在印度实施的商品和服务税(GST)进行批判性评估。除了解释印度商品及服务税的结构及其税率外,本文还试图分析商品及服务税对印度经济中某些主要行业或部门的影响。虽然GST具有一定的明显优势,包括对小企业的免税和低合规负担,对大众消费品的税率较低,增加税基和税收等,但值得注意的是,GST也有一定的局限性。尽管如此,必须接受的是,商品及服务税通过消除多种税收以及“税对税”,帮助确保了一个共同的印度市场。预计这将加速经济增长,帮助创造更多就业机会,并增加税基和增加收入
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引用次数: 0
State-Local Financial Relations in India 印度国家与地方的财政关系
Pub Date : 2018-09-10 DOI: 10.17492/VISION.V5I1.13275
K. B. Murthy
In a federal economy like India, it is important to understand the fiscal relations between different layers of government to bring out their implications for revenue generation, revenue sharing and taxation. This paper describes the functional responsibilities and sources of revenue of local bodies, explains the present constitutional arrangements relating to State-Local fiscal relations in India, and examines the role of various statutory bodies in this regard. It also discusses the recommendations of the various Finance Commissions which have successively emphasised the need to adequately empower Local bodies to enable them to provide basic services at the grass root level. The institution of State Finance Commission also needs to be strengthened so that it plays an effective role in the system of fiscal transfers to the third tier of government.
在印度这样的联邦制经济体中,了解政府不同层级之间的财政关系,以揭示它们对收入产生、收入分享和税收的影响,是很重要的。本文描述了地方机构的职能职责和收入来源,解释了印度目前与国家-地方财政关系有关的宪法安排,并研究了各种法定机构在这方面的作用。它还讨论了各财政委员会的建议,这些建议先后强调必须充分授权地方机构,使它们能够在基层一级提供基本服务。加强国家财政委员会机构建设,使其在对第三级财政转移支付体系中发挥有效作用。
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引用次数: 0
Government Size and Economic Growth in Botswana: An Application of Nonlinear Armey Curve Analysis 博茨瓦纳政府规模与经济增长:非线性军队曲线分析的应用
Pub Date : 2018-09-10 DOI: 10.17492/vision.v5i1.13274
Kefilwe A. Kalayakgosi
This study has investigated the impact of government size on economic growth in Botswana using annual time series data for the period 1973 to 2012. The study adopted a framework analysis based on a quadratic function/second degree polynomial regression employed by Herath (2012). Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method was used for the regression analysis. The results obtained are not consistent with the empirical and theoretical views as small government size has a negative impact on economic growth while a large government size has a positive impact on economic growth. The results obtained in the study were opposite to the views of most of the studies conducted. Nominal Total government expenditure is used as a measure of government size and growth of nominal GDP is used to measure economic growth. The study also employed other control variables which affect growth like government revenue as a percentage of GDP, Gross capital formation (GCF) as a percentage of GDP as proxy for investment rate and growth of paid employees as a proxy for labor force growth. The results showed that government revenue and GCF had a negative impact on economic growth but GCF was insignificant. Growth of paid employees on the other hand had a positive impact on economic growth. The study aimed at investigating the existence of the Armey curve in a developing country like Botswana. Due to government size having a negative impact on economic growth and government size squared having a positive impact on economic growth the conclusion is that the Armey curve does not exist in Botswana.
本研究利用1973年至2012年的年度时间序列数据调查了博茨瓦纳政府规模对经济增长的影响。本研究采用了Herath(2012)的二次函数/二次多项式回归的框架分析。采用普通最小二乘法(OLS)进行回归分析。所得结果与实证和理论观点不一致,小政府规模对经济增长有负面影响,而大政府规模对经济增长有积极影响。该研究得出的结果与大多数研究的观点相反。名义政府总支出被用来衡量政府规模,名义GDP的增长被用来衡量经济增长。该研究还采用了其他影响增长的控制变量,如政府收入占GDP的百分比,总资本形成(GCF)占GDP的百分比作为投资率的代表,带薪雇员的增长作为劳动力增长的代表。结果表明,财政收入和GCF对经济增长有负向影响,但GCF不显著。另一方面,受薪雇员的增长对经济增长产生了积极影响。这项研究旨在调查像博茨瓦纳这样的发展中国家是否存在陆军曲线。由于政府规模对经济增长有负面影响,政府规模的平方对经济增长有积极影响,因此结论是,在博茨瓦纳不存在Armey曲线。
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引用次数: 1
Related Party Transactions in India: Are They Influenced by New Regulatory Framework? 印度的关联方交易:是否受到新监管框架的影响?
Pub Date : 2018-09-03 DOI: 10.17492/VISION.V5I1.13238
S. Dhar, R. K. Kovid
The unabating scandals and financial irregularities across the world seem to underline the related party transactions (RPTs) as one of the means corporates attempt to ‘manage’ earnings and divert resources as well. Misuse of RPTs raise questions on the corporate governance mechanisms within the company and the regulatory framework at large. Using the data from secondary sources, this paper attempts to critically analyze as how values and numbers of RPTs have changed over a period from 2010 through 2017 in view of provisions of the new Companies Act 2013 for related party transactions. As per new regime, all RPTs need to be pre-approved by audit committee as well as board of directors, responsible for any non-compliance and non-disclosure of necessary information in the financial statements. The analysis of data of 30 NIFTY companies about the values and number of RPTs, revenue and PBT indicates overall dip in CAGR when compared four years’ data pre- and post-2013 Act. However, application of paired t-test indicates statistically significant change in values, number of RPTs, post the Companies Act 2013. The results support the positive implications of new Act for RPTs in India.
全球范围内不断发生的丑闻和金融违规行为似乎突显出,关联交易(RPTs)是企业试图“管理”收益和转移资源的手段之一。rpt的滥用引发了对公司内部治理机制和整个监管框架的质疑。利用二手来源的数据,本文试图批判性地分析rpt的价值和数量在2010年至2017年期间如何根据2013年新公司法对关联方交易的规定发生变化。根据新制度,所有rpt都需要得到审计委员会和董事会的预先批准,董事会对财务报表中任何不合规和未披露必要信息的行为负责。对30家NIFTY公司关于rpt、收入和PBT的价值和数量的数据分析表明,与2013年法案前后的四年数据相比,复合年增长率总体下降。然而,配对t检验的应用表明,2013年公司法实施后,rpt的值和数量发生了统计学上显著的变化。研究结果支持了印度新法案对RPTs的积极影响。
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引用次数: 0
Strengthening Financial and Taxation Regulatory Framework in India: A Review of Recent Legislations 加强印度财政和税收监管框架:对近期立法的回顾
Pub Date : 2018-09-03 DOI: 10.17492/vision.v5i1.13237
Sandeep Jain
A number of legislations and institutional measures have been implemented in recent times by the government of India to ensure an efficient financial and taxation system. These measures focus on developing an unambiguous legal framework and transparent supervisory procedures. This paper reviews some of the recent legislations in this regard which are aimed at brining our financial and taxation system in alignment with the changing environment. Some of the legislations reviewed include Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002; Credit Information Companies (Regulation) Act, 2005; Government Securities Act, 2006; Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007; Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015 and Financial Sector Legislative Reforms Commission (FSLRC), 2013. An overall assessment of these reforms shows that a number of effective legislations are being put in place for an efficient and transparent financial and taxation system and India remains committed to adoption of international standards and best practices wherever necessary.
印度政府最近实施了一些立法和体制措施,以确保有效的财政和税收制度。这些措施的重点是制定明确的法律框架和透明的监督程序。本文回顾了最近在这方面的一些立法,这些立法旨在使我们的财政和税收制度与不断变化的环境保持一致。审查的一些立法包括2002年《防止洗钱法》;信用信息公司(管理)法,2005年;2006年《政府证券法》;2007年《支付和结算系统法》;黑钱(未披露的外国收入和资产)和征收税法,2015年和金融部门立法改革委员会(FSLRC), 2013年。对这些改革的全面评估表明,正在制定一些有效的立法,以建立一个高效和透明的财政和税收体系,印度仍然致力于在必要时采用国际标准和最佳做法。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
VISION : Journal of Indian Taxation
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