C. Costantini, Mirco Dindo, M. Pariano, C. Stincardini, Silvia Grottelli, Leonardo Gatticchi, G. Mandrile, B. Cellini, Luigina Romani
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{"title":"COMMENSAL FUNGI AND OXALATE DEGRADATION: IS THERE A LINK?","authors":"C. Costantini, Mirco Dindo, M. Pariano, C. Stincardini, Silvia Grottelli, Leonardo Gatticchi, G. Mandrile, B. Cellini, Luigina Romani","doi":"10.1530/mah-23-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/mah-23-0020","url":null,"abstract":"Not required for Brief Communication","PeriodicalId":250141,"journal":{"name":"Microbiota and Host","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138991396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The commensal microbiota resides in a mutualistic relationship within the mammalian gut. It significantly influences the formation of capillary networks in the small intestine, not only during development but also in adulthood. Mucosal capillaries in small intestinal villus structures play a critical role for the uptake of dietary nutrients and immune regulation. Emerging studies have elucidated how the composition of gut microbiota can influence not only the host’s postnatal gut development regarding immune tolerance, nutrient absorption and morphology, but also the development and maintenance of blood vessels and lymphatic capillaries within the small intestine. In particular, the analysis of gnotobiotic mouse models affirmed the importance of the gut microbiome, or even only single gut bacteria, in the remodelling of the small intestinal capillaries. Here, different epithelial-to-endothelial crosstalk pathways, e.g., Paneth cell-derived signals, Toll-like receptor signalling, or tissue factor-protease activated receptor-1 signalling, have been reported to mediate the villus vascular remodelling in a microbiota-dependent fashion. In this review article, we will provide a comprehensive overview on the relevant microbiota-host interaction pathways, which have been revealed to influence angiogenesis and vascular remodelling in the small intestine.
{"title":"The impact of gut microbiota on vascularization of the small intestine","authors":"Nadja Paeslack, Christoph Reinhardt","doi":"10.1530/mah-23-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/mah-23-0021","url":null,"abstract":"The commensal microbiota resides in a mutualistic relationship within the mammalian gut. It significantly influences the formation of capillary networks in the small intestine, not only during development but also in adulthood. Mucosal capillaries in small intestinal villus structures play a critical role for the uptake of dietary nutrients and immune regulation. Emerging studies have elucidated how the composition of gut microbiota can influence not only the host’s postnatal gut development regarding immune tolerance, nutrient absorption and morphology, but also the development and maintenance of blood vessels and lymphatic capillaries within the small intestine. In particular, the analysis of gnotobiotic mouse models affirmed the importance of the gut microbiome, or even only single gut bacteria, in the remodelling of the small intestinal capillaries. Here, different epithelial-to-endothelial crosstalk pathways, e.g., Paneth cell-derived signals, Toll-like receptor signalling, or tissue factor-protease activated receptor-1 signalling, have been reported to mediate the villus vascular remodelling in a microbiota-dependent fashion. In this review article, we will provide a comprehensive overview on the relevant microbiota-host interaction pathways, which have been revealed to influence angiogenesis and vascular remodelling in the small intestine.","PeriodicalId":250141,"journal":{"name":"Microbiota and Host","volume":" 519","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138610886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Exposure to environmental pollutants such as heavy metals lead to significant damage in intestinal epithelial barrier, loss of microbial and immune homeostasis. The intestinal epithelial barrier protects and regulates the responses against several endogenous and exogenous factors including inflammatory cytokines, pathogens, toxins, and pollutants. Intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction, immune dysregulation and microbial dysbiosis are associated with several gastro-intestinal (GI)-related disorders including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The mechanisms and consequences of exposure of environmental toxins on gut barrier function and mucosal immune system are not fully understood. This review explores some of the recent findings of heavy metals and their effect on intestinal barrier function, microbiota, and their contributions to human health and pathogenesis of GI-related disorders such as IBD.
{"title":"Effect of heavy metals on gut barrier integrity and gut microbiota","authors":"Sweta Ghosh, S. Nukavarapu, V. Jala","doi":"10.1530/mah-23-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/mah-23-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Exposure to environmental pollutants such as heavy metals lead to significant damage in intestinal epithelial barrier, loss of microbial and immune homeostasis. The intestinal epithelial barrier protects and regulates the responses against several endogenous and exogenous factors including inflammatory cytokines, pathogens, toxins, and pollutants. Intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction, immune dysregulation and microbial dysbiosis are associated with several gastro-intestinal (GI)-related disorders including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The mechanisms and consequences of exposure of environmental toxins on gut barrier function and mucosal immune system are not fully understood. This review explores some of the recent findings of heavy metals and their effect on intestinal barrier function, microbiota, and their contributions to human health and pathogenesis of GI-related disorders such as IBD.","PeriodicalId":250141,"journal":{"name":"Microbiota and Host","volume":"298 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139020096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The health of the intestinal microbiota impacts tolerance at homeostasis and the strength of the inflammation response during acute bloodstream infections. A complete understanding of the feedback loop between systemic inflammation and dysregulation of the gut microbiota is necessary for inflammation management. Here we will review the many ways in which the microbiota can influence the systemic pro-inflammatory response. Short-chain fatty acids, produced through the microbial metabolism of dietary fibers, can suppress inflammation systemically; in the absence of a balanced diet or disruption of the microbiota through antibiotics, there is disrupted metabolite production, leading to systemic inflammation. Dysbiosis or inflammation in the intestines can lead to a breakdown of the sturdy intestinal-epithelial barrier. When this barrier is perturbed, immunogenic lipopolysaccharides or extracellular vesicles enter the bloodstream and induce excessive inflammation. Necessary clinical treatments, such as antifungals or antibacterials, induce microbiota dysregulation and thus increased risk of endotoxemia; though probiotics may aid in improving the microbiota health and have been shown to deflate inflammation during sepsis. Within this complicated relationship: What is in control, the dysbiotic microbiota or the systemic inflammation?
{"title":"Contributions of the microbiota to the systemic inflammatory response","authors":"Josey Muske, Kathryn Knoop","doi":"10.1530/mah-23-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/mah-23-0018","url":null,"abstract":"The health of the intestinal microbiota impacts tolerance at homeostasis and the strength of the inflammation response during acute bloodstream infections. A complete understanding of the feedback loop between systemic inflammation and dysregulation of the gut microbiota is necessary for inflammation management. Here we will review the many ways in which the microbiota can influence the systemic pro-inflammatory response. Short-chain fatty acids, produced through the microbial metabolism of dietary fibers, can suppress inflammation systemically; in the absence of a balanced diet or disruption of the microbiota through antibiotics, there is disrupted metabolite production, leading to systemic inflammation. Dysbiosis or inflammation in the intestines can lead to a breakdown of the sturdy intestinal-epithelial barrier. When this barrier is perturbed, immunogenic lipopolysaccharides or extracellular vesicles enter the bloodstream and induce excessive inflammation. Necessary clinical treatments, such as antifungals or antibacterials, induce microbiota dysregulation and thus increased risk of endotoxemia; though probiotics may aid in improving the microbiota health and have been shown to deflate inflammation during sepsis. Within this complicated relationship: What is in control, the dysbiotic microbiota or the systemic inflammation?","PeriodicalId":250141,"journal":{"name":"Microbiota and Host","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139304436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The recent recognition of the importance of the intestinal microbiome in host physiology has driven investigations of gut microbiome-directed therapeutics, with probiotics attracting increasing attention in the treatment of a diversity of conditions. The application of probiotics has expanded beyond the treatment of intestinal tract disorders. Today, their capacity to treat a vast array of conditions arising also along the gut-bone axis is being studied. Therefore, in this study a scoping literature review was conducted on clinical trials evaluating the effect of probiotics in the treatment of bone fracture. In total, six articles were found for review, four randomized placebo-controlled trials on humans and two studies on animal-models. Probiotics were found to have positive effects in fracture treatment. Probiotics were shown to improve not only bone regeneration, but also decrease systemic inflammation and pain during conservative fracture treatment. However, this is a novel field and due to the limited number of studies only sparse conclusions can be made. Additional clinical trials on the possible role of probiotics in fracture treatment are necessary to fully evaluate their therapeutic potential.
{"title":"Probiotics in bone fracture treatment? A narrative literature review","authors":"Andrija Karačić, Jasna Novak, Alan Ivkovic","doi":"10.1530/mah-23-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/mah-23-0003","url":null,"abstract":"The recent recognition of the importance of the intestinal microbiome in host physiology has driven investigations of gut microbiome-directed therapeutics, with probiotics attracting increasing attention in the treatment of a diversity of conditions. The application of probiotics has expanded beyond the treatment of intestinal tract disorders. Today, their capacity to treat a vast array of conditions arising also along the gut-bone axis is being studied. Therefore, in this study a scoping literature review was conducted on clinical trials evaluating the effect of probiotics in the treatment of bone fracture. In total, six articles were found for review, four randomized placebo-controlled trials on humans and two studies on animal-models. Probiotics were found to have positive effects in fracture treatment. Probiotics were shown to improve not only bone regeneration, but also decrease systemic inflammation and pain during conservative fracture treatment. However, this is a novel field and due to the limited number of studies only sparse conclusions can be made. Additional clinical trials on the possible role of probiotics in fracture treatment are necessary to fully evaluate their therapeutic potential.","PeriodicalId":250141,"journal":{"name":"Microbiota and Host","volume":"22 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135455891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
John Henry Dasinger, Bina Joe, Justine Abais-Battad
Consistent research over the last 20 years has shown that there are clear sex differences in the pathogenesis of hypertension, the leading risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. More recently, there is evidence in both humans and experimental animal models that causally implicates the gut microbiota in hypertension. It therefore follows that sex differences in the gut microbiota may mediate the extent of disease between sexes. This new field is rapidly changing and advancing, and the purpose of this review is to cover the most up-to-date evidence regarding the sexual dimorphism of the gut microbiota and its potential influence on the differential manifestation of hypertension in males versus females. Emphasis will be placed on the mechanisms thought to contribute to these sex differences in both the gut microbiota and hypertension, including sex steroid hormones, gut-derived metabolites, the immune system, and pregnancy.
{"title":"Microbiota-associated mechanisms underlying sexual dimorphism in hypertension","authors":"John Henry Dasinger, Bina Joe, Justine Abais-Battad","doi":"10.1530/mah-23-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/mah-23-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Consistent research over the last 20 years has shown that there are clear sex differences in the pathogenesis of hypertension, the leading risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. More recently, there is evidence in both humans and experimental animal models that causally implicates the gut microbiota in hypertension. It therefore follows that sex differences in the gut microbiota may mediate the extent of disease between sexes. This new field is rapidly changing and advancing, and the purpose of this review is to cover the most up-to-date evidence regarding the sexual dimorphism of the gut microbiota and its potential influence on the differential manifestation of hypertension in males versus females. Emphasis will be placed on the mechanisms thought to contribute to these sex differences in both the gut microbiota and hypertension, including sex steroid hormones, gut-derived metabolites, the immune system, and pregnancy.","PeriodicalId":250141,"journal":{"name":"Microbiota and Host","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136058964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Victoria Poplaski, Faith Meade Sawyer, Sarah E Blutt
The epithelial lining of the small intestine mediates its absorptive and secretory function and thus is a critical component of human health. Regeneration and renewal of the epithelium is the result of proliferation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs). Many cell types and molecular factors are known to regulate the ability of ISCs to proliferate, including adjacent neighboring epithelial cells and the underlying, supportive stromal cells. The microbiome resides in the lumen of the small intestine and is in close contact with the epithelium. Due to its proximity to ISCs, it has been hypothesized that species within the microbiome have the capacity to regulate ISC proliferation and differentiation. This review highlights research that probes interactions between ISCs and the microbiome in the small intestine to detail the current understanding of microbial regulation of ISCs. Results from these studies provide important knowledge that can be exploited to identify therapeutic targets or develop novel preventative treatments to treat intestinal diseases.
{"title":"The small intestinal microbiome: vibing with intestinal stem cells","authors":"Victoria Poplaski, Faith Meade Sawyer, Sarah E Blutt","doi":"10.1530/mah-23-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/mah-23-0012","url":null,"abstract":"The epithelial lining of the small intestine mediates its absorptive and secretory function and thus is a critical component of human health. Regeneration and renewal of the epithelium is the result of proliferation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs). Many cell types and molecular factors are known to regulate the ability of ISCs to proliferate, including adjacent neighboring epithelial cells and the underlying, supportive stromal cells. The microbiome resides in the lumen of the small intestine and is in close contact with the epithelium. Due to its proximity to ISCs, it has been hypothesized that species within the microbiome have the capacity to regulate ISC proliferation and differentiation. This review highlights research that probes interactions between ISCs and the microbiome in the small intestine to detail the current understanding of microbial regulation of ISCs. Results from these studies provide important knowledge that can be exploited to identify therapeutic targets or develop novel preventative treatments to treat intestinal diseases.","PeriodicalId":250141,"journal":{"name":"Microbiota and Host","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135451310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many, if not all, plants and animals form mutually beneficial symbioses (mutualisms) with microbes and a subset of these mutualisms are defensive, in which the host provides food and housing in return for defence against disease. These symbioses typically involve antibiotic-producing bacteria, the best known of which are filamentous actinomycetes in the genera Streptomyces and Pseudonocardia and unicellular species in the genus Pseudomonas. Such mutualisms are likely to be widespread in nature, but they are best characterised in insects, which provide experimentally tractable models for studying symbiosis and microbiome formation because they typically host less complex microbial communities. Here, we examine the mutualisms formed between insects and antibiotic-producing bacteria using well characterised examples, including digger wasps and their endosymbiotic Streptomyces species, attine ants and their mutualist Pseudonocardia species and Pedarus beetles with their pedarin-producing Pseudomonas species. We also discuss how searching such symbiotic niches can give insights into the evolution and functions of microbial specialised metabolites and provide new platforms for antibiotic discovery.
{"title":"Insects and their antibiotic-producing bacteria","authors":"Matthew Hutchings, Barrie Wilkinson","doi":"10.1530/mah-23-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/mah-23-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Many, if not all, plants and animals form mutually beneficial symbioses (mutualisms) with microbes and a subset of these mutualisms are defensive, in which the host provides food and housing in return for defence against disease. These symbioses typically involve antibiotic-producing bacteria, the best known of which are filamentous actinomycetes in the genera Streptomyces and Pseudonocardia and unicellular species in the genus Pseudomonas. Such mutualisms are likely to be widespread in nature, but they are best characterised in insects, which provide experimentally tractable models for studying symbiosis and microbiome formation because they typically host less complex microbial communities. Here, we examine the mutualisms formed between insects and antibiotic-producing bacteria using well characterised examples, including digger wasps and their endosymbiotic Streptomyces species, attine ants and their mutualist Pseudonocardia species and Pedarus beetles with their pedarin-producing Pseudomonas species. We also discuss how searching such symbiotic niches can give insights into the evolution and functions of microbial specialised metabolites and provide new platforms for antibiotic discovery.","PeriodicalId":250141,"journal":{"name":"Microbiota and Host","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135605858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The early life microbiota is an ‘immature’ and highly dynamic microbial ecosystem, which is central to infant health. Both perinatal and postnatal factors can impact the gut microbiota, with antibiotics proposed to cause short and longer-term disturbances. Antibiotics not only impact microbial community composition, they also contribute to the overall antibiotic resistance profile i.e. the ‘resistome’, and they may also enhance carriage of multi-drug resistant bacteria. Given high antibiotic prescription practices in pregnant women and new-borns this also contributes to the global threat of antimicrobial resistant. This review summarises the current literature on antibiotic usage and how this may impact the developing gut microbiota during early life, including the influence of horizontal gene transfer on contributions to pathogenicity and resistance of gut bacteria. We also focus on Enterococcus spp. given their high levels in infants and their link with opportunistic infections that are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality during early life. Finally, a perspective on the importance to antibiotic stewardship, and harnessing the microbiota itself for anti-infection therapies for reducing antibiotic usage are also covered.
{"title":"Early life antibiotic usage and impact on the gut microbiota, including emergence of antimicrobial resistant Enterococcus","authors":"Muhammad Hassan Saeed, Lindsay J Hall","doi":"10.1530/mah-23-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/mah-23-0002","url":null,"abstract":"The early life microbiota is an ‘immature’ and highly dynamic microbial ecosystem, which is central to infant health. Both perinatal and postnatal factors can impact the gut microbiota, with antibiotics proposed to cause short and longer-term disturbances. Antibiotics not only impact microbial community composition, they also contribute to the overall antibiotic resistance profile i.e. the ‘resistome’, and they may also enhance carriage of multi-drug resistant bacteria. Given high antibiotic prescription practices in pregnant women and new-borns this also contributes to the global threat of antimicrobial resistant. This review summarises the current literature on antibiotic usage and how this may impact the developing gut microbiota during early life, including the influence of horizontal gene transfer on contributions to pathogenicity and resistance of gut bacteria. We also focus on Enterococcus spp. given their high levels in infants and their link with opportunistic infections that are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality during early life. Finally, a perspective on the importance to antibiotic stewardship, and harnessing the microbiota itself for anti-infection therapies for reducing antibiotic usage are also covered.","PeriodicalId":250141,"journal":{"name":"Microbiota and Host","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135654258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For almost a century, it has been accepted that human milk contains viable microbial cells. However, for a considerable amount of this period, it was believed that they were the result of exogenous contamination, primarily from the skin or non-sterile handling. Early work using culture-dependent methods, supported by molecular profiling, however, identified the presence of lactic acid bacteria from an endogenous origin. This provided evidence that the human milk microbiota consisted of microorganisms that were not found solely on the skin surface, and therefore could not result from contamination. Through the advent of next-generation sequencing, the field of microbiota research has caused a paradigm shift away from a typical focus on the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in human milk. This had led to a broad appreciation that the human milk microbiota consists of several hundred species of non-pathogenic commensal microbes – with many anaerobic microbial taxons being found only in the gastrointestinal tract outside of human milk. Nevertheless, as our appreciation of the complexity and diversity of the human milk microbiota has improved, many questions relating to the functional basis of host-microbiota interactions in the newborn infant’s gastrointestinal tract remain outstanding. To address these, mechanistic studies will be required in which the utilisation of isolated microorganisms will be essential. As such, a return to culture-dependent methods, in the new paradigm of culturomics will be required. In this review, we bring together the current understanding of the human milk microbiota and how culturomics could play a fundamental role in furthering our understanding.
{"title":"Culturomics as a tool to better understand the human milk microbiota and host-microbiota interactions","authors":"Simran Kaur Kaur Cheema, Ranran Li, S. J. Cameron","doi":"10.1530/mah-23-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/mah-23-0001","url":null,"abstract":"For almost a century, it has been accepted that human milk contains viable microbial cells. However, for a considerable amount of this period, it was believed that they were the result of exogenous contamination, primarily from the skin or non-sterile handling. Early work using culture-dependent methods, supported by molecular profiling, however, identified the presence of lactic acid bacteria from an endogenous origin. This provided evidence that the human milk microbiota consisted of microorganisms that were not found solely on the skin surface, and therefore could not result from contamination. Through the advent of next-generation sequencing, the field of microbiota research has caused a paradigm shift away from a typical focus on the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in human milk. This had led to a broad appreciation that the human milk microbiota consists of several hundred species of non-pathogenic commensal microbes – with many anaerobic microbial taxons being found only in the gastrointestinal tract outside of human milk. Nevertheless, as our appreciation of the complexity and diversity of the human milk microbiota has improved, many questions relating to the functional basis of host-microbiota interactions in the newborn infant’s gastrointestinal tract remain outstanding. To address these, mechanistic studies will be required in which the utilisation of isolated microorganisms will be essential. As such, a return to culture-dependent methods, in the new paradigm of culturomics will be required. In this review, we bring together the current understanding of the human milk microbiota and how culturomics could play a fundamental role in furthering our understanding.","PeriodicalId":250141,"journal":{"name":"Microbiota and Host","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121227401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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